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a presentation in the intro to clinical counseling course
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Clinical Assessment: Intelligence, Behavior & Personality Assessment (Objective tests)
Zoltan Kovary PhD
ELTE PPKDepartment of Clinical Psychology and Addictology
2015/16 Autumn Semester
Assessment of Intelligence
Intelligence
A. Binet (1857-1911)Intelligentia quotiens (IQ)Mental age/biological age X100Ch. Spearman (1863-1945)Special and general intelligences L. Thurstone (1997-1955)Seven primary mental abilitiesD. Wechsler (1897-1981)Verbal and performative intelligences (VQ & PQ = IQ)R. Cattel (1905-1998)Crystallized & fluid intelligencesH. Gardner (1943)Multiple intelligences
ALL OF THESE ARE CONSTRUCTIONS, INTELLIGENCE IS WHAT INTELLIGENCE TEST MEASURE!!!
Raymond Cattels theory of crystallized and fluid intelligence
Gardners theory of multiple intelligences
Intelligence and thinking according to GuilfordIntelligenceMemoryThinkingCognitionProductionEvaluationConvergent DivergentJ. P. Guilford
Convergent and divergent thinkingDivergent thinkingConvergent thinking
IQ levels
Assessment
What is the clinical question?Dementia?Choice: Mini Mental StateIQ? (Compos mentis)Choice: Raven Progressive Matriceshttps://www.raventest.net/Intelligence structure? Intelligence deficit type?Choice: Wechsler (WAIS III, IV)
Raven Progressive MatricesJohn C. Raven (1902-1970)1936VariationsStandard, Coloured and Advanced Progressive MatricesMeasuring two components of Speramans gDeductive abilityReproductive ability (to store and reprocuce information)
Measuring dementia: Mini Mental State
The Wechsler test
To measure intelligence in adults and older adolescentsDavid Wechsler (1896-1981)The Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale, 1939VersionsWAIS I: 1955WAIS IV: 2008The structure of intelligenceVebal IQPerformance IQ
The structure of intelligence according to Wechslers test
WAIS IQ Verbal subtest
WAIS IQ Performance subtests
Behavior Assessment
The principles of behavior assessment
Behaviorism & learning theoriesConcrete & obejctiveWell defined, circumscribed behavioral unitsInstead of What does she/he have? we ask What does she/he do?The types of problematic behaviorBe customized!Actual life situation (social, exsitential)Life historyThe types of learning processes in formation and persistence of symptoms
Comparing traditional and behavior diagnostics/assessment
Do not use medical diagnostic categoriesDo not want to identify stable personality traits c structuresBehavior-situation unityEffects on the environmentanalysing consequences
Purposes of behavior assessment To clarifywhich patterns of behavior are problematic for the patient and for her/his environmenthow this patterns formed and what keeps them active how can we change them?
Three phases of behavioral assessment
Analysis of the situationsWhere the problematic behavior shows upListing reactionsValuation of reactionsAdaptivity
The factors that determine behaviorR = f(S,O,K,C)
R : Responsef : factorS: StimuliO: Organismic factors (motivational, cognitive)C: Contingencies (reinforcement plans)C: Consequencies
Analysisng behavioral symptoms 1.
Analysing symptomsCauseless, too often, too rare, missingDefining the situations Where the behavior shows upSelf-control behavior CopingDefenceThe forming and persistence of the symptom behaviorThe type of conditioningClassicOperant
Analysisng behavioral symptoms 2.
The history of problematic behavior formingAnalysis of life historyAccessory aspectsPsychological & Somatic symptoms Interventions so far
Personality Assessment
The basic forms of personality tests used in clinical workObjective testsSimple scalesBeck Depression Inventory (BDI)Spielbergers State-Traits Anxiety Inventory (STAI)More complex inventoriesMinnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI)Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ)
Projective testsAssociativeRorschachBased on ChoiceSzondi test CompletionPicture Frustration TestSentence completion methods ConstructiveThematic Association Test Expressive Projective Drawings
Objective Tests/Self report inventoriesAdvantagesEconomicalScoring and administration are relatively simple and objectiveApparent objectivity and reliabilityDisadvantagesIdentifying motives or dynamics is not possibleTwo individuals who achieve the same score may actually be quite differentThe same score on a measure may have several alternative interpretationsEasier to simulate or dissimulate
The MMPI (Minnesotta Multiphasic Personality Inventory)
Constructed in 1940-46MMPI 2: 1989566 itemsNo content ratingsThe nature of the scalesNo necessary content relation to the measured phenomenaNormal zone: 50-70 TAbove 70: the persons behavior, attitudes or reactions are similar to the particular disorder
The structure of MMPI 1
Validity ScalesL, F and KClinical Scales10 scaleCode profilesControl Scales (17)Trait Scales (15)Additional Neurosis Scales (18)Other Clinical Scales (17)Differential Diagnostic Indexes (Depression, Anxiety, Psychosis, etc)
An MMPI profile
Examples of subscales