Introduction to Computer in Tamil

8/14/2019 Introduction to Computer in Tamil

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7/192

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5 144

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6 EP K 159

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6.10 K A 166

6 . 1 1 K 168

6. 12 (MODEM) 168

6 . 13 169

6 . 14 K 169

6. 15 171

6 .16 K P 171

6.17 GA ? 172

6.18 F F 172

6 . 19 F 172

6.2 0 175

6.2 1 J 178

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1

EP P

1.1 EPJ

1.1.1 P

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1.1 EP


10/192

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11/192

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M . H (John Napier) v . F F C .

C, A M .

A.H. 1,633 - (Slide Rule)

1.3 H C

ML (William Oughtred) A. K (logarithm) J A. O G , M . F ,, , N .

1.4


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4

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Hv v (Blaise Pascal) H P . EP . F H P (levers and gears) . J E M v A. .

A.H. 1,822 - v T (Difference Engine)

1.5 E

v x (Charles babbage) A. E PJ OP. EPJ A, EPJ A.

1.6 v T


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5

A.H. 1,890 - K IS(Hollerith Tabulating Machine)

J , P , C

M.1.1.3 EPJ

EP N F O, C I A. EPJ F, , FK. M . A N OJ EPJ HK. P .

- 1,940 - 1,956: P

P (vaccum tube) IP, G F EP A. M K, F .

F I .F EPJ

1.7 K IS


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. EP NJ (Machine Lan-guage) . ,

A k (input) . Of(output) P N C O. EP F E F .

Q (Universal Automatic Com-puter - UNIVAC) Q GK (Electronic Numerical Integrater and Calculator - ENIAC) PH .

- 1,956 - 1,963: Cv

P F Cv (Transistor) . , I . Cv F OJ, EP

C O . JL PJ.

F k , Of P . EP NJL ON (Assembly Language) P. F C .

1.8 P


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7

F (COBOL), (FOR-TRAN) G NO (High Level Languages) F . J GF (magnetic core) . I, GF N P.

- 1,964 - 1,971:

Cv A, CL (chip) A

(Integrated Circuits). EPJ F, I FF F.

1.9 Cv.

1.10


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8

M (keyboard), F (monitor)k, Of . EPJ F GA (operating system)P. F b .

- 1,971 - : L

CL A L (Microprocessor) . EPJ F F G .

EP . EPO A. M (Internet) .

- Q : P

CF P (Artificial Intelligence) A. EP A C A.

1 .2 , , G

EP C b . (Data) (Instructions) , O , A.

1.11 L


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O F F . GM , C F (Information) . , ,

GM F

N

O

OF J . F . . , , , O .

. K . , A, K A. K P .

,

EF

OL P

(Algorithm) E KF, . , K

1.12 , ,


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. L,E . EP N P, C .

EP G (Program) , PH C b O . , O c A G.

G (Programmer), C FK b, N

. G NJ . G, EPNJ , bA.

, C b CL P, b . L CL P . M E P . GK P, K .

1 .3 ,

1.3.1 P

EPJ A F . (Hardware) (Software). P . , E P .

1.3.2 EP

EP , k (Input) ,, P OJ (Output) . H I (Storage) .

EPJ H W .


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, G EPJ F k . M (Keyboard), (Mouse), (Scanner) k .

(Central Processing Unit - CPU) , E I A. E

A. GM GF,

F , A F G (Memory). EP I G, GF I cA M. N G (Volatile Memory) .

E O Of . F (Monitor) P Of .

GM , I GML N G (Storage) . EP A.

EP k, Of,

, M (Peripheral Equipment) .

G

GG

k

Yd Of

1.13 EP


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1.3.3 EP

E NO . , , W , , FI, K

F . (System Software), (Application Software) .

EPJ F F K J . MJP EP . EP, .

M . , EP J MA. (OperatingSystem), (Complier) J .

1.15

EP

1.14


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22/192

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I F M L. OF K FM. J IIO. F F. , IA. L O, F, , I, C .

O A FF A J. M

L, O F, P A. (function) . P, M . M, MK. , MO P, M K FA. . v 1-2-3, (Excel) MK.

Y J A (Data Base) . F O F . O, Y . A, M, J F O AA.

L QEP

O . (Microsoft Word), P (Word Perfect), vO, C (Word Star)

MK , ,A L, E (Microsoft, Excel),v1-2-3 . (Lotus 1-2-3)

, F v (Microsoft Access) A (Oracle)


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1.4.1 P

I EP P NJ HK HK.

, , , G A

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24/192

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EP A.

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1.4.3 N F, , G , , M

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HK. - e EP (Super Computer), G

EP (Mainframe Computer), C EP (Mini Computer), EP (Micro Computer).


25/192

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F MJ I . MJ .I F E , C, F C C , QPM, A.

G EP

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. P M F. F M . A, M G, JG, M , M PA.

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EP

A C

GEP

1.18 EP

EP

eEP

CEP

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26/192

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L, EP PF. EP C EPM M .

EP HK.E G, EP, EP, F CP EP HK.

, F , P - k, , Of.

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E F . H C F . EG. EPM F . EP N (Computer Aided Design - CAD), C O (simulation) P K A.

EP 1.19 EPO

EP

E

G

EP

EP

1.20 EG


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19

() EP

EP dn (PC) EP. EP A. Q A F J M I . L, C A.

EP

1.21 EP

C M . M , EP A . EPJ F, O , I . F A.

1.22 EP


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CP

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EP I F. , N,

, .

v E .

Hv v A E, EPJ .

v x EPJ A.

EP P O, G .

J P FCv .

J .

1.23 M


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21

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O HL E .

O HL .

E KF .

C b G

A.

EPJ , A .

E O GA.

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EPJ .

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EP, QQ G F .

C H .

e EP MJ .

G EP MJ .

M C EP.


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22

L ( C Yd) EP A.

EP, EG, EP,EP CP HK.

JC

I. F

1 . ___________ EPJ A.

2 . ___________ H.

3 . EP ___________ P, ___________ G F

4. ___________ EPJ .

5. ___________ EPJ PA

6. EP k, Of

___________ .7 . ___________ EP G

P.

8 . ___________, ___________ HK.

9 . ___________ EPJ GO .

10 . ___________ G, G A.

1 1 . ___________ F A,YF , A.

12 . ___________ EP S , (Integration) .

13. EP ___________, ___________, ___________ HK.


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23

14 . ___________ FI .

15 . ___________ EPJ k A.

16 . ___________ EP k A.

17 . EP ___________ A.

1 8. dn ___________.19 . ___________ O, Y, C

A.

2 0 . E ___________.

II. W K, .

1 . I EP H.

2 . I F EP e EP .

3 . SA Hv v

4 . K v T .

5 . G NJL P N A.

6 . L .

7 . EP .

8. k F A.

9. , O C A H .

10 . EP EP .


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24

III. W M M .

1. EP ?

2 . x x F ?

3. M ?

4 . .

5 . .

6 . ?

7 . L ?

8 . H ?

9 . EP ?

1 0. EP ?

IV.W M MK MO.

1 . EPJ , P A M.

2 . , M

M.

3 . , MK.

4 . e EP, G EP, C EP EPO A M.


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25

2

2.1. P

O . , , F, , L,OC . J , C Pf . F , . , LJ . OCJ .

EP K J . EP , O .

, HK. J F C, O . L, P J.

J O F QQ . G O K PH.

EP A.

H (Bit) (Byte) J A. N (0) (1) H . H F . EP F H A, GM , H A. , EP 32-H L, 128 G (RAM)

40 A . F E (Arith-

metic Logic Unit -ALU) , A. EP O A. (Integer) H (Fraction). FH I O J (Floating Point Representation)


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26

A. O. H . QQ .

A P H, P, P P C.

2.2. H

PHA, F

AA . F . FG. ( decimal) . .

G J (binary) , EP M . G , E (octal), FG (hexa decimal) P C.

H(Bit) BInary digiT . 0, 1 F . G

HO K .

H K. 8H 256 K . 0 255 , W P .

0 = 0000 0000

1 = 0000 0001

2 = 0000 0010

3 = 0000 0011

..

.

254 = 1111 1110

255 = 1111 1111


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27

J A , F C Pf, PH. vA Pf (American Standard Code forInformation Interchange - ASCII). EPO A. F 0 127 J F A. A O WG 26vA Pf 65 90 , 0 9 48 57 , PHA. O Pf (Space) 32.

GO A , . K J A J (1,000) P. , EP J 1,024 (2 10 ) P.W OF A.

()

A (Kilo) K 2^10*

(Mega) M 2^20

A (Giga) G 2^30

(Tera) T 2^40

d (Peta) P 2^50

(Exa) E 2^60

n (Zetta) Z 2^70

(Yotta) Y 2^80

*

2GB (A ) 2,147,483,648 I. . n, O K M.

2.3 FG , F

J (radix) . 0 9 J . F PH


36/192

28

A. F F F, A. Pf (posi-tional notation) . Pf FM . FL F, F ( power of 3) .

948 FG E F A . WPf A.

94810 = 9 X 102 + 4 X 101 + 8 X 100H PH. F F

O (decimal point) HF FJ . , 948.23 F A .

948.2310

= 9 X 102 + 4 X 101 + 8 X 100 + 2 X 10-1 + 3 X 10-2

,

X = { .x2x

1x

0. x

-1x

-2x

-3. },

F E FHX =

ix

i10i where i = .2, 1, 0, -1, -2, .

A .

2.4 G

G J 0, 1 . F PH . (radix). J E F Pf AA. FG

J F , J 2A. 10111

2 G

2310 F .

101112

= 1 X 24 + 0 X 23 + 1 X 22 + 1 X 21 + 1 X 20

= 16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 1

= 2310


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G J H, F GJ PH FH. ,

0.10112

= 1 X 2-1 + 0 X 2-2 + 1 X 2-3 + 1 X 2-4

= 0.5 + 0 + 0.125 + 0.0625

= 0.687510

2.5 FG

O F , PH A. 23 , FG J , G J PHA. FP J E .

F? 24= 16. .

EP OA .

FG 16 . K 0 9 . eF ? A, B, C, D, E, F Pf 10, 11, 12,13, 14, 15 F PH .

J D 13 FG P. 10

16 F P. 2C 44

10 P.

2C16

= 2 X 161 + C X 160

= 32 + 12

= 4410

H F . G , 0 F F AA. H FG .

0000 = 0 1000 = 8

0001 = 1 1001 = 90010 = 2 1010 = A0011 = 3 1011 = B0100 = 4 1100 = C0101 = 5 1101 = D0110 = 6 1110 = E

0111 = 7 1111 = F


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30

I A. , G , I O FG . . FL A H . N . Q H F FG P . . ,

1100 1001 1101 = C9D16

C 9 D

FG E , , K P, J C . O G F E M.

2.6 FG - G

G FG O. A .

FG G N .

2.6.1

FG , eF 0 1 . FF ,eF K . I A G A. M r

1 eF, M A

. F r1 0 1 . ,

M = 2 * M1

+ r1

r1

= 0 1

M1 , eF r

2, M M

2

.

M1

= 2 * M2

+ r2

r2

= 0 1 M = 2 (2 * M

2+ r

2) + r

1

= 22M2

+ r2

* 21 + r1* 20


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31

M2 . M M

3, eF r

3

M2

= 2 * M3

+ r3

M = 2 (2 * (2 * M3

+ r3) + r

2) + r

1

= 22(2 * M3

+ r3) + r

2* 21 + r

1* 20

= 23 M3

+ r3

* 22 + r2

* 21 + r1* 20

F F .M 0 .

M = 1 * 2k + rk

* 2k-1 + . + r3

* 22 + r2

* 21 + r1* 20

-23

10 G .

eF23/2 11 1 (LSB)

11/2 5 1

5/2 2 1

2/2 1 0

1/2 0 1 (MSB)

vH ( LSB - Least Significant Bit) C F H, vH (MSB - Most Significant Bit) F

H P. G ,

eF WN , I .

2310

= 101112

G E ? M , CP H . ., 23 E 5 .

16 < 23 < 32

24 < 23 < 25

J, G J , F A P. 36 . ,

32 < 36 < 64

25 < 36 < 26


40/192

32

, 36 G E 6 H .

2.6.2 O

FG , O H , . , 36 .

. M CP , H.

3610

> 3210

. 32 F 1 . , EL, N.

36 - 32 = 4

. 32 16, eF (4) MF. 16 4 N . ,16 F 0 .

. 16 8, eF (4) MF. 8 4 N . ,8 F 0 .

. H F 4. eFJ (4) N . eF 0. 4 F 1 .

. eF 0 , F 2( = 2 1) , 1 ( = 2 0) O 0 .,

36 = 1001002

.

32 16 8 4 2 1

1 36 32 = 4

32 16 8 4 2 1

1 0 0 1 4 4 = 0

32 16 8 4 2 1

1 0 0 1 0 0 3610

= 1001002


41/192

33

:

9110 F G

.

91 CP K 64,

64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 91-64 = 27

64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 0 1 91-(64+16) = 11

32 > 27 , 32 H 0 . 16< 27 , 16 H 1 . ,

64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 0 1 1 91-(64+16+8) = 3

64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 0 1 1 0 1 91-(64+16+8+2) = 1

64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 0 1 1 0 1 1 91-(64+16+8+2+1) = 0 9110

= 10110112

2.7 F G H G

1/2, 1/4, 1/8 H G L . O J .

0.510

= 1 * 2-1 = 0.12

0.2510

= 0 * 2-1 + 1 * 2-2= 0.01

2

0.12510

= 0 * 2-1 + 0 * 2-2 + 1 * 2-3 = 0.0012

5/8 = 4/8 + 1/8 = 1/2 + 1/8

5/8 = 1 * 2-1 + 0 * 2-2 + 1 * 2-3

= 0.1012

O H


42/192


43/192

35

C. FP H CP, M K, E F GJ . 948 F G , .

(163 = 4096) > 948 > (162 = 256)

162 161 160

3 948 (3 * 256) = 180

162 161 160

3 B 948 (3 * 256 + 11 * 16) = 4

162 161 160

3 B 4 948 (3 * 256 + 11 * 16 + 4) = 0

, 94810

= 3B416

F F F J G W:

16 , eF A. 0 15 eF F

G PH. N , eFJL

FG .

:

eF

948 / 16 = 59 4 (LSB)

59 / 16 = 3 11 (B)

3 / 16 = 0 3 (MSB)

94810 = 3B416

2.9. E E 8. J 0 7

. E F G , F A,


44/192

36

M .

:

7118

E F F ?

7 * 82 + 1 * 81 + 1 * 80 = 45710

F F , F JL E . G;

F , eF P. eF E ( 0 7

) .

N F F M .

6410

E ?

eF

64/8 8 0 (LSB)8/8 1 0

1/8 0 1 (MSB)

, 6410 = 1008

2.10 Pf

F Pf F, G OF . F EP . O F Pf - .

EP 0, 1 M K. , G E H

Pf F. 0 . 1 F.

2.10.1 Pf + PH

Pf PH O N, H, F 1 . n H , F eF n - 1 H


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37

E P. H F,

0100 = +41100 = -4

J C . , N O PH.

0000 = +010

1000 = -010

, N , MO K . Pf Q, E Q F Q . I F.

, M C A . G Cb .

2.10.2. G

Pf G

, Pf.

F G N .

. G E H, 1 0 , 0 1 .

. M . , F ( HO) G .

G K . PH c G . , F N . E e . H. A.


46/192

38

EPJ 8 HO PHA . 2310 G . G C W PH .

N

23 G => 10111.

=> 01000

=> 01001

N 8 => 00001001 => +9K N

23 G 101 11

N 8 H => 00010111

=> 11101000

=> 11101001 => -23

2.10.3. G O N

1. F . 1 , , F .

2. H , N , N P . E c L K .

1.

-4 , 4 H, G .

4 G , O => 0100

P , , => 100

, , P => 1100 => -4


47/192

39

2

-23 H H, G .

-23 G , O => 0001 0111

P => 1

=> 1110 1001 => -23

2.10.4. Pf

G O F, GJ Pf . Pf G . A E F . , 1110 0110 F .

Pf G , F 230.

111001102= 230

10

, G J F -2610.

H I A. F , O FH .

,

x = 1001,

y = 0011 ,

y M x K?

M J . Pf , x = 9, y = 3. x > y.

, G J , x F , y . y > x.


48/192

40

2.10.5. O i

H , Pf, 0 15 P. H F , H 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16 MF . n H 2n . 0 2n-1 PH .

Pf J , 2n O F

, eF N F . 0 2n-1 J , -1 2n-1 F P.

2.11 G E

J EP A. G J A. Pf G A. E .

2.11.1 G - Pf

J , M C O PH . . , 9 + 7 =16. F 6 (sum) , 1 F , (carry) A

G E , , 0 1 . ,

0 + 0 = 0 0

0 + 1 = 0 1

H H

1 + 1 = 1 0

H H


49/192

41

H

M HO F, F H H, F F H H .

1

1100 1011

1 1 0 0

1 0 1 1

1 0 1 1 1

H

H

2

10111 + 10110 A.

Carry bits

1 1 1

1 0 1 1 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 0 1 1 0 1

, (Augend) , (addend) A.

2.11.2. G - Pf

Pf ,

cF A. FF F H Pf A K.

1

2 + 5 G Pf .


50/192

42

+2 0 0 1 0

+5 0 1 0 1

+7 0 1 1 1

H

Pf H

M J I , K M .

2: G J

H H, G J -75 .

L -7 G .

G J 7, 01 11

H 1000

1001

1 0 0 1 (-7)0 1 0 1 ( 5 )

1 1 1 0 (-2)

M G J .

C O, O PH cM, MJ c F. F H MM, K M A! ?

Pf K.

3:4 H H GJ -4 +4

1 1 0 0 ( G J -4)0 1 0 0 (+4)

1 0 0 0 0 = 0


51/192

43

F, F H A. Pf , MM. H K M .

F H MF

Pf M Pf , F A . F M ., F, M, PH F.

4

-7 -5, 4 H H, G J .

1 0 0 1 ( G J -7)

1 0 1 1 ( G J -5)

1 0 1 0 0 (=4) M

F . M (0100)J . ( H H ). , FH A. M A.

2.11.3 G N

N . EL NA N (minuend) . NA N (substratend).

C G O N W .

0 0 = 0

1 0 = 1

1 1 = 0

10 1 = 1


52/192

44

NJL N, FF HL A. F H, N . F N , P . N . FL, N, .

1

N : 1101 1010

0 1

1 1 0 1 (N )

- 1 0 1 0 (N )

0 0 1 1

F H PN, F, N E 0 .

, F A. F 10 N, eF 1 A. 10 - 1 = 1. 0 A.

2

N : 1000 101

0 1 1 A H P N 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 10

- 1 0 1 1 0 1 (N )0 0 1 1 N H eF

N MF . N E F, G J F, N .


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45

(+2) - (+7) (+2) + (-7) ?

.

3:

4 H H (+2) - (+7) N

0 0 1 0 (+2)

0 1 1 1 (+7)

1 0 0 1 ( G J -7)

0 0 1 0 (2)

+ 1 0 0 1 (-7)

1 0 1 1 (-5)

4:

4 H H N (-6) - (+4)

-6 1 0 1 0

N -4 1 1 0 0

G J 1 0 1 1 0

F. M ( H ) J A. F H Q. F H MFJ M . -10 4 H PH M .

N F .

EPJ (circuit) .N F.

2.12 L E

x (George Boole) A M E . EPJ G J E


54/192

46

(circuit) F L E. Pk, Of H A.

EF P (variable), PL (constant), (function) A (operators) . 0, 1 , PL . L P FO . P PL A . ,

AND, OR NOT. , , . O, P, vH P (over bar) PH.

A AND B = A . B

A OR B = A + B

NOT A = A (or Aa

)

L P, PL A , L (Boolean expression) .

AND OR A M H (oper-and) . 1 F ,AND A 1 M . O 0 M .

P F 1 OR A 1 M . 0 M 0.

(OR) A M HJe . M HJ F P . 1 0 , 0 1 P M.

AO O K. (Truth Table).


55/192

47

2.12.1. L A

AND A

AND A . M H (1) (1) M . W . A, B M H. Y M.

A B Y

0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1

P L

Y = A B .

OR A

OR A, MH (1) M (1) . -

A B Y

0 0 00 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1

A, B M H. Y M.

P L Y = A + B .

NOT A

A M HJ e .

FH P OJ. A MH. Y M.

A Y

0 1

1 0

AJ , Y = Aa PH.


56/192

48

:

D = A + (Bb.C) L . A (1), Bb.C D J F1 . O 0 . Bb.C , B = 0, C = 1 1 ., A= 1 ,, A = 0, B = 0, C = 1 D = 1 .

NAND A

NAND AND NOT . LAND

A OJ M,NOT

A POJ.

Y = Ac.BC

PH.

A B Y

0 0 1

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

A NAND B = NOT (A AND B)

NOR A

NOR OR NOT F . LOR A OJ M, NOT A P. , W .

Y = A+B

A B Y0 0 1

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 0

A NOR B = NOT (A OR B)

2.12.2. L E MF

L E F L O. , I O


57/192

49

O E . I P F . L O .

L

MF

1 0 , 0 1 .

1 : A = 0 , Aa = 1.

2 : A = 1 Aa = 0

3 : AJ F A. Abd= A

AND AJ

4 : A . 1 = A

A = 0 , M H 1 M 0.

A = 1 , M H 1 M 1.

, M A .

5 : A . 0 = 0

M H 0 , A ,M 0.

6 : A. A = A

O A M O.

7 : A.Ac= 0

A F , M 0.OR AJ

8 : A + 1 = 1

AJ F , M H 1 , M 1 .


58/192

50

9 : A+0 =A

MJ F AJ F .

10 : A+A = A

MJ F AJ F

11 : A+Ac = 1

AJ F , M 1 .

2.12.3. L O

O C E K .

G (Literal)

L P GH G .

(Product term)

G LA AND A .AND Pf O .

- ABc

, AC, Ac

Cc

, Eb

C (Min term)

Q P, GH , C . L K X, Y, Z P , XYZ, XaYZ,XcYcZc C . (standard product term) .

(sum term)

G OR L

A , A .: A + Bc + D.

(max term)

K P, GH , .


59/192

51

x, y, z P , x + y + z, x + ya + za . (standardsum term) .

O (SOP- sum of products)

OR A , O .

: Ac+ AB + AcBcCc

C

C .: ABC + ABCc+ AcBCc

O (POS - product of sums)

AND A , O .

: (A) (A+B) (A+D)

, C .

: (A+B) (A+Bc) (Ac+Bc)

12: MF (commutative law) M H A, M H

K , M , MF A . , , L A AI. 5 + 3 = 3 + 5. MF. , MF .

N, MF .AND, OR A MF .

A + B = B + A,

AB = BA

13. MF (Associative Law)

A , P A L M A, A MF .


60/192

52

, MF . N, .

5 + ( 3 + 2 ) = 10 = ( 5 + 3 ) + 2

5 . ( 3 . 2 ) = 30 = ( 5 . 3 ) . 2

5 - ( 3 - 2 ) = 4; ( 5 - 3 ) - 2 = 0

8 / ( 4 / 2 ) = 4; ( 8 / 4 ) / 2 = 1

AND, OR A MF .

A + ( B + C ) = ( A + B ) + C

A ( B C ) = ( A B ) C

14: A MF (Distribute Law)

A , P P MF .

L EF A MF .

A(B+C) = AB+AC

A+(BC) = (A+B) (A+C)

EF, MF . MF Q .

MF L EF A W F.

A B C BC LHS A+B A+C RHS

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

0 1 0 0 0 1 0 00 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1

1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1


61/192

53

O (minimum sum of products)

L O F EJ , O A.

W

Ac B Cc+ Ac B C + A Bc Cc + A Bc C + A B C

MF F

= (Ac B Cc + Ac B C) + (A Bc Cc + A Bc C) + A B C

= Ac B(Cc+C) + A Bc(Cc+C)+ABC

11 F

= Ac B (1) + A Bc (1) + ABC

4 F

= Ac B + A Bc + ABC

, O F. L 10 .

AcB Cc + Ac B C + A Bc Cc + A Bc C + A B C + A Bc C (A Bc C + A Bc C = A Bc C)

= (Ac B Cc + Ac B C) + (A Bc Cc + A Bc C) + (A B C + A Bc C)

= Ac B (Cc + C) + A Bc (Cc + C) + A C(B + Bc)

= Ac B + A Bc + A C

L MO O .

W L /O

AcBCc + AcBC

x = AcB, y = Cc

, ,


62/192

54

x y + x yc

= x(y + yc)

= x = Ac B

A + A?B = A + B GH

A MFJ,

A + AcB = (A + Ac)(A + B) = 1 (A + B) = A + B

W L .

Ac Bc Cc + Ac B Cc + Ac B C + A Bc Cc

= Ac Cc(Bc + B) + Ac B C + A Bc Cc

= Ac Cc + Ac B C + A Bc Cc

= Ac(Cc + BC) + A Bc Cc

= Ac(Cc + B)(C + C) + A Bc Cc

= Ac(Cc + B) + A Bc Cc

= Ac Cc + Ac B + A Bc Cc ( A .) K, , .,

Ac Bc Cc + (Ac B Cc + Ac B C) + A Bc Cc

= Ac Bc Cc + Ac B(Cc + C) + A Bc Cc

= Ac Bc Cc + Ac B + A Bc Cc

= Bc Cc(Ac + A) + Ac B

= Bc Cc + Ac B (I A .)2.12.4

15: A + B = AcBc

16: AB = Ac + Bc

L EF F . GH.


63/192

55

f (A, B, C, D) = DAcB + ABc + DAC L HGH H

fc (A, B, C, D) = D Ac B + A Bc + D A C

( 15)

= (D Ac B) (A Bc) (D A C)

( 16)

= (Dc + A + Bc)(Ac + B)(Dc + Ac + Cc)

A, L , O . GH O .

O, W A. L K, W , F .

1. P P GH .

2. AND A OR A

3. F GH .

E O , , E O , PL , L F . L E P. L N . F I F .

JC

I G

1 . H ________ O .

2 . E ________ , F G ________ A.


64/192

56

3 . n H Pf , ________ EL, P.

4 . LSB, MSB ________ , ________ PL .

5 . L ________ , ________ PH.

6. NL M H ________, ________.

7 . 5864 FG E G ________, F G ________.

8 . HO NJ G ________.

9 . EPJ E ________, ________ O A.

10 . ________ H.

11 . IL MB , 1 HLH ________ PHA.

12 . 68 M K, CP ________. 68 G F ________ .

II. H M MO.

1 . W FG , G, E F G .

. 512 . 1729 . 1001 . 777 . 160

2 . -2710

8H GJ .

3 . Pf : +1510 + 36

10. 8 H G

.

4 . Pf 8 H O K,CP, F G O.


65/192


66/192

58

- 3

EPJ

3.1 EPJ F

3.1.1. P

EP Q H. ,

, , I , GML .

Q , , , , , A. JA A. H GM A. QA.

EPJ A.

, Q . G . G (CPU - Central Pro-cessing Unit).

3.1.2. EPJ

EP , , . k, Of ,, G . GO O .

3.1.3. EPJ

EP M . EPJ JP , F J


67/192

59

.

EP .

, G .

GM , .

GL PH, F, .

, F HK. -

k

Of

G

I L I H .

. H 3.1 MA

k

, G KI , EPJ . M, ,O, F C k.

G

k

Of

3.1 EPJ


68/192

60

Of

EP OJ , Q J P Of . F, P K Of.

(CPU - Central Processing Unit)

EPJ .F E , (logical operations) F .

E ( ALU - Arithmetic Logic Unit) . , E , AND, OR .

F, G k, Of F, , L F . (Control Unit) .

FO PL H F. HO (BUS). , I QQ .

G

E , , G, EPJ GF

E,

F

3.2


69/192

61

. EP M .

G, I GGM . I GMG . P H G A A. G (Secondary Storage) . I F, M .

3.1.4 G

(John Von Neumann)

K . A :

n EH , G GF.

n E A, GL F .

n QK f .

n G GF

FJ P .

3.2

3.2.1. F E

EPJ . A.

n EPJ F F A.

n E A.

YdM K F . -

n E ( ALU- Arithmetic Logic Unit)

n (Control Unit)

n F (Register)


70/192

62

E F, , E , AND, OR,


71/192

63

3.2.2 YdM E

G, Yd A .

G, , P OJ. F

1. a F ( M N).

2. b F ( M N).

3. = a + b

4. J F FJ OJ

G F G .

1 . L G EPJ A. E F F A.

2. K A. M HHA.

3. a FH M N

A.4. GF, a K

F HHA. G A.

5. G 2 4 F b P A.

6. E . , a, b F G F

O I HHA. a, b F FO GA., M A.

7. F , M F A. , , GF FH


72/192

64

I A. GF A.

8. , F GMF HHA. GF , F FJ HA.

9. GL G,G A.

F , 3.4 A.

3.4 YdM

kF

/OJF

J K

b K

a K

J F

b F

a F

M

F

I


73/192

65

3.3. E -

EH E , N,, , C Pf H, AND,OR, NOT F .

, E bQ, HH

.

3.3.1. E

E , PH FO . I , F , P N . P M M F . , , QQ .

F G W.

1. ( 5, 8 ) GF O .

2. , O , FO A.

3. , A.

4 . M ( 13 ) GMF (memory buffer)A.

5. M, GMF F A


74/192

66

3.3.2.

H , CP, K , AND, OR, NOT F .

3.3.3 E M

, , AND . F (AREG), O F(ACCUM - ) F .

K M e A.

3.5 E

3.6 M E M.


75/192

67

3.6 M E H HA. E I A. FO , E , (enable) I KMA. HJ 1 H H, E A.

3.4 G

GO . -

G (Random Access Memory - RAM) G(Read Only Memory - ROM), G G (Pro-grammable Read Only Memory - PROM), I N G G (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read OnlyMemory - EEPROM).

G (RAM)

EPO G . P , G FA. , FL M . I G, F

N M.

G (ROM)

F , CL F. . I F N. EP

3.7 G


76/192

68

GO A.

G G (PROM)

N G. F . CL F. Q G .

N G G (EPROM)

CL, GA N . ( ) O NA. N G.

I N G G(EEPROM)

N G. N O J. I F NM. N G. Hw G (flashmemory) . G .

G GF G. K . MFJ , O C . P . P . K JL K .

PH K J F

. ,F .

GF , (write) , FL , (Read) PH. G G A.


77/192

69

EPJ G, ROM G.

8 H F (Byte) . GO . EPO 4MB ( ) , KEPO GB (A ) G A. GF (access time) C (cycle time) MO .

G . C .

G GO HK.

F M F. E A . A.

GJ w (cash) G. F . , F

M . G M F. Yd G A.

GJ RAM G.

C F G .

G G, N . C N (I G). EPH O A. E

, , G, O GFL GF .

O GF I F. , MI . GO F M. , F, w, G, OG KJ P M .


78/192

70

3.5 k, Of

EPJ A . EP J k, M OJ Of A. P .

3.5.1. k

, EP

A. EP k. , EP KMF H .

M

O F M. F J M. A , , O G Pf, C M . F M vA Pf (ASCII) EP A.

L , AF Mouse A. FJ (cursor) A. J C . J e . , .

3.8 M


79/192

71

, I EP H .

, e ,J . AO . e .

(Scanner)

, O . e AF EP . F , , P C(OCR - Optical Character Recognition software) .

3.9

3.10


80/192

72

Pf (Bar Code Reader)

P (, M) O J M O F C. Pf . , Q . , O , M EP . C O K A. EO I A

, EP . . . EP F .

3.11 Pf,

3.12


81/192

73

F (Touch Sensitive Screen)

FJ H P P , M e M . F , EP .

3.13 F

(Magnetic Ink Character Recognition MICR)

C AO K A.F A , J C. F, . IA. .

3.14 C


82/192

74

O N (OCR - Optical Character Recognition)

C , J , ON . C J. .

C O N K, PH H C . P M

K . A, I N K . K , P .

O N Pf (Optical Mark Recognition - OMR)

3.15 O

3.16


83/192

75

C C O C . P C J G . , - G EP K-M. J C E -F O . K MFK FHA. NO F .

O (Light Pen)

M F . FJ e , O A, P. O F. F F. FJ C.

(Magnetic Reader)

, . (credit card), (ATM card), (petro card) LP K M .

3.17 O

3.18


84/192

76

(Smart Card)

J C LJ F . P . HEP . J, A F F A.

P (Notes Taker)

F , P FA. P F OJ. F, H (clip) FJ . FL EP . , LP O,K AA. FL PQ . ,I P A.

3.19

3.20 P


85/192

77

C (Micro Phone)

L EP . C, P . M, K . I .

N F G M. CO C G .

3.5.2. Of

EPJL O OJ

EP . PF, P A.

F (Monitor)

F M Of . CF A. EP F, C .

3.21 C

3.22 F


86/192

78

F F (Monochrome)F P. . A. FJ O O , . O H (pixel - picture element) .

OO E 640 x 480, 800 x 600, 1024x 768 MO . F OO E. W OO E. 4 : 3 MAF

. MA (aspect ratio) . OO E F F L K

P (printer)

(hard copy) , C EPJL P. , P . P HK. (Inpact), (non-inpact) .

J, C H AF e O . . , AF M

P

KP

O EP

P

dP

P

3.23 P


87/192

79

(ribbon) . FL F .

O E (Dot Matrix) J 14 8 CH , , .K PJ, F K .

PO

J AF e O/

A. M, C I F

CF K A.

F .

F.

, .

O O C .

J, O, , , O, d A.

PO

, F.

.

O OF .

F .

O O C .

. F A.

K P (Line Printer)

I M, F K C F. , GIF 150 3,000 K


88/192

80

C. P . -

M C

F

, F , I O F .

O E P (Dot Matrix Printer)

C H O , , . I . , , P F M . M 300 C.

3.24 K P

3.25 O E P


89/192

81

P (Thermal Printer)

O F I FKA. C , , O O A. L(Fax), E (calculator) P A. K O, O F. C O F CA M. I

P (Laser Printer)

O,

. I CP O F . F C. , F O .A 300 2,400 J O O F .

3.26 P

3.27 P


90/192

82

d P (Inkjet Printer)

F J I C O O dCA. I K J HA. O AF e A. (cyan), (magenta), (yellow) G A. G . G Q HJ (catridge) .

LA (Speaker)

L J, OJ LA. JL Q . Of, M G,A, Q P A.

3.28 d P

3.29 LA


91/192

83

M (Plotter)

i , P O K M .

3.5.3 (Storage Devices)

F , F F A F, EP . (backup storage)

. , A , , Y (CD ROM)

. K , IM I F P PF .

(Hard Disk)

F O . . (track) .

HK (sector) HK.

F F . GIF 3,600 . , I A () . L F G. H F HKM . . .

? O (), PH . 0 ,F 0 A., , O ., , 0, 1 A A.


92/192

84

, PH F G CP . H, , HK, J . (Rotational Latency) . K FF. HK / . HK A MM .

. L

. O . F QQ / . C O O F.

3.30 F HK

3.31 A


93/192

85

M A.O E x O E x F HKO E x HKM O E. A M . , HK (for-matting) .

(magnetic tape)

Hv M e . P M 7 9 O

. K , M . OJ , 0 1 . 9 O , F O,eF OO 0 ( 1) J P. OJ HM.

F M K F . F / . F. W . ,M M ,

. K (sequential) A. F , K . , A. - Q . , I A.

3.32


94/192

86

A (floppy disk)

A L Hv O O . . , F G. F . HK HK.

C, , .

. GIF 360 .

8' F A, H 51/4' A, 31/

2'

AM. 1.44 H (MB).

FF e e FN M , . J C F, AC F . A .

A

M L

O

3.33 A


95/192

87

(Compact Disk)

Y (CD ROM) Compact Disk- Read Only Memory . F A O FL C .F 0, 1 , , . O . A O A.

Y HK. K - . F .

- F . EP . F N . J EPJ . F N, F e .

F (650 MB, 700 MB), I M P FK.

, A , GML , C , EP

Q H. EP

, .

k, Of, , G O .

3.34


96/192

88

G, O .

k N, EP A.

EPO, F, P M Of.

Yd EPJ A.F E , , G

(F) . k, Of, G, E

F GA F

, , E , E .

GF G, A. EP G JA. P .

CP H . 0 1 F . Binary Digit FL .

, I A G G G .

I k M.

J .

F F M Of.

- , A , .


97/192

89

JC

I. G.

1 . EP ________ , ________ A.

2 . ________ EP OA.

3. Yd ________ .

4. ________ .

5. (RAM) ________ .

6. (ROM) ________ .

7. G A ________.

8. G ________ A.

9 . GF F ________ , ________ PHA.

10. GF ________.

11. FJ , ________.

12 . O ________.

13. FF ________.

14 . FJ C O ________ A.

15. P ________, ________ HK.

II. W K .

1 . .

2 . M Of .

3 . F k.


98/192

90

4. G N G.

5. E .

6. F G G.

7. Pf k .

8. O k .

9 . d P P.

10 . Y Compact Disk - Read Only Memory

.III. W M MO.

1 . EP Q ?

2. EPJ A F ?

3. EPJ F ?

4 . G J A ?

5. F A ?

6. GF ?

7. GF , M.

8. G ?

9 . EPROM M EEPROM J C?

1 0. ROM A?

11 . k ?

12 . k ?

13. Of ?14 . C Of .

15 . ?

16. F C .

17 . M E ?


99/192


100/192

92

- 4 J

4.1 J

I O J. J H k A. H Of OA

. k/OfO F HJ, F IF .

I A M, , A+5 ( O ) 1 P. A I M , , A 0 , 0 P. I L M, 0, 1 L PH . J C. E L A.

1

0Output

Input Signal

InputLogicGate

Time

1

0

1

0

Output Signal

F J, H I k A. H Of A. , , x I PA. kO F 0 1 A. , O

4.1


101/192

93

f F 0 1 .

JO (AND), (OR), (NOT) J. , NAND, NOR,XOR XNOR . P NAND, NOR J, J . J .

JO C, Q .

J(AND gate)

k (1) Of (1) . O Of . . J C 4.2 .

JL L .

C = A AND B

L EF, Pf O PA.

C = A.B

C = AB

O . C A, B C equals A, and B . k , MOO. 00, 01, 10 11. , k 0 .

A

B

C = AB

4.2 JL C


102/192


103/192

95

C A B .

F A, B k 1 ,

C = A + B = 1 + 1 = 1 .

JL W .

J (NOT Gate)

k . kP . 0 1 , 1 0 P. C,

Input Output

A * +

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1

4.2 JL

JL PHC = NOT A

L EF , J .

C = A?

C = AA

4.4 JL C

k Of


104/192

96

, C A C equals NOT A .

A = 0 , C = 0? = 1

A = 1 , C = 1? = 0

J

J (NOR Gate) ( J) JL O M

J H, FL O

JL . F, k 0 , Of 1 . M k 0 M .

JL , CW .

Input Output

) +

1 0

0 1

4.3 J

A + B C = A + B

A

B

A

BC

4.5 JL

4.6 JL C

k Of


105/192

97

JL ,

C = (A + B)

PH. , C A B . C equals Not of A or B . k 0 ,

C = ( 0 , ,,+, , 0, ), = 0? = 1

JL W

I J ( Bubbled And Gate)

J 4.7 MA.

Input Output

) * +

0 0 1

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 0

4.4 JL

C = A . B

A

B

A

B

4.7 I J

k Of


106/192

98

JL ,

C = A? . B?

. Q C .F, J k O C

.

k, J A .

A = 0 B = 0 C = ( 0? . 0? ) = 1 . 1 = 1

A = 0 B = 1 C = ( 0?. 1? ) = 1 . 0 = 0

A = 1 B = 0 C = ( 1? . 0? ) = 0 . 1 = 0

A = 1 B = 1 C = ( 1? . 1? ) = 0 . 0 = 0

C

A

B

4.8 I JL C

4.5 I J

k

A B C

0 0 10 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 0

Of


107/192

99

I JL , JL . , J, P F . ,

( A + B ) = A? . B?

Q GHA.

J (NAND gate) ( J) JL O F,

JL H, A M, JL Of . k , Of . O Of . 4.9 JL MA.

JL CF, J , Of F C .

A

B

(A . B) C = (A . B)

4.9 JL

JL

C = ( A . B )A

PH. C , A, B , , C equals NOT of A And B .

, k 1 ,

C = ( 1 . 1 ) = 1? = 0

A

B

C

4.10 JL C


108/192

100

JL W .

I J (Bubbled OR Gate) -

k

A B C

0 0 1

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

Of

4.6 JL

A

B

A

B

C = A + B

P Of .

C = A? + B?

P, JL k OC PH.

4.11 I JL

CB

4.12 I JL C


109/192

101

-

, . J,P F . ,

( A . B ) = A? + B?

Q GHA.

J (XOR gate)

(OR)

JL, k 1 , M 1 . A (Inclusive OR) , k 1 , 1 Of .

. . Of - . , ,F . .

. , F - , F F , G F . , A J .

Exclusive OR . P .

4.7 I JL

k

A B C

0 0 1

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

Of


110/192


111/192

103

k , Of 1 . -

C = A + B= A?.B + A.B?= AB + A? B? (Using De Morgans Theorem)

L EF, N O, v APHA. ,

C = A B

C,

4.15 v J

v JL W .

4.16 v JL C

k

A B C

0 0 10 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1

Of

4.9 v J


112/192

104

J F, C . CL J . N , CL JO E FK .

JO C, .

Truth TableLogical Gates

XOR

AND

NOT

NOR

NAND

OR

XNOR

A B A B0 0 00 1 01 0 01 1 1

A B A+B0 0 00 1 11 0 11 1 1

A A0 11 0

A B AB0 0 10 1 11 0 11 1 0

A B A+B0 0 10 1 01 0 01 1 0

A B A+B0 0 00 1 11 0 1

1 1 0A B A B0 0 10 1 01 0 01 1 1

4.10 JO

Symbol


113/192

105

, JO

, , , J , L . JO J P F M . L H J . J J (Universal gate) A. , J J.

J ,

J A.

4.17 JL

4.18 JL

BB

B


114/192

106

4.2 L H

L H O . . . (I) . .PL . C .

L L

L, M k

Of .D = (A B) + C?

. k . 23 = 8 M k A.

k, Of A. , H Pf A O. EF .

M E . A= 0, B = 0, C = 0, ,

M A L E O. H .

D = ( A . B ) + C?

= ( 0 . 0 ) + 0?

= 0 + 0?

= 0 + 1

= 1


115/192


116/192

108

F L .

) )

D

P Of J H A Of . JL k A Q. MFJ, FA. P L A AI.


117/192

109

PL L

P L H.

I . J kO , OJ FH PH. ,

CJ Of H . k A, B, C , Of D PH.

, -

D = A B + B C


118/192

110

L L

NO . C F, AJ , O N.

GO . L k C F . , kO K . J O . . PH k k 0 F A, kO e

. C F. PH k 1 FH Q. 1010 k k . A, B, C, D , A.B?.C.D? CF. 1110 C F A.B.C.D?.

Input Output

) B C D

0 0 0 10 0 1 0

0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0

1 0 0 1

1 0 1 0

1 1 0 1

1 1 1 0

L O Of 1

. k, QQ CF . W HA.

k Of

4.11


119/192

111

C F A A M.

D = ( A? B? C? ) + ( A? B C? ) + ( A B? C?) + ( A B C?)

Input Output

) B C D Minterms

0 0 0 1 A B C

0 0 1 0

0 1 0 1 A B C

0 1 1 01 0 0 1 A B C

1 0 1 0

1 1 0 1 A B C

1 1 1 0

F G . L A.

, O kOf PA. (Block diagram) A.

, A. M k A A.

, L A.

, A.

k Of C F


120/192

112

C , C , FA. .

G 1 :

k, Of . P k 1 Of 1 . O Of 0 .

G 2: k Of P.

F k , Of KA. A, B, C. ,

A

BC

G 3: K

k 4 M k .

k

A B C

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

Of

G 4: L

Of 1 K CF .


121/192

113

A .

Input Output

A B CMinterm

0 0 0

0 1 1 A B

1 0 1 A B

1 1 0

D = ( A=

B ) + ( A B=

)

(Half adder)

E F . G , G A.

M k . W .

D = A B + A B

)*

*

)

*

)A

B

A ,

G 5: L . -

0 + 0 = 0

0 + 1 = 1

1 + 0 = 1

1 + 1 = 10

k Of CF


122/192

114

P OA.F A. F , G - PA. K O 0 .

, Of -

L -

A B S C

0 1 1 A.B 0

0 0 0 0

1 0 0 A.B 0

1 1 0 0 A.B

1

1

A.

S = A>. B + A . B>C = A . B

4.19 J

k LCF

LC F


123/192

115

A .

J, J . F , , F OJ.

4.4 (Full Adder)

, . GJ , . .

A,B . C

1 GJL

. S , C2

PH . k 8M k . L 8K M Q . K Q .


124/192

116

4.12

k Of

A B C1

C2

S

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 1 01 1 1 1 1

S = A B C1 + A B C1 + A B C1 + A B C1

C2 = A B C1 + A B C1 + A B C1 + A B C1

kO 1 , 1 A. kO, J( ) 1 , 1 A.K kO 1 , 0 A.

CF ,

F L .

= ( A B + A B ) C1 + ( A B + A B ) C1

= ( A B + A B ) C1(A B) C1

= ( (A + B) (A + B) ) C1 + ( A B + A B ) C1

= ( (A B) (A B) ) C1 + ( A B + A B ) C1


125/192

117

C2 = A B C1 + A B C1 + A B C1 + A B C1

= ( A B) C1 + A B

= ( A B + A B) C1 + A B ( C1 + C1 )

S = ( A B ) C1 and

C2 = ( A B ) C1 + AB

, k , J, J

A. .

4.20 J

C2

Half adder

( A A>= BB> = 0 )= S


126/192

118

, , J .

F k Of (Combination circuit) . P O Of P Of (seqnential circuit) .

, . HO

(Flip Flop) .KP . PH P

k Of F (Synchronous Sequential Circuit) .

kO Of , F ( AsynchronousSequential Circuit) .

4.5 HO (Flip Flop)

H GM F, P GO . I .

HO

J HO H . . O HO H F G(0, 1) . J GJc. I H F,

G ( GM N P) OJ . H k G P .

J HO

J F


127/192

119

HO A.

Q

Q

R

S

4.21 J HO

OfO Q , Q\ . kO S(set) , R(Reset) . P O Of, F P k .

k 0 GJ . G k .

F S = 1 , R = 0 . Q = 0 A. Q = 0 J A. R = 0 , Q = 1 OA. Q = 1, F JA. S = 1 , Q F .

S = 1, R = 0 , Q = 1, Q? = 0 GA. S I GF, S= 0 , Q = 1, Q> = 0 .

, S = 0, R = 1 , Q = 0, Q?

= 1 . S = 0, R = 0 A, Q = 0, Q? = 1 .

S = 1, R = 0 , Q = 1 GM . S = 0, R = 1 , Q = 0 GM .


128/192

120

L -

S = 1, R = 1 O, Q,Q? 0 . , k M.

HO GO GA. Q = 1 G G (Set state) , Q = 0 N G (Resetstate ) .

J HO

HO H

J

.

S R Q Q

1 0 1 0

0 0 1 0 (afterS = 1and R = 0)

0 1 0 1

0 0 0 1 (afterS = 0and R = 1)

R

QS

Q

4.22 J HO

S = 1, R = 0 H

S = 0, R = 1 H


129/192

121

P

S R Q Q>

1 0 0 1

1 1 0 1

0 1 1 0

1 1 1 0

J S, R 1 F

P. I A F S = 0 A, H S = 1 AMA . Q = 1, Q?> = 0 A. HO G G A.

( S = 1, R = 1 ), A FR = 0 A, H F R =1 AMA . Q = 0, Q> = 1 A. HO H NG A.

S = 0, R = 0 0 , Q, Q?

1 . k M .

HO O, R-S , J-K , D , T . . O P Of GM P G A. ,EPJ O A A.

4.6 IQ E

4.6.1 PIQ , P

, IQ E A. F , J K , P K .

S = 0, R = 1 H

S = 1, R = 0 H


130/192

122

M v . F M (Drag and drop) . A, M C . , L .F , H .

C (MultiSim) IQ E . F P F .

4.6.2

CI F , J P .

J C CP A, .

P ( Logic Converter) F MO .4.6.3 J

1. Start, Programs P A L C . CI - 4.23 .


131/192

123

4.23 CI

2. H K. , File, Save as ( 2.24). L File Name J Circuit1 F,

(OK) AO . E J W F K ( 2.23).

4.24

Filename


132/192

124

3. Place, Component K ( 4 .25). FO L, F F (Data base), M (Group), F (family) , H FO P (4.26).

4.25

4.26 F


133/192

125

4 . F , L ,EJF (workspace) F M. FJ e AO . F FJ , PH ( 4.27).

M , FJ e AO .

4.27 F

4.6.4 O

J, H L , CP

P F G .F

J F W NO E J .

(i) Place, Component AO .


134/192

126

(ii) E J AO , O PlaceComponents K ; , Ctrl + W MJ . Ctrl M PA.

F

FJ e AO . F P . F F J F, F W F , J M . F F .

F F (highlight) .

F

F Edit, Copy . Ctrl + C . Edit, Paste K, H J F E

J M . , F .

F

1. F , Circuit K , F P .

2. FJ AO .F . P . H Accept AO .

F

F . , F M. F H PM.


135/192

127

F c

F , Edit, Delete Edit, Cut AO . c ? H c.

P

H

L H FJ J AO A , HJ

F M. H K .

P C

File, Print . F C K .

P I

P K I File, Save . K I, File, Save as . F, H .

I P F

File, Open K , F H , F AO .

J, J P .

L J EJ . J K . E J

J , . Paste , F . FO 4 .28 , H .


136/192

128

4.28

4.6.5 P

CI L , , P PL .

1 . C

2 . C L

3. C A L

4 . L C 5 . L C

6 . L C J

P Simulate, Instruments, Logicconverter K ( 4.29).


137/192

129

4.29 P

PJ C 4.30 EJ . F W CP O 8 k, Of P F 8 k Of .

4.30 EJ P

PJ CF AO , EJ PJ 4.31


138/192

130

.

4.31 PJ

8 Input Terminals(A to H) 1 Output Terminal

8 k A H J K . Of Out P. F W :

Boolean expression goes here


139/192

131

C

4.6.6 PL

1. P F .

CL

CA L

L C

L C

L C J


140/192

132

2. P k , Of W F H .


141/192

133

3. PJ F L . PJ F .

4.6.7 L L L

.

a L P .

a A HJ k PC AO .


142/192

134

a A,B,C . kK KA. Of ? P A.

a ? PJ e AO 0 . AO 1 . AO Of .

AO , F J J L A .


143/192

135

F L

AA. A GH A PHA. F .

4.6.8 L A L

C L A . L L , AO .

M F WFJ J . AC + AB + ABC .

ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC


144/192

136

4.6.9 L K

L , F J J FM, AO . A. L A+BC+B .

4.6.10 L K

L , F J J FM, AO, E J . AB+BC+ABC .


145/192

137

4.6.11 L K J

L , F J J FM , AO, , J E J . AB+BC+ABC .


146/192


147/192

139

W M N A.

From To Options

Truth Table BooleanExpressions

Simplified BooleanExpressions

Logic Circuit

NAND-gate onlylogiccircuit

BooleanExpressions

Truth Table

Logic Circuit

NAND-gate onlylogiccircuit


Logic Circuit Truth Table

BooleanExpressions


4.13

F

. .

A ..

..

..

L . .

..

...

...

. .

..

...


148/192


149/192

141

JC

I. G1 . k J

L Of ________ .

2 . k JL Of ________ .

3 . ________ .

4 . J , J ________ J .

5 . ________ J , J J .

6 . ________, ________ J, J.

7. ________, ________, ________ J.

8 . G ________

9 . , ________ ________ J .

10 . O HO ________ F G .

II. W K, .

1 . J k .

2 . J Of .

3 . J.

4 . J.

5 . J J .


150/192

142

6 . , J .

7 . J .

8 . J J J .

9 . HO G A.

III. P KO MO.

1 . J ?

2 . J ?

3 . J J- A?

4 . J J ?

5 . J J ?

6 . k J

7 . ?

8 . ?

9 . ?

10 . ?

1. E = A> + ( B . C ) + D>

IV W M MO.

L K .

2 . W L .


151/192

143

3 . P L .

4 . L P

5 . P F G?

6 . JO ?

M? C?

V.FE

1 . J , P P , JO K .

E = A> B + B>C + A B C

k Of


152/192

144

2 .

P A, , H. P .

3. P F AC + AC + A C + AC P .

4 . , PJ M H.

Input Output

A B C D

0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 1

0 1 1 01 0 0 0

1 0 1 1

1 1 0 0

1 1 1 1

k Of


153/192

145

5

5.1 P

EPJ , , , J H. , J. P . O . EPJ F

(SystemSoftware) . EP .

E (Application Software) . EP I C . A. P , A, GA M . K , H EH , HO AM.

, GA F O M, A.

F G EPF. EPJ KA, CF , FA. P, P , OA . (Operating System)

. F C OJ K M. OJ , .

, , OAJ (interface) A.


154/192

146

, O A ? ? MJ? J? ? F ? FH ? AC ? C C A . F. C Mc , H A Al. , , , C, P K. , . J , M, Al.

. , , C , O .

EP I CP P P, K P O A A .

EP OA. F, EPJ I F

M . O . PM. EP .

H .


155/192

147

1. EPJ O.

2. K G O .

3. EPJ FO F F M.

EPJ OA , C M F .EPJ O PF C i . , ,

F, , N PJA. MO M

. .

M FO . K Yd CGA F .

F , F . P .F . G F, G H .

O . F N . .EJ I A. AA M ! G , G G FJ G J GF .

OF E F . P M . O C. J, M . M, O F .


156/192

148

H

F G EP G A. PM C P. F , F . GO ,G .

G , EPJ C. EP EP E (Computer Operator) P.

G EP M. G A, GL F 6 E F G .

YdM M I F , F J E P. FK E F, K . H, E F , G, E O J.

EP H EK I . Yd C O .

, Q E K (Automatic JobSequencing)P. E (ResidentMonitor). H .

PM EO, A F . Yd F . k, Of . E EO k, Of F . CdI .

M O C F JP A. , CJ , i .


157/192

149

F O . , . I -. Yd JP .

, F EP . , GGF (Buffer). , KEP FL . Of G GF F .

K EP JP . (Direct Memory Access) F

. F YdM MJP, GF,FL N . (spooling) N A. F, G F , P QQ, k, Of . O , E , Of, K O F M. GL AM ,

M GO E . YdM i .

Of O , PJ F, C. G G - M C .

J, E EP F . G (Multi Programming).F , G PH A . A (Time sharing) . F C J, G A. O(terminal) G , E EP A .


158/192

150

5.2 H A

5.2.1.

F .

1.

vv (MS DOS- Microsoft Disk Operating System) .

2. F .

A J A. Qv (Unix) .

5.2.2 k, Of

G . G . , Y . G EJF , G P M. F.

G GM . GL , GM . , G , M. KA.

, k, Of G . H A.

L G , ? F O . P M. L I . FK GJA E .

G , k Of


159/192

151

G . F, G , G . G F CJ, P H, PJ, M O !

EPJ , G, k Of, G . GL

? ?

GF , K, G K K H, M. K M G .

kFL GL . . F H (system call).

, , .

k, Of P NJ ? H. K, GM. , k,Of C M G , G IA.

G , J, , H

, E M.

5.2.3 P

EP AI A N A. EP C AF FK


160/192

152

A. F, P . P G F M . F C . A.

, G C , P . Q F . O K F

G. K H Q G . O C C .

EPJ . G. PQ K, GM . G A .

5.3 H I M

5.3.1 Q

. F F . O . , , .

(Graphical User Interface - GUI) IA. C . G , O M K . , AO MA.

L (Linux) A. F


161/192

153

P C H:

1. O . F MMF.

2. . C , .

3. K F F .

4. OF F G .

F F . .

5. .

6. F FF .

G M H F . EP J. O . , , L F ,

.5.3.2 G

O , F . G F HK, . A. O , HGF . OGF N.

G F HK F O. G F HKA, FF , . G, GF . C .


162/192

154

FK O G(Virtual Memory) F A. F, GF . GF , O GFL . GM , I F G .

C K J.

F .5.3.3

. F (process) . , F P . N . P C-

1. FIFO

2. SJF3. K

4. K

L L (FIFO- First In First Out)

KJ GA. L L A. CKFF KJ G . KJ G J FA.

A. PH. KJ, . , .


163/192

155

CP L (Shortest Job First)

M CP E . L L , CP E, c . C K EF CP E F , M. K ECP F J. , F A, B E G. F A

J 5 A, B J 8 A . F L A O. H B .

K (Round Robin)

F E CP Yd . , E K. F E M ,E e KJ CJ G, F Cd . , A,B,C E , , A, B, C, A, B, C, A, B ..... .. .. . KJ Yd .

K

J K A. O K F A, Yd . ,A K 5 , B 7 , L B Cd .

Yd W (CPUScheduling) . :

1. Yd F .

2. PH M . .


164/192


165/192

157

. K O A.

5.3.5 H

H (Robust) . , . H M, E . H I C.

5.3.6. F

K F .

5.3.7.

J EP . K . EP .

EPJ E, J EP JP , Q . EPJ

. . P K . C E . EPJ , G .

(Distributed Operating System) . Q F J . EP Q , FJ

. O H

P .


166/192

158

O, , .

, .

, J A.

H, , .

k, Of . , .

GFL GF , YdM P .

C OJ GA . G G M

C.E J, G F

.

H M :

1.

2. G

3. E

4.

5.

6.

7. H

8.

9. .


167/192

159

JC

I. G.

1 . ________ .

2 . , EP J ________ MA.

3 . ________ .

4 . ________ EP

.

II.W K, .

1 . G F H E.

2. H .

3 . F K E, KE M M A.

4. H, EPJ K KF .

III. W M MO.

1 . EPJ ?

2 . v (OS) ?

3. v F (role)A?

4. vR A E ?

5 . E, G A?

6. k, Of A?


168/192

160

7. P P .

8. H C A .


169/192

161

6

EP K

6.1 P

F . F, , , PHPf H . , , F, C , F EP F A.

EP , H, , , C (Infra Red) GA. EP P, M 1965 G. , EP M A FA.

6.2 (Network)

EP, IH, O, , C N , A. EP (node) . , (resource) A , G KP A.

6.3 A

* A: L I, M FF A . - M P EPJ .

* A: EPJ F. EP FL . EPJ i. M.

* : EPJL EP O, M .


170/192

162

, OJ M, MP , , F EP . , P (update) . OJ .

6.4 J

W O K A.a IQ N Ka (tele conference)a Ca H Ca , Ma M, J, CQ, P Fa Fa (QA P ATM)a A

E G, M G J A. A F, F EO EF K OA.

6.5 J

a C Q .

a A , G F.

a A F .

a M A .

EP A .

(Safe) - H I .

(Secure) - H P


171/192

163

.

(Reliable) - H K H F .

6.6 J

a (Local Area Network, LAN)

a (Metropoliton Area Network, MAN)

a (Wide Area Network, WAN)

A EP . C H . QH HJ . A H (twisted pairs), H (coaxial cables),O (optical fibre) .HJ J , A. J EPO J A. HJ H

.

6.1

J L EP. J, , A . Q


172/192

164

, OEP, (file server) (network server) .

F EP (MAN).

A O EP (WAN). F EP, H, O , NO .

6.7 J J EP (node)

A. EP T (Network Topology) . H . F, F, HO , .

J . F, ,, H, H (FDDI)

A.F (Star Network)

F . EP , H(Unshielded Twisted Pair -UTP) ( 6.2).

6.2 F


173/192


174/192

166

H (Hybrid Network)

, H .

H (FDDI Network)

Fiber Distributed Data Interface . I. M F. F ,L , O L C M A.

6.8 J F

J A F .

1. (Network Services)

O . , .

2. K (Transmission Media)

EP H, HJ A PA. N KGA.

3. MF (Protocols)

MF MF, A F. MFO J K IP A.

6.9 (Common Network Services)

O .

6.9.1

J K C . F GA A.


175/192

167

K - H , , , M F F . - C F. C O H ,I C . , O OJ, C E F M C. , G G , M , O GF K .

- H O .F O P . , O G (File archiving)- H O . , O , H K G .

6.9.2

J P G, . P C

- J EPJL P . PO E .

- F , F PJ C.

F C - E, KJ C. PJ M.

M P A - F, C , K M


176/192


177/192

169

MF . MF(Protocols) . EPH, CL .

1978 , G, v (OSI- OpenSystem Interconnection) MF PF.F G . P E 6.5 .

2 Data link

Transmits data to

Different networks

7 Application

Purpose for communicating:

e-mail, file transfer,

client/server

5 Session

Starts, stops and governs

Transmission order.

4 Transport

Ensures delivery of

Complete message

6 PresentationRulesfor data conversion

3 Network

Routes data todifferent networks

1 Physical

Passes bits on to

Connecting median

6.5 MFJ G

2. G- K

3. G -AN

1. G-H K .

4 . G -

G

5. G- K A,F,

6 . CG- G

7 . G-K O G


178/192

170

6.11 K

F .1. ,2 . .

J F. , C . F IF (x) P .

EP KF K A. F I A (On), (off) G, 0, 1 PA. I , 6 .6 ,A. K, M F , .

6.6 J

6.12 (Modem)

CJ J A. L, I HN A. J eL A. L KFCP , J.

. C N

Fd. G P C N . J, GJ , GP .

0 1 0 1 0 1 0

1


179/192

171

EP A. C P EP, C J. (MODEM - Modulator, demodulator).

6.7 EP, , C G H.

6.7 F

F E MKA, F

C , F . FL A.

6.13

F N F A MJ H (Bits per second) A. .

6.14 K

F ( 6.8)

(a) N

(b) N

(c) N


180/192

172

6.14.1 N (Simplex Mode)

F F J .J . FJ . F FJ . C L L . L/O

G, . L/C . F . L GF, L J F .

J NJ A.

6.14.2 N (Half Duplex mode)

F , . F, , . F .P P . . F J

1. N

2. N

3. N

6.8 K


181/192

173

. A A J Fd. .

6.14.3 N (Full duplex mode)

F , F F , . C . F F NO .

K EPO A. e NJ A.

6.15 (Internet)

A M, CP K, EP . 200 O , 50IL EP . F EPO

. K C-,CK,C,G, P E, E.

F EP (host). F EP K. , EP . K O O

. F P (Internet Protocol - IP) .

6.16 K P

F K (Packet Switeching) J A. F,


182/192

174

C A. P, K, K . QQ H . J CI. A NJ, K EP .

F KF,PL , P.

NJ, Yd, d P. F Yd (TCP - Tranmission Control Protocol) HK, F F .

d (IP - Internet Protocol) EPJL EP A bQ P A.

6.17 GA ?

F Q G . G A G. F F K F A. (ICANN - International Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) G K F GAA. , F A.

6.18 F F

20 A I

C A. , P ;

;

C, NF K FK.


183/192

175

6.19 F

F C A Q .

M (Word Wide Web)

F F . F F . A , . F,, L, , .

F, . (web pages) . F . (website) . H , (home page) . F P . , , J . 6.9 vM(ISRO- Indian Space Research Organisation) HA.

6.9 vM


184/192

176

F Q K . (URL - Uniform Resource Locator) A.,

http:// www.country-watch.com/India

. http Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) . www World Wide Web . F country_watch.com F . , F

J , H .J , (Browsing)

. M (Browser) ., O , FJ HA. v(Internet explorer) v M (Netscpe Navigator) F M.

O . C . QF H. e . F I (Hyper Link) PA. F AO . M PH A,FJ .

M J I A . CAOO A O F, FJ ,

KF F!

I (Email)

H O I. , OF, MKP . F Q


185/192

177

K . K , F . J . F, F F . L , F , N IL .

v F(Usenet News Groups)

PH O I . v user network . PH

H F F OJ.

(Mailing List)

I J . I M H .

d(FTP)

File Transfer Protocol . F, EPJL EP

. O, M, , , .

(Telnet)

P EPJL M EP A. EP EP A.

6.20

O N . :

n EP

n C

n

n vd ( )


186/192

178

vd (ISP - Internet Service Provider) , F J G. CP F, O . W O.a - Q a -

, a I K - Q K.

I K a C - C E

A.

FK , (dial-up connection). 6.10 , J F H. F K O , F 8 ( * PJ - ), C . F Dial AO , N, vd

.

6.10


187/192

179

C , H (cable) N,HJ J (w i re less ) .

NO . F K, MJ KJ AO . K KM J. PO (Search engines) M K H . , FJ C A PJ ,

(C O A!)O K, M(!) . F KJ e AO , F F F . F F, i .

(yahoo), v (Lycos), Mv (Altavista),(Hotpot), vpv (Ask Jeeves), A (Google) C P.

6.11 J

v MJ, M O,M C .

6.12

1 2 3 4 5


188/192


189/192

181

C G, d, FK PL . , .

www.encarta.com

www.ipl.com (Internet Public Library)

www.loc.gov (Library of congress)

(Chatting)

F KP .

(Freeware)

C O M, L A.

NM

M G O F F. i . , NJ M A.

N

Y F , O M , A GA, J , M M A.

GO, F P A. G , J F A A. PH G . G O F. C G .

6.22 , O (Intranet, Extranet)

GF EP, O .


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182

EPO , , GO A . , Yd/d F A. F O , GF A. - (Intranet). F F I, , d, F .

MKF, GF , M, F J F O (Extranet) A. FPH O F. H C F M I.


191/192

183

JC

I. G

1 . ________ A FO .

2 . ________ H EP H .

3. M J ________

A.4. KF M ________ .

5. v H ________ G.

6. EP ________ JA.

7. ________ I C F .

8. ________ K .9. EP EP

P ________ .

10 . A , P ________ .

II. W M MO

1 . F ?

2 . EP C .

3. EP KF ?

4. O ?

5 . (WAN) M

6. MO A?


192/192

7. KF ?

8 . Yd (TCP) ?

9 . Q (ICANN) ?

10. (URL) ?

Documents

Introduction to Computer in Tamil