Introduction to Computers [Compatibility Mode].pdf

7/27/2019 Introduction to Computers [Compatibility Mode].pdf

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Arijit Roy

SIT, IIT-Kharagpur


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GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

I. First GenerationII. Second Generation

.

IV. Fourth Generation

V. Fifth Generation


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i. FIRST GENERATION (1946-55)

Very large in sizeVacuum tube was used and its reliability is very low.

Having no Operating system

Required machine language for interaction First this type of computer was developed at University

of Pennsylvania, named as ENIAC (Electronic Numeric

Integrator and Calculation)Was not very popular and became obsolete before it

was put into use


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ii. SECOND GENERATION (1955-66)

In 1947 Bardeen and Brattain invented transistor Transistors is used instead of vacuum tube

Transistor is much more reliable as compare to

vacuum tu e These transistor were small in size so size of computer

is also smaller

Transistor consume less power Computational speed was more

Cost was reduced


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ii. SECOND GENERATION (CONTD)

Magnetic Core was used as primary memory, MagneticDisk was used as secondary memory

Program writing was also became easier

ese eatures ma es t very popu ar Some IBM series were popular second generation

computer, use commercially


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iii. THIRD GENERATION (1965-75)

Integrated Circuit ( IC)

IC contains all elements of

an electronic circuit includingtransistors, resistors, capacitors

and others component http://www.google.co.in/imgres?hl=en&sa=X&biw=1280&bih=673&tbm=isch&prmd=imvnszb&tbnid=HNwZ

bRMnLYY6EM:&imgrefurl=http://www.circuitstoday.com/integrated-circuits-merits-and-demerits&imgurl=http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/integrated-circuit.jpg&w=640&h=640&ei=gvhCUKDWKM7trQf1oID4DQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=747&vpy=171&dur=2453&hovh=225&hovw=225&tx=141&ty=108&sig=108959735577576403586&page=1&tbnh=136&tbnw=13

6&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:3,s:0,i:148


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iii. THIRD GENERATION (Contd)

IC- based technology Smaller in size

Less Computational time

Low Power Consumption High Reliability

Suitable for Commercial Application

Operating System introduced Multi Tasking Environment

Commercial Production at low Cost


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d. FORTH GENERATION (1976-98)

Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSI) is used In 1971 Intel packed the complete CPU into a single

chip called Microprocessor

ery sma n zeVery much Reliable

High Speed

Efficient Operating System Low Cost of Production


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V. FIFTH GENERATION

In current generation computer it increases speed andreliability with less cost and power consumption

In future it may more and more popular


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TYPES OF COMPUTER

COMPUTER

Digital Analog Hybrid

Micro

Mini

Mainframe

Super


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COMPUTER

Computer is an electronic machine, which canperformArithmetical and Logical function with veryhigh speed and accuracy.

[i.e. a computer can do calculation and make logicdecision accurately]


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APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS

Home (Entertainment and personal use) Education (Teaching, Accounting, Preparing report

cards, Learning topics, making presentation,Library)

esearc an eve opment Offices (Storing data and information, keeping

different records)

Medical field (making medicine, Different diagnosis) Travel (Air or train engine)

Communication (Cell phone, e-mail, Telephone)


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APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS(Contd)

Banks (ATM, Keeping account record, different officerecord)

Hotels (Keeping Record)

us nessArchitecture


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COMPONENT OF COMPUTER

Motherboard

Storage Device

Output Device

Other Peripheral


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MOTHER BOARD

a. CPU

b. RAM

c. BIOSd. COOLING DEVICE

e. PCI SLOTS (Peripheral ComponentInterconnect)


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a. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT(CPU)

Is known as main brain of computer

Determines the performance

o t e computers

Perform arithmetical, logical

and input/output operationhttp://www.google.co.in/imgres?start=21&num=10&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=630&addh=36&tbm=isch&tbnid=d84Cl57vYYmLPM:&imgrefurl=http://cpui5.com/i5-vs-i7/&imgurl=http://www.sharkyextreme.com/img/2008/11/core_i7/chip_1.jpg&w=400&h=371&ei=pLRAULHtLcqzrAeqwIDIAw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=450&vpy=187&dur=8039&hovh=216&hovw=233&tx=128&ty=108&sig=108959735577576403586&page=2&t

bnh=138&tbnw=149&ndsp=25&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:21,i:12


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b. RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY(RAM)

RAM is a form of datastorage

It store informationtemporarily

Speed increases withsize of the RAM

http://www.google.co.in/imgres?hl=en&sa=X&biw=1280&bih=630&tbm=isch&prmd=imvnsl&tbnid=GRKqW71PcYB-hM:&imgrefurl=http://www.bugtreat.com/blog/how-to-install-ram-in-your-pc/&imgurl=http://www.bugtreat.com/blog/wp-

content/uploads/2012/07/ddr2-ram.jpg&w=400&h=300&ei=VcZAUIWQA-SdiAexooDgDg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=569&vpy=317&dur=835&hovh=194&hovw=259&tx=160&ty=83&sig=108959735577576403586&page=1&tbnh=124&tbnw=165&start=0&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:9,s:0,i:167


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c. BASIC INPUT/OUTPUT SYSTEM

Its a set of instruction

Used to start most basic

service of computer

http://www.google.co.in/imgres?hl=en&sa=X&biw=1280&bih=630&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=oWQHB3aFwZ4QeM:&imgrefurl=http://ww

w.washington.edu/lst/help/computing_fundamentals/troubleshootingxp/bios&imgurl=http://www.washington.edu/lst/help/computing_fundamentals/troubleshootingxp/img/bios.gif&w=640&h=452&ei=RctAUM_5GqSQiAeCqYHADA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=275&vpy=185&dur=2239&hovh=189&hovw=267&tx=122&ty=94&sig=108959735577576403586&page=1&tbnh=128&tbnw=181&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:142


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d. COOLING SYSTEM

A cooling mechanism preventdamage to computer from heat

Contains fans

Power supply, hard disk, CPU

case needs fanshttp://www.google.co.in/imgres?start=21&num=10&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=630&tbm=isch&tbnid=Bb2OfdVCtm7p7M:&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_cooling&imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/AMD_heatsink_and_fan.jpg/250px-AMD_heatsink_and_fan.jpg&w=250&h=167&ei=Js5AULvOMJGUiQfWnYHADg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=315&vpy=153&dur=404&hovh=133&hovw=194&tx=55&ty=88&sig=108959735577576403586&page=2&tbnh=133&tbnw=179&ndsp=24&ved=1t:429,r:19,s:21,i:66


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e. PCI SLOTS

PCI stands for Peripheral Component Interconnect

Slots is space provided

on mother board used toincrease functionality of

computerhttp://www.google.co.in/imgres?hl=en&sa=X&biw=1280&bih=630&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=PSh7IKYELBHNHM:&imgrefurl=http://computer.howstuffworks.com/pci5.htm&imgurl=http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/pci-mb.jpg&w=400&h=300&ei=rNBAUKj8KuaQiAft0YC4Ag&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=707&vpy=12&dur=272&hovh=135&hovw=169&tx=159&ty=49&sig=108959735577576403586&page=1&tbnh=127&tbnw=157&start=0&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0,i:112


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INPUT DEVICES

a. Key Boardb. Mouse

c. cannerd. Joystick

e. Microphone


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a. KEY BOARD The key board is used to type

something or input

information to the

computer

Connected with

computervia cable or without

cable

http://www.google.co.in/imgres?hl=en&sa=X&biw=1280&bih=630&tbm=isch&prmd=imvnsa&tbnid=Ym3xx0HlTg2dQM:&imgrefurl

=http://www.foreignlanguagekeyboard.com/index.php%3Fmain_page%3Dindex%26cPath%3D5&imgurl=http://www.foreignlanguagekeyboard.com/images/Large%252520Print%252520Keyboard%252520White%252520on%252520Black.jpg&w=2020&h=781&ei=jNRAUJ6lK4bLrQelw4CgCQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=737&vpy=340&dur=3092&hovh=139&hovw=361&tx=158&ty=91&sig=108959735577576403586&page=1&tbnh=63&tbnw=163&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,

r:10,s:0,i:183


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b. MOUSE Most common input

device to give instruction to

the computer

Connected via wire or wireless

Trackball, Optical mouse,Radio wave mouse

http://www.google.co.in/imgres?num=10&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=630&tbm=isch&tbnid=M92ZM-

qsd3o2OM:&imgrefurl=http://www.howstuffworks.com/mouse.htm&imgurl=http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/qotd631-led-mice-3.jpg&w=400&h=288&ei=FNZAUJ-LItGtrAfxv4GoBg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=280&vpy=182&dur=2505&hovh=190&hovw=265&tx=120&ty=111&sig=108959735577576403586&sqi=2&page=1&tbnh=123&tbnw=181&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:152


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c. Scanner

It allows user to transfer any

document to the computer

http://www.google.co.in/imgres?hl=en&sa=X&biw=1280&bih=630&tbm=isch&prmd=imvnsa&tbnid=kD5mxp-hbR0FRM:&imgrefurl=http://mwolk.com/blog/choose-scanner/&imgurl=http://mwolk.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/how_to_choose_scanner.jpg&

w=600&h=402&ei=EdhAUKatAcePrgfto4DYAw&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=256&sig=108959735577576403586&page=1

&tbnh=109&tbnw=163&start=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0,i:154&tx=52&ty=54


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d. JOYSTICK

Its a input device used for

http://www.google.co.in/imgres?num=10&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=630&tbm=isch&tbnid=s381mhvtcJLsmM:&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joystick&imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Atari_XE_joystick.jpg/220px-Atari_XE_joystick.jpg&w=220&h=220&ei=LtlAUNfcEZHorQfPhYDoDw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=141&vpy=189&dur=6472&hovh=176&hovw=176&tx=59&ty=89&sig=108959735577576403586&sqi=2&page=1&tbnh=124&tbnw=137&start=0&ndsp=24&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:136


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e. Microphone

Used to give audio input

Its an important device forvideo conferencing

http://www.google.co.in/imgres?hl=en&biw=1280&bih=630&tbm=isch&tbnid=QlgXoDWqNq9X_M:&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphone&imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/th

umb/9/91/SennMicrophone.jpg/220px-SennMicrophone.jpg&w=220&h=147&ei=oNpAUNDtJY6QrgeipIHoBg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=155&vpy=218&dur=1163&hovh=117&hovw=176&tx=164&ty=59&sig=108959735577576403586&page=1&tbnh=117&tbnw=165&start=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:149


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STORAGE DEVICES

Primary StorageRAM

Secondary Storagea. HDD

b. Floppy Disk

c. Solid Storage Device


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HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD) Hard Disk Drive is a storage

device

Data stored magnetically

Most of those are internalhttp://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=hard+disk&hl=en&sa=X&biw=1280&bih=673&tbm=isch&prmd=imvnsza&tbnid=0ccfnMzOk4GQFM:&imgrefurl=http://www.howstuffworks.com/hard-

disk.htm&imgurl=http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/adding-a-hard-disk-1-1.jpg&w=302&h=301&ei=nghCULSMFofOrQf63IDgCg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=679&vpy=170&dur=2336&hovh=224&hovw=225&tx=110&ty=142&sig=108959735577576403586&page=1&tbnh=134&tbnw=134&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:3,s:0,i:148


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FLOPPY DISK Data stored magnetically

Have less storage capacity

External Storage Devicehttp://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=floppy+disk&num=10&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=630&tbm=isch&tbnid=i4YOE7FKw0_2kM:&imgrefurl=http://www.retroisle.com/com

modore/c64128/howtouse.php&imgurl=http://www.retroisle.com/images/floppydisk.jpg&w=640&h=469&ei=GApCUPK2KoHprAf-mIGYAw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=846&vpy=314&dur=2&hovh=192&hovw=262&tx=146&ty=75&sig=108959735577576403586&sqi=2&page=1&tbnh=115&tbnw=157&start=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:12,s:0,i:160


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SOLID STORAGE DEVICE Data stored electrically

Used as external storage device

Work faster than diskhttp://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=pen+drive&num=10&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=630&tbm=isch&tbnid=4pIM3HZR3HBFbM:&imgrefurl=http://paraskalra.com/personalblog/%3Fp%3D47&imgurl=http://paraskalra.com/personalblog/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/pendrive_usbbluedongle1.jpg&w=400&h=400&ei=FgtCUN6CJcHsrAf1w4DgDA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=864&vpy=162&dur=2988&hovh=225&hovw=225&tx

=122&ty=109&sig=108959735577576403586&sqi=2&page=1&tbnh=119&tbnw=131&start=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:5,s:0,i:164


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OUTPUT DEVICES

a. Monitorb. Speaker

c. r nter


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a. Monitor

Monitor is used to display

http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=monitor&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=630&tbm=isch&tbnid=vnnMLt0TfgHQRM:&imgrefurl=http://domainnamesindex.com/tag/m

onitor/&imgurl=http://domainnamesindex.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/22monitor.jpg%253F9d7bd4&w=350&h=322&ei=CA5CUPTMH8mGrAeyYQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=996&vpy=303&dur=2212&hovh=215&hovw=234&tx=171&ty=87&sig=108959735577576403586&page=1&tbnh=119&tbnw=124&start=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:13,s:0,i:189


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b. Speaker

Speaker is audio a output

http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=speakers&num=10&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=630&tbm=isch&tbnid=ZAApMnn4nWWorM:&imgrefurl=http://www.logitech.com/en-in/speakers-audio/home-pc-

speakers&imgurl=http://www.logitech.com/assets/20149/20149.png&w=270&h=250&ei=Ww9CUIHUA8rNrQfgiIHIBw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=738&vpy=178&dur=737&hovh=200&hovw=216&tx=123&ty=111&sig=108959735577576403586&sqi=2&page=1&tbnh=125&tbnw=135&start=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0,i:161


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c. Printer It takes information from computer

and transfer it into the paper

There are three basic typesof printer, dot matrix, inkjet,

laserhttp://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=printer&num=10&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=630&tbm=isch&tbnid=SDiW6mf-4tBa_M:&imgrefurl=http://internet-texpert.blogspot.com/2011/02/usb-printer-to-wyse-

terminal.html&imgurl=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_dSLtlXk3OoE/TUf7WqtDD-I/AAAAAAAAAJQ/L8tgfvDsSmI/s1600/Printer-icon.png&w=512&h=512&ei=SxBCUMCANYysrAfuzIHwBw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=682&vpy=164&dur=2397&hovh=225&hovw=225&tx=150&ty=137&sig=108959735577576403586&sqi=2&page=1&tbnh=123&tbnw=126&start=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0,i:148


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OTHER PERIPHERAL DEVICES

a. Modemb. Camera


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a. Modem Modem is used for modulation

and demodulation of data

Convert data digital to analogand

analog to digital http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=modem&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=630&tbm=isch&tbnid=MVi5oCjF97RWiM:&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modem_ZyXEL.jpg&imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Modem_ZyXEL.jpg&w=1632&h=1224&ei=TRJCUJDFEYinrAft8YCQCg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=403&vpy=311&dur=3140&hovh=194&hovw=259&tx=189&ty=131&sig=108959735577576403586&page=1&tbnh=121&tbnw=158&start=0&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:8,s:0,i:174


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b. CAMERA

photographhttp://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=web+camera+png&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=630&tbm=isch&tbnid=Glmit1jK1ow3qM:&imgrefurl=http://www.gettyicons.com/free-icon/112/hardware-icon-set/free-web-camera-

icon-png/&imgurl=http://www.gettyicons.com/free-icons/112/hardware/png/256/web_camera_256.png&w=256&h=256&ei=8BNCUKy0LsqrrAeicQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=423&vpy=145&dur=610&hovh=204&hovw=204&tx=109&ty=73&sig=108959735577576403586&page=1&tbnh=135&tbnw=134&start=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0,i:76


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BASIC COMPONENTSecondary

Storage

Memory

ALU

CU

CPU

Input Output

Block Diagram Consisting of Basic Component of a Computer


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Documents

Introduction to Computers [Compatibility Mode].pdf