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8/3/2019 Introduction to Climate Change Adaptation: A Learning Companion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/introduction-to-climate-change-adaptation-a-learning-companion 1/16
Introduction to Climate Change Adaptation:A Learning CompanionOxfam Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate ChangeAdaptation Resources
8/3/2019 Introduction to Climate Change Adaptation: A Learning Companion
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/introduction-to-climate-change-adaptation-a-learning-companion 2/16
Contents
1 About this companion
2 Why is climate change adaptation important or Oxam?
3 Key terms
4 How is climate change adaptation approached globally?
5 Oxam’s approach to climate change adaptation
6 Programme cycle management and climate change adaptation
7 Summary o learning
8 How to ur ther your understanding
9 Endnotes
2. Why is climate change adaptationimportant for Oxfam?Climate change is already aecting many o the
communities with which Oxam works; underminingtheir livelihoods through gradual, insidious, changes
in temperature and rainall patterns, and increasing
the requency and/or intensity o natural hazards such
as oods and droughts. The poorest communities in
developing countries around the world are being hardest
hit because they are:
•Moredependentontheirclimate-sensitivenatural
resources and ecosystems, such as agriculture and
fshing;
•Morelikelytoliveinareasthathavegreaterexposureto
climate hazards, such as urban slums and ood plains;•Lessabletorespondtoclimatechangebecauseof
limited human, fnancial, and institutional capacity.1
Even i global emissions are cut rapidly, starting today, the
impacts o climate change will continue to worsen until at
least 2060. For those already being aected, the need to
adapt to the unavoidable impacts is already urgent.
Learning Objectives
After reading this Companion, you should:
• HaveatheoreticaloverviewofCCA(including
denitionsforkeyterminology)andunderstand
whyitisimportant;
• UnderstandhowOxfamapproachesCCAand
howthistsinwithinternationalapproachesand
processes;
• UnderstandhowtointegrateCCAateachstage
oftheprojectcycle;
• HaveanideaoftherangeofCCAinterventions
acrossthecontextsinwhichOxfamworks;and
• Knowwheretogotolearnmoreaboutintegrating
CCAintoyourwork.
1
1
1
3
3
4
9
13
13
14
1. About this CompanionClimate change adaptation (CCA) and Disaster Risk
Reduction (DRR) are corporate priorities or Oxam
GB. This companion is the fth in a series that covers
key topics or programme sta. It aims to support
Oxam’s programme sta to integrate CCA into their
work; it provides a theoretical overview o CCA; and
it will direct you to additional resources and practical
tools. The companion assumes that you already have
an understanding o project cycle management within
Oxam, and it should be read alongside the DRR
Programme Policy and the CCA Programme Policy
Guidelines. I you would like more inormation, please
contact [email protected].
Climate change effects and impacts:3
•Livelihoods By2020,yieldsfromwater-fed
agriculture in Arica could be down by 50 per cent.4
•Disasters Almost 250 million people around the
worldareaffectedbyclimate-relateddisastersin
a typical year. By 2015, this number could grow by
50 per cent to an average o more than 375 million
people.5
• Food security The most optimistic authoritative
prediction says that between 740 million and 1.3
billion people may be chronically hungry by 2080.6
•Water I supplies rom the Himalayan glaciers
begin to ail, millions o people in South Asia willace water shortages this century; the basin o the
Ganges alone is home to hal a billion people.7
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The weather is changing
Overthepastthreeyears,OxfamstaffacrossEast
andSouthAsia,alloverAfrica,andthroughoutLatin
Americahavebeenhearingfarmersexplainhow
theyseetheweatherchanging.Theresultsare
strikingbecauseoftheextraordinaryconsistency
thattheyshowacrosstheworld.JohnMagrath,
Oxfamprogrammeresearcher,says‘Farmersareallsayingverysimilarthings:theseasonsarechanging.
Moderate,temperateseasonsareshrinkingand
vanishing.Seasonsarebecominghotteranddrier;
rainyseasonsshorterandmoreviolent.Wethink
that“changingseasonality”maybeoneofthe
mostsignicantimpactsofclimatechangeforpoor
farmers,andthatitishappeningnow.’
MohammadLliasuddinofTelkupi,Shibganj,in
Bangladesh,tellsOxfam‘IknowIamsupposed
tosowbyacertaindateortime.Thatiswhat
myforefathershavebeendoing.Butthenfor
severalyearsthetemperatureandweatherdoes
notjustseemrightforwhatwehavebeendoing
traditionally.Itisexasperating,asIdonotknow
howtocopewiththeproblems.’
WillingtonWamayeye,managingdirectorof
GumutindoCoffeeCo-operativeineastern
Uganda,says‘I’velivednearMountElgonallmy
lifeandIhaveneverknowntheweathertobeso
unpredictable.Rainsnowfallheavilyforashort
period,andourdryseasonismuchlonger.The
coffeeplantsarebadlyaffected;oweringhas
stopped.Lastyearalone(2007)welostabout
40percentofourproduction.Asaresult,people
struggleforeverything.’
Source: Oxfam report ‘What Happened to the
Seasons? 8
2
As a result, Oxam GB and Oxam International have
made climate change a corporate priority. This decision
recognises that we can only ulfl our mission to overcome
poverty and suering i we address the underlying
causes o climate change, and deal with the unavoidable
consequences. Integrating climate change adaptation
(CCA) into all our work is thereore essential i we are
to help prevent increasing the poverty and suering o
those whom we seek to support, and all o the evidencesuggests that ‘development as usual’ is not enough.2
Development, equity, and urgency:
•It’sadevelopmentissue:climatechangethreatens
to stall – and then reverse – progress made to
achievetheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals.
•It’sanequityissue:poorwomenandmenin
developing countries are those worst aected by
climate change, yet are the least responsible or
causing it.
•It’sanurgentissue:theimpactsofclimatechange
are already having an impact on women and men
living in poverty; they undermine livelihoods and
increaseweather-relateddisasters,andthistrend
is set to worsen.
Puspa Rani Roy prepares her belongings beore moving to new ground, Hashail, Munshigonj, Bangladesh. She lived here or teen
years with her husband, two children and her mother-in-law: ‘This
is our own land and it will go to the river by tomorrow. I have many
memories with my amily members here. It is such a pain that we never get back this land and surely become landless like reugees.’
Photo: Abir Abbdullah/EPA
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3
4. How is climate change adaptationapproached globally?
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC)
TheUNFCCCisthemulti-lateralmechanismtaskedwith
co-ordinatinginternationalactiononclimatechange.
Institutionally, interest in CCA began with the frst meeting
o the Conerence o the Parties to the UNFCCC in Berlin
in 1995. Since this frst meeting, work has been slow to
progress. The Thirteenth Conerence o the Parties, held
in Bali 2007, and later meetings have now cemented
adaptation’s place in the international negotiations or a
post-2012treaty,butmuchworkstillhastobedone.Most
recently, in negotiations leading up to Copenhagen in 2009
(COP15), Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) has eatured more
prominently, as policy makers and practitioners recognise
DRR as an eective approach to climate change adaptation.
National Communications
As part o the UNFCCC, countries are required to report
on steps that they are taking in order to address climate
change (mitigation) and its adverse impacts (adaptation).10
Submitted reports are called National Communications,
and the chapter dedicated to adaptation contains
informationonclimate-relateddisastereffectsand
responses, health, environmental problems such as
coastal erosion and water management, and fnancial
services such as insurance. National Communications
can act as an important catalyst or countries to begin
mainstreaming adaptation into development planning.
National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs)In 2001, at the Seventh Conerence o Parties held in
Morocco,adecisionwasmadetoprovidenancialand
technicalassistancetotheLeastDevelopedCountries
(LDCs)tohelpthemtoidentifypriorityactivitiesto
respond to their urgent and immediate needs to adapt
to climate change. The main content o the National
Adaptation Programmes o Action (NAPA) is a list o
ranked priority adaptation activities and projects, as well
as short profles o each activity or project, designed to
acilitate the development o proposals or implementation
o the NAPA. However, to date, only a small number o
projects outlined in the NAPAs have been unded.
The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA)
TheHFAisaten-yearstrategy(2005-2015)toreduce
disaster risk that was agreed in Hyogo, Kobe, Japan
in 2005, by 168 governments. The Framework aims or
‘the substantial reduction o disaster losses, in lives
and in the social, economic, and environmental assets
o communities and countries.’ As part o its text,
governments agreed to integrate CCA and DRR through:
theidenticationofclimate-relateddisasterrisks;the
designofspecicrisk-reductionmeasures;andthe
improvedandroutineuseof climate-riskinformationby
planners, engineers, and other decision makers.
3. Key terms
•Adaptive capacity The potential o individuals, communities, and societies to be actively involved in the
processes o change, in order to minimise negative impacts and maximise any benefts rom changes in
the climate. Adaptive capacity thereore strengthens resilience and reduces vulnerability to a wide range
ofclimate-relatedchanges.
•Climate change A change in climate that persists or decades or longer, arising rom human activity that
alters the composition o the atmosphere (i.e., greenhouse gas emissions).
•Climate-compatible development Development that takes into account possible or predicted climate
hazards and impacts, and is sustainable over time in light o these changes.
•Climate variability Natural variations in the climate that are not caused by greenhouse gas emissions
(e.g., it rains more in some years and less in others).
•Climate change adaptation Actions that people and institutions make in anticipation o, or in response to,
a changing climate. This includes changes to the things they do, and/or the way they do them.
•Resilience Where adaptive capacity relates to the ability to inuence and respond directly to processes
o change (to shape, create or respond to change), resilience is the ability to absorb shocks or ride out
changes.
•Vulnerability The characteristics and circumstances o a community, system, or asset that makes it
susceptible to the damaging eects o climate change and other hazards.
•MitigationMeasurestoreducegreenhousegasemissions(notethattheterm‘mitigation’isused
dierently by DRR practitioners, who use it to mean reducing or limiting the adverse impact o hazards
and related disasters).
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Agriculture andlivelihoods
Disaster RiskReduction
Natural-resourcemanagement
4
5. Oxfam’s approach to climate changeadaptation
Oxam believes that liting people out o poverty and
overcoming injustice is central to our mission, which is
why tackling climate change is a major priority or our
humanitarian,campaigning,andlong-termdevelopment
work.
Oxam’s Vision or Disaster Risk Reduction and
Climate Change Adaptation states that:
“Oxam and the communities and partners with
which we work become able to actor climate
change and disaster risks into development and
humanitarian programmes, infuence signicant
international unding availability, and support the
national implementation o Disaster Risk Reduction
and climate change adaptation policy and practice.”
Oxam GB’s current Strategic Plan12 and corporate
objectives also state that Oxam will:
•Reducevulnerabilitytodisastersandassist
adaptation to climate change;
•Advocateforamajortransferofinternational
unds toward DRR and CCA which are
implementedinanequitable,pro-poor,and
gender-sensitivemanner;and
•IncorporateDRRandCCAintoorganisational
strategy and processes, as well as build capacity
to implement them.
All Oxam International afliates are committed to assessing
climate change vulnerability across their programmes and
initiating adaptation measures where climate change is a
major driver o poverty.13
5.1 An approach centred on sustainable livelihoods,
disaster risk reduction, and natural-resource
management
Adaptation cannot be viewed in isolation rom Oxam’s
broader work on development. This is because, like any
other driver o poverty and suering, climate change does
not act in isolation, but instead amplifes existing vulnerability
and inequality.
Oxam’s approach to CCA ocuses on the core areas o
DisasterRiskReduction,livelihoods,andnatural-resource
management, ensuring that gender is addressed as a
crosscutting issue. Where possible, this work should be
harmonised or greater impact. This approach is broadly
consistent with National Change Strategies that prioritiseclimate change adaptation.
Generic measures to reduce vulnerability and specic measures for local risks:
Examples of generic measures toreduce vulnerability:
Livelihoodsdiversicationtospreadrisk
Increased power in markets to increaseincome
Policy environment e.g., agrarian reorm,social protection, irrigation policy
Increase soil organic content to improvewater retention and drainage
Reorestation to protect embankments,reduce local temperature, and provideood and odder in times o scarcity
Examples of measures for specicimpacts:
Salinisationincostalareas:salt-tolerantcrops, water or irrigation, household andlivestock
Decreased and unpredictable rains:appropriate orecasts, crop diversifcation,arming techniques that reduce cropwater needs
Increasedtemperature:heat-tolerantcrops
Increased risk o oods, cyclones andstormsurges:district-levelcontingencyplans; PCVA; increasing understandingo risk reduction; cyclone/ood shelters;stockpiling and Early Warning Systems
Workingatmultiplelevels(household,community,provincial,national,etc.)
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5
Disaster Risk Reduction and climate change
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is an approach that
attempts to reduce people’s vulnerability to hazards
through:
1. Ensuring that DRR is both a national and a local priority
with a strong institutional basis or implementation;
2. Identiying, assessing, and monitoring disaster risks
andenhancingearly-warningsystems;3. Using knowledge, innovation, and education to build a
culture o saety and resilience at all levels;
4. Reducing the underlying risk actors; and
5. Strengthening disaster preparedness or eective
responses at all levels.
Because climate change is increasing the requency and/or
intensityofweather-relatedhazardsformanycommunities,
DRR is central to supporting many communities to adapt
toclimatechange.However,notallDRRisaboutclimate-
related hazards (other hazards include earthquakes) and,
equally, not all climate change impacts are hazards (such as
saline intrusion exacerbated by rising sea levels, increasing
temperature, unpredictable rainall patterns, and changing
seasons,allofwhicharemorelong-term,insidious,
changes). There are also some areas where hazards won’t
change (or may even decrease in requency or intensity),
suchasoodingontheZambeziinMozambique.Making
DRR relevant to climate change means that the way that
climate change alters hazards must be understood and
incorporated into programme design. For example, i it is
known that climate change is likely to increase the severity o
oodingthreefold(so,forexample,a‘once-in-50-yearsood’
will happen every 16 or 17 years), then the design o ood
shelters (etc.) should take this into account. Where such
precise climate change predictions are unavailable, then
a ‘precautionary’ approach can be taken; in other words,
look at the most severe climate change prediction and base
programming decisions on that.
The relationship between DRR and CCA can be visualised as:
Disaster Risk Reduction
Non climate-related
disasters
Example:earthquakes
Climate-related disasters
Examples:oods,droughts,cyclones,stormsurges
Non-disaster related climatic
impacts
Examples:temperature, unpredictablerain,sea-levelrise, saline intrusion
Incorporating predicted
changes in weather-related
hazards into DRR
Incorporating interventions to support
communities deal with gradual changes:
ocusing on livelihoods, natural-resource
management and national policy and
practices (the enabling environment)
Climate Change Adaption
Climate Change and Disasters: similarities and differences
Sustainable livelihoods and climate change14
Livelihoodsapproachesarebasedontheunderstanding
that poverty, and the ability to move out o poverty, reects
the (lack o) capabilities and assets available to those
aected. This includes material assets such as access
to land, other natural resources, fnancial capital and
credit, tools, and inputs into productive activities. It also
reects human capabilities (the knowledge and skills
o the amily), and social and political actors, such the
ability to negotiate air and adequate outcomes in the
market chains within which people buy and sell good and
services.
Sustainable livelihoods programmes typically assess the
barriers that people ace in improving their livelihoods,
and design programme interventions to overcome these.
Some o these are not directly aected by climate change
(or example, people’s power to negotiate air prices
or products and services). However, many are directly
aected by climate change, particularly those concerning
the ability o producers to produce. For example, when
rising temperatures are increase crop water demand and
weather is ever more unpredictable; armers struggle to
know when to cultivate the land, sow, and harvest. Rainall
even within the rainy season is becoming concentrated
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into more heavy downpours punctuated by dry spells
(which alone can reduce crop yield by between 30 and
70 per cent), and heavy, unseasonable downpours are
damaging crops. These types o impact are almost
universal, but they oten have clear potential solutions
(see section 6). Strategies or implementing these
solutions need to be rooted in an understanding o how
people sustain their livelihoods, and be implemented
alongside the existing strategies that aim to overcome
the barriers that prevent people rom improving their
livelihoods.
Natural-resource management and climate change
Climate change makes the wise management o natural
resources – water, soils, and trees – even more important
as a way o supporting communities to adapt to climate
change. This is frst because climate change increases
resource scarcity. For example, in areas that are
becoming drier, and in coastal areas suering rom saline
intrusion, there is a reduction in the availability o water
or household and productive use. Second, the role that
natural resources play in buering communities against
extremes o climate becomes more important as climates
become more adverse. For example, increasing soil’s
organic content improves water retention and drainage
that can help crops as rain becomes more concentratedinto heavy downpours (even when there is no change
in the overall rainall each year), and reorestation can
reduce local temperatures, provide additional income,
protect against soil erosion, landslides, and local ooding,
and provide ood and odder in times o scarcity.
Gender and climate change
While climate change aects everyone, it is not gender
neutral. It magnifes existing inequalities, reinorcing the
disparity between women and men in their vulnerability
to climate change, and their capability to cope with
it.15 Women, who orm the majority o the world’s poor,
tend to be more vulnerable to the eects o climate
change16 and are being aected in their multiple roles as
ood producers and providers, as guardians o health,
care givers, and economic actors. They are more likely
to become direct victims (through death and injuries)
ofclimate-relateddisasters,suchashurricanesand
ooding, because they are less likely to be able to swim,
and are more likely to be at home when such events
occur.17 Drought, deorestation, and erratic rainall cause
women to work harder to secure resources (such as
ood, water, and uel) and mean that women have less
time to earn an income, get an education or training,
orparticipateindecision-makingprocesses.Families
aected by poverty, many o which are headed by
emales, oten live in more precarious situations: on low,ood-pronelandsoronsteepslopes.
Local people rebuild the river embankment, which protects their village, Kholishabunia, near Gabura, Shatkhira district, Bangladesh.
Embankments on tidal rivers are eeling the twin strain o larger volumes o water coming downstream, and higher tides and increased waveintensity rom the coast. Many embankments are being breached, or are close to breaching, with people losing lives and homes as a result.
Oxam is working with partners LEDARS (Local Environment Development Agricultural Research Society) in this region to raise community
awareness on climate change – what it is and how to adapt. They also support tiger widows through income raising activities, provide relie ater foods, and model storm resistant houses. Photo: Shehab Uddin/DRIK/Oxam GB
6
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7
5.2 An approach that includes working at multiple levels18
Climate change is rapidly moving communities
beyond their capacity to cope, and so while working
at a community level is necessary, on its own it is not
a sufcient response to support eective adaptation.
Inaddition,climatechangeisalong-termissuefor
people living in poverty, irrespective o the outcome o
international negotiations, and so the state will play an
increasing and undamental role in reducing communities’
vulnerability to climate change. To give some examples:
•Increasingtemperatureswillsoontakesomecrops
beyond their physiological limits (e.g., maize in Southern
Africa).Developingheat-tolerantvarietiesisnot
something that can be done by each community, and so
inuencing agricultural research and extension to develop
varieties that are appropriate or smallholders will be a
critical part o adaptation.
•Rainsandseasonsarebecomingincreasingly
unpredictable, meaning that traditional techniques
or deciding when to cultivate, sow, and harvest
are becoming increasingly ineective. Supporting
meteorological services to work with armers to allow
access to reliable, appropriate, and appropriately
communicated orecasts can play an enormous role in
maintaining and increasing smallholders’ yields.
Listedbelowarewaysof workingthatcouldtakeplace
with local and national government and at an international
level to help enable communities to adapt to climate
change (there are o course other levels, such as
provincial and regional, but it may not be easible to work
at all o these at the same time).
Local government
Working with local government (such as municipal or district)
is critical because it is this level that implements (and to some
extent inuences) many government policies. It is also the
level at which the impacts o climate change are most clearly
maniested. Based on an analysis o climate change impacts
and the adaptation interventions that will help communities,
Oxam can help integrate local adaptation through:
•Collationof localinformationonclimateimpactsand
local adaptation responses to raise awareness o the
issues and solutions;
•Provisionofhuman,nancial,andtechnicalresources
and services to support local adaptation.
National government
This is the level at which strategic decisions are taken to
create an enabling environment or aected communities.
Itisalsoatthislevelwheremedium-tolong-term
developmentandpoverty-reductionstrategiesare
established. To acilitate the integration o adaptationnationally Oxam should advocate or a number o priority
actions to be taken. These include:
•Commissioningnationalassessmentsof climatechange
impacts, vulnerabilities, and adaptation options;
•Workingwithdifferentpartsof governmenttosupporta
‘whole-government’approach(climatechangeistypically
theformalresponsibilityoftheMinistryofEnvironment,
which oten has little inuence over other parts o government);
•Incorporatingconsiderationsof climatechangerisks
withinlong-termvisions,andstrategiesforpoverty
reduction and sustainable development;
Villagers tend their vegetables as part o Oxam GB’s Farmer’s Field School, designed to reduce the eects o climate change in West Timor. Oxam is using the Farmers Field School approach to home gardening, which teaches armers to grow vegetables utilising appropriate arming
technology with low and natural external inputs such as green manure, compost and local seeds to ensure sustainability and restore soil ertility.
The project directly benets 7,500 vulnerable people who are selected on the basis o need and motivation. Photo: Tom Greenwood/Oxam GB
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8
•Holdinggovernment to account or the development
and implementation o adaptation policies or vulnerable
communities;
•Ensuringthatvulnerablepeople,andespeciallywomen
livinginpoverty,arerepresentedindecision-making.
International level
Oxam has ocused its international campaigning and
advocacyworkontheUNFCCCConference/Meetingo Parties in Copenhagen (December 2009). This is
the meeting that has the potential to agree a global
reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (mitigation) and
the size and management o unding or adaptation.
Whether a successul deal is reached or not, holding
the international community to account or providing
adequate adaptation unds will or decades remain a vital
and continuing part o reducing poverty and vulnerability,
either or Oxam directly or or local civil society networks
that we support that are working on climate change.
5.3 An approach that has a range of interventionsThe precise impacts o climate change on any one
geographical area aren’t known absolutely (and,
or technical reasons, can’t be known with absolute
certainty). That means that the types o interventions that
will support communities to adapt to climate change will
need to combine interventions that ocus on both:
Impacts: When specifc impacts are known with a degree
o certainty, then interventions can be designed to help
communities deal with those. For example, in most parts
o the world, temperatures will rise by between one and1.5 degrees over the next 20 years, directly aecting crop
production and increasing crop water demand by about 10
percent;salineintrusionwillincreaseinlow-lyingcoastal
areasoverthesameperiod.Interventionsthatintroduceheat-
resistantanddrought-resistantvarieties,increasesoilwater
retention, and provide water or household and productive
use will help communities aced with these problems.
Vulnerability Where the impacts remain uncertain,
measures that reduce communities’ underlying
vulnerability to any shocks and trends will also be
needed, such as: women’s rights, empowering poor andmarginalised communities to be involved in decision
making, provision o healthcare, etc.
Effective climate change adaptation for Oxfam:
•Managesandreducesrisksassociatedwithchangesintheclimate. 19
•Involvesplanningforthelong-termfuturewhilesimultaneouslyhelpingcommunitiescopewithpresent
circumstances, by reducing vulnerability and increasing their capacity to act.
•Hingesbothonaddressingvulnerabilitythrough‘climate-compatibledevelopment’(forexample,ensuring
that existing agricultural practices are sustainable where there is more likelihood o drought in the uture) anddeveloping specifc responses to climate change impacts (or example, specifc responses such as building
seawallsinlow-lyingislandstostoperosion).20
•Needstobeexibleenoughtocopewithuncertainty,andwithmeetingdifferentneedsthatmightrapidlychange.21
•Isappropriatetothelocalsocial,economic,andclimaticcontext.
•Involvesworkingatdifferentlevels(suchas:community,district,national,andinternational)
•Isintegratedintodevelopmentandhumanitarianprogramming(includinglivelihoods,DRR,natural-resource
management, and governance programmes) to build on Oxam’s extensive and existing good practice in these
areas.
Climate change adaptation for Oxfam is not:
•Justabout‘goodprogramming’.Thethreatof climatechangeacrossOxfam’sprogrammesmeansitmustbe considered in context analyses (or example, building a ood shelter that ails to take into account the
changed ood risk would not constitute eective adaptation). Analysis needs to take into account the changing
dynamics o risk in the light o climate change so that interventions are sustainable or generations to come.
•Relabellingexistingwork:ifclimatechangeimpactsarenotexplicitlyanalysed,oradaptationobjectivesare
not set at the star t o a programme, we cannot be sure that programmes are supporting communities to adapt
to climate change, nor can we be certain that they will not increase uture vulnerability.
•A‘one-size-ts-all’approach.CCAneedstobecontextspecic,intermsofpeople’slivelihoodsandtheir
cultural norms.
•Thesameascopingstrategies,whicharegenerallyshorttermandnotsustainableovertime.
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6. Programme cycle management and CCA
6.1 Identication: assessing and analysing climate risk
Programme identifcation involves defning the change
that Oxam wishes to bring about, exploring the issues to
be addressed, and considering our capacity to respond
to them. At the same time, we need to be sure that our
proposed piece o work is strategic, represents a good
use o Oxam’s resources, and is consistent with Oxam’s
belies, values, and objectives.
Identify climatic hazards from scientic and
community sources22
In order to decide whether or not climate change should
be part o any strategy, programme, or project we frst
need to identiy whether or not climate change is a
signifcant contributor to poverty and suering within the
context in which we are operating. We can do this by
gathering available and relevant inormation and using
it orm an overall picture that can be analysed beore
making decisions. As a minimum, we need to:
•Talktocommunitiesaboutwhat’schanging,andwhat
impacts those changes are having (using standard
participatorytoolssuchasfocus-groupdiscussions,
seasonal calendars, etc.);
•Lookatthescienticevidencetondoutwhat’s
changing, what those changes could be (direction and
magnitude), and identiy where there’s uncertainty; and
•Talktootherorganisationsandgovernmentsabouttheir
understanding o climate change and the work that they
are doing and planning around adaptation.
Questions to ask communities include:
•Whatchangesinclimatearealreadybeingobserved:
– Seasonal shits?
– Changes in rainall patterns and availability o
water?
–Extreme-weatherevents?
•Howaredifferentpeoplebeaffectedbyclimate
change in dierent ways, in terms o their:
– Household workload (women)?
–Livelihoodsactivities(womenandmen
separately)?
•Whataretheunderlyingcausesofvulnerabilityto
climate change?
– Which livelihoods strategies are more vulnerable
or more resilient to climate change, and why?
– What strategies are currently being (or could
be) employed to deal with these problems,
and which have the potential to assist them in
adapting to climate change?
•Whattypesofsupportareneededtofacilitate
adaptation at the individual, household, and
community levels?
Questions to ask scientists and governments
include:
•Whatarethemostimportantclimatechange
hazards acing your particular area?
•Whatinformationisthere,andwhatdoyouknow,
about past and present changes regarding (or
example):
– Annual and seasonal rainall, average
temperatures, storms, and ooding;
– Occurrence o mudslides, landslides, and
wildfres;
– Frequency o drought recurrence;
– Fresh water availability and quality;
– Seasons?
•Isthereinformationavailableaboutprojected
changes in the above or the next fve, 10, and 50
years?
•Whatactionsarelocalandnationalinstitutions
taking to develop the capacities o communities
to adapt to climate change?
•Whowouldbethekeytargetsforadvocacy
eorts around climate change?
•Whoarethekeypartnersandalliesforclimate
change adaptation?
•Whatcapacityexistsandwhattypesofsupport
are needed to acilitate adaptation at the
institutional and national policy levels?
By doing this we can get a better overall picture o
what’s happening in your country or region and collate
the inormation we receive to see where there are
commonalities,inordertomakebetter-informeddecisions
about priority areas or intervention.
6.2 Planning and design: integrating CCA
Programmes that take into account current and
predictable impacts of climate changeWhen planning and designing CCA interventions, it is
important to remember that they will not normally be
‘stand-alone’programmesorprojects.Thecurrentand
predictable impacts o climate change need to be taken
into account within poverty reduction and humanitarian
programmes, so that:
•Communitiesareempoweredtounderstandclimate
change,identifysolutions,andholddecision-makersto
account;
•Programmescontainelementsthatsupportcommunities
to adapt to current and predictable impacts o climate change. Where inormation is not available or
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•Workingforadaptationtobeintegratedintonational
development planning processes and backed up with
the budgets needed;
•Seekingtoinuencethefundingpoliciesof multi-lateral,
bi-lateral,andnationalinstitutionsandotherdonors,so
that unding or adaptation is adequate, reliable, and
easily accessed by those who need it most.
Programmes should aim to grow organisational
capacity to understand and address climate change
An important component o Oxam’s work on climate
change is ensuring that we have the human and fnancial
capacity to be eective in our eorts. We can do this by:
•Makingsufcienthumanandnancialresources
available or developing organisational capacity
or climate change adaptation, including access to
appropriate training and other orms o capacity
development.
6.3 Implementation and management: CCA in practiceWhile many o Oxam GB’s development, humanitarian,
and advocacy programmes have contributed to
sustainable development and CCA or many years,
it has only been most recently that we have been
purposely involved in CCA programming and have
prioritised climate change as a corporate objective. As
a result we are rapidly growing our skills, knowledge,
and expertise on programming. Our hope is that in the
next two to three years we will have developed a whole
suite o programmes across countries and regions
that are eectively assisting communities and national
governments adapt to climate change.
is lacking, plans should identiy options that reduce
the vulnerability o women’s and men’s livelihoods,
vulnerability to disasters, and that protect ecosystems,
whatever the specifc local eects o climate change
turn out to be;23
•Programmesincludeexplicitresponsestotheidentied
vulnerabilities, needs, and capacities o women,
marginalised groups, indigenous communities and
ethnic minorities, those aected by HIV and AIDS, and
people with disabilities;
•Thecapacityofnationalinstitutionsandsystemsis
strengthened to develop and implement measures to
tackle climate change, ocusing on the most vulnerable;
•Specicobjectivesandindicatorsareestablished
or CCA and DRR, in consultation with partners and
communities, to measure, monitor, evaluate, and
communicate the impact o our work.
Programmes that link with others to achieve political
commitment and action
Oxam should not aim to work alone on climate change,
as we do not yet have the resources or capacity to deal
with climate change on the scale required. However, we
can have more impact i we work with others, including:
•Workingwithalliesandpartnersatmultiplelevels(for
example: community, district, national, and international)
and across unctions (programming and campaigning)
toensurethatpro-poor,gender-sensitivenationalpolicy
and practice supports communities’ own eorts;
Lelya Kayere, 76, selling her tomatoes. The Oxam unded Mnembo Irrigation scheme has helped to improve the lives o 400 amilies by
transorming their traditional small low-yield crops into year-round, high volume harvests that provide continuous ood and a source o income.
The community are now totally sel sustainable. Photo: Abbie Trayler-Smith/Oxam GB
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Programme activity examples
Accesstoheat-tolerantcrops
Accesstodrought-tolerantandfast-maturingcropsand
varieties
Increase soil organic content
Water-conservingcrop-managementpractices
Maximisewatercaptureandstorage
Advocacy on securing rights o access to water supplies
forsmall-scalefarmers
Tree planting (shade and odder)
Changetomoreheat-tolerantlivestock(e.g.,shiftfrom
cattle to goats)
Conservation o coastal mangroves and other vegetation
Sustainable aquaculture such as fsh arming in ponds.
Provision o water or households and productive use
Sea deences built
DRR approach, ensuring that increased risk is built
into project design across the fve priority areas or
action (making DRR a priority; know the risks; building
understanding and awareness; reduce risks; and
preparedness)
Appropriate, accessible, and reliable
weather orecasts
Crop diversifcation and crop mixing
Appropriate, accessible, and reliable weather orecasts
Crop diversifcation and crop mixing
Watercaptureandstorage;accesstofast-maturing/
drought-tolerantvarieties;soilandcropmanagementto
conserve water
Appropriate, accessible, and reliable weather orecasts
Flood-tolerantvarieties
Crop diversifcation and crop mixing
DRR approach, ensuring that increased risk is built into
project design across the fve priority areas or action.
DRR approach, ensuring that increased risk
is built into project design across the fve priority
areas or action.
Drought-cyclemanagementand/orintegrated
communitywater-managementapproaches.
Impact
Heat stress on crops
Increased crop water
demand
Heat stress on livestock
Worsening availability
o fsh stocks
Saline intrusion
Coastal erosion
Increased requency/
severity o storm
surges
Farmers uncertain
about when to cultivate,
sow, and harvest
Crops damaged by dry
spells within growing
season
Crops damaged by
unseasonal heavy
downpours
Increased requency/
severity o oods
Increased requency/
severity o drought
Change
Temperature increase
on land and water
Sea-levelrise
Changed seasonality
Increase in intense
rainall or large
increase in annual
rainall
Decrease in annual
rainfallinarid/semi-arid
areas
ThefollowingtableincludessomeexamplesofCCAactivitiesthatyoumightliketoconsider.Thelistisnotexhaustive.
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Key Outcomes
1. Food security
Afterharvesting,itwasfoundthatall57householdswere
morefood-securethantheyhadbeenbeforethestartofthe
project,withmorethan90percentoftherice,meat,andvegetablesconsumedgrownbythefamiliesthemselves.
2. Decline in rice production halted
Despitetheyear’sharshconditions,51outofthe57
programmeparticipantswereabletomaintainanoutput
ofricethatwasatleastsufcientfortheirownhousehold
consumption,with14producingasurplustosellat
market.Onlysixhouseholdssufferedlossesinriceyield,
becausetheirwatersystemswerenotestablishedin
time.Overallriceproductionfellbyalmost16percent,in
starkcontrasttofarmsthatdidnottakepartintheproject,
whoseproductionfellby40percent.
3. Diversity of crops
Programmeparticipantsadoptedcropdiversicationas
anadditionalwaytoreducetheriskoffoodandeconomic
insecurity.Farmers,especiallywomen,plantedfruitsand
vegetablesduringandafterricecultivation,sellingthe
producenotconsumedbytheirhouseholdsatlocalmarkets,
earningthemaround500to1,500baht($15to$40)aweek.
4. On-farm water-management systems
Morethan90percentofparticipantsagreedthatthe
water-managementsystemsreducedtheimpactsofdrought.Almost90percentbelievedthatthesystems
wereappropriateforwomenandchildrentouse,and
theywerealreadyndingwaystoimprovetheirwater-
managementsystems.
Oxfamhasbeenworkingwiththelocalorganisation
EarthNetFoundation(ENF)since2004,promoting
organicagriculturalproductionandfair-trademarketing
withfarmersinYasothornProvince.Acombinationof
scienticndingsandobservedchangesbycommunitiesandprogrammestaffpromptedOxfamtotakeaction.In
consultationwithfarmingcommunitiesandENF,Oxfam
decidedtoimplementaninitialone-yearpilotCCAproject
fororganicrice.Fifty-sevenoutofthe509organic-farming
householdsdecidedtojointhescheme.
Activities
1. Climate change awareness and participatory
decision making
Men,women,andchildrenwereeducatedaboutclimate
changeanditspotentialimpactsinThailand.Usingthis
information,participantssharedideasabouthowtheycouldadapttheirfarmingpracticestocopewiththese
changes,andtheydesignedtheirownon-farmwater-
managementsystems.
2. Provision of loans to project participants
Afundwasestablishedwhichprovidedloansofupto
30,000baht($880)toeachhousehold,toassistinthe
constructionofon-farmwater-managementsystems.The
loansareofferedatlowinterestrates(betweenoneand
threepercent)foronetosixyears.Thefundlentmoneyto
all57projecthouseholds:1,400,000baht($41,000)intotal.
3. Implementation of on-farm water-management
systems
Intotal,23stockponds,24wells,44water-drainage
systems(ditch,sprinkle,pipe),and14waterpumpswere
designed,built,andinstalled.Becauseoftheuncertain
impactofclimatechangeonriceproduction,farmersalso
diversiedtheirfoodcrops.Manyfarmers,especially
women,grewvegetablesandplantedfruittreesas
alternativecrops,earninghouseholdsbetween500to
1,500baht($15to$40)perweek.
4. Farmers as catalystsFemaleandmalefarmerswhotookpartintheproject
metwithotherfarmersandhouseholdstosharetheir
experiences,inordertohelpotherstondbettersolutions
totheproblemsposedbyachangingclimate.Several
workshopstookplace,including:oneonagricultural
modelsandtechniquestoreduceclimaterisks;threeon
theimpactofclimatechangeonfemalefarmers’roles;
andthreeonon-farmproductmanagementandseed
managementforfemalefarmers.
Case study: ‘Jasmine Rice in the Weeping Plain’- Climate change adaptation in Thailand
A windmill is used to pump water into a large storage tank to supply
water to Manoon Phupa’s arm.This pump is one o many designed
and installed as part o an Oxam project to help rice armers adapt to climate change in northern Thailand.
Photo: Tul Pinkaew and Supaporn Anichiracheeva/Oxam GB
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6.4 Monitoring, evaluation, and learning
Given the innovation needed within Oxam’s work to tackle
the unavoidable impacts o climate change, an integral part
o this work includes monitoring, evaluation, and learning
(MEL)todemonstratethedifferenceandimpactofOxfam’s
CCA actions. This will not only provide improvements in
programme design and implementation or uture activities
within programmes, but will also provide opportunities or
organisational development and motivate sta.Monitoring,evaluating,andlearningisdoubly
important within CCA because climate change is taking
communities, local and national governments, and other
stakeholders outside the customary range o climate. This
means that all stakeholders will need to learn what does
and does not work, and build upon successul strategies.
Wherever possible Oxam should aim to:
•Facilitatea‘safespace’forcommunitiesandother
stakeholders to experiment with dierent ideas and
solutions without putting themselves at greater risk;
•Ensurethatstakeholders(communities,government
authorities, and other organisations) are actively involved
in monitoring and evaluating the outcomes o the actions
they implement;
•Buildonwhatworksandwhatdoesn’twork,inorderto
improve CCA programming or the uture.
This approach is the same as the programme management
cycle,withthecomponentsof experimentationandMEL
being explicitly addressed and prioritised.
To ensure wider learning within Oxam, pleasesend copies o all your evaluation reports to the
Programme Resource Centre (PRC). You can also
contact the PRC or support in documenting or
disseminating your learning, or to request the Rough
GuideonIntegratingLearningintoProgramme
CycleManagement.
There is an Oxam Adaptation and Risk Reduction
Practitioners’ email orum where you can share
experiences and ask questions o other colleagues
working in the feld. Email your request to join this
orum to [email protected].
7. Summary of key learning
•Climatechangeisadevelopmentissuethatthreatensto
stall – and then reverse – progress made to achieve the
MillenniumDevelopmentGoals.
•Poorwomenandmenindevelopingcountriesare
those worst aected by climate change, yet are least
responsible or causing it.
•Theimpactsofclimatechangewillcontinuetoworsen,
and or those already aected the need to adapt is urgent.
•Oxfamiscommittedtotacklingclimatechangeinour
humanitarian,campaigning,andlong-termdevelopment
work.
11
•ThecoreofOxfam’sworkonCCAfocusesonDRR,
livelihoods,andnatural-resourcemanagement,ensuring
that gender is addressed as a crosscutting issue.
•EffectiveCCAinvolvesplanningforthelong-termfuture
while simultaneously helping communities cope with
present circumstances, by reducing vulnerability and
increasing their capacity to adapt.
•Communitiesmustbeattheheartof effortstobuildresilience to climate change, but their eorts will only
be successul i backed up by national strategies and
policies, and by international fnancial support – and we
need to inuence these.
8. How to further your understanding
For more advice about climate change adaptation, please
see the online resources below, and/or contact the
PPT Adaptation and Risk Reduction team in Oxord by
emailing [email protected].
8.1 Key resources
Oxfam GB
Internal resources, including programme policies:
http://intranet.oxam.org.uk/programme/arr
External resources, including policy papers and national
reports on climate change: www.oxam.org.uk/resources/
policy/climate_change/index.html
WeADAPT
Online resource and learning guide or Oxam sta: http://
wikiadapt.org/index.php?title=Oxam_Entry_Page
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
The Fourth Assessment Report: www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/
assessments-reports.htm
United Nations Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC)
NationalCommunications:
www.unfccc.int/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/
items/2979.php
National Adaptation Programmes o Action (NAPAs):
http://unccc.int/cooperation_support/least_developed_
countries_portal/submitted_napas/items/4585.php
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)Adaptation country profles http://country-proles.geog.
ox.ac.uk
Learningonadaptationhttp://www.undp.org/
climatechange/adapt/index.html
8.2 Additional resources
Global Humanitarian Forum: The Anatomy o a Silent
Crisis: www.ghf-ge.org/OurWork/RaisingAwareness/
HumanImpactReport/tabid/180/Deault.aspx
UN Human Development Report: Fighting climate change:
Human solidarity in a divided world: http://hdr.undp.org/
en/reports/global/hdr2007-2008/
UNISDR (2008) Climate change and disaster risk
reduction. Briefng Paper 01: www.unisdr.org/eng/risk-
reduction/climate-change/cc-information.html
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9. Endnotes
1 UNDP (2007) Human Development Report 2007/2008 – ‘Fighting climatechange:Humansolidarityinadividedworld’.PanMacmillan:NewYork.
2 UNISDR (2009) Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction.Available at: www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/gar/report/index.php?id=1130&pid:34&pif:3.Lastcheckedbyauthor,08August2009.
3 Global Humanitarian Forum (2009) Climate Change: The Anatomy o aSilent Crisis, and Oxam International (2009) The Right to Survive: TheHumanitatian Challenge in the 21st Century.
4DrBalgisOsman-Elasha,HigherCouncilforEnvironmentandNaturalResources,Sudan,CopenhagenScienceConference,March2009.
5 Oxam Briefng Paper 130 (2009) Suering the Science: Climate change,poverty and people. Oxam International. The fgure derives rom acalculation o the historic increase in the number o disasters per year,actored with the increasing vulnerability o populations, according to arange o actors.
6M.L.Parry,O.F.Canziani,J.P.Palutikof,P.J.vanderLindenandC.E.Hanson,Eds. (2007) Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.Contribution o Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report o theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press,:Cambridge, UK.
7M.L.Parry,O.F.Canziani,J.P.Palutikof,P.J.vanderLindenandC.E.Hanson,Eds. (2007) Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.Contribution o Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report o theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press:Cambridge. Chapter 10.
8Jennings,S.andMagrath,J.(2009)WhatHappenedtotheSeasons?Oxam GB Research Report. Oxam GB.
9 Adapted rom United Nations International Strategy or Disaster RiskReduction (UN/ISDR) (2009) New 2009 Terminology on Disaster Risk
Reduction,availableat:www.unisdr.org/eng/terminology/terminology-2009-eng.html.Lastcheckedbyauthor,08August2009;theUnitedNationsFramework Convention on Climate Change defnitions, and Practical Action.
10Tearfund&IDS(2007)OvercomingtheBarriers:Mainstreamingclimatechange adaptation in developing countries.
11 UNFCCC website: http://unccc.int/cooperation_support/least_developed_countries_portal/submitted_napas/items/4585.php.Lastcheckedbyauthor,08 August 2009.
12OxfamGBStrategicPlan2007-10.Availableat:http://intranet.oxfam.org.uk/about_oxfam/management/strat_plan.htm?searchterm=strategic+plan.Lastchecked by author, 08 August 2009.
13 Oxam International (2008) Double Trouble: Overcoming obstacles to urgentand air responses to global climate change or economic justice. OxamInternational.
14 International Institute or Sustainable Development, International Union or Conservation o Nature and Natural Resources and Stockholm EnvironmentInstitute(2003)LivelihoodsandClimateChange:CombiningDisasterRiskReduction, natural resource management and climate change adaptation ina new approach to the reduction o vulnerability and poverty. Winnipeg: IISD.
15 UNDP (2007).
16 WEDO (2007) Changing the climate: Why women’s perspectives matter.
WDO: New York.
17 Neumayer, E. & and Plümper, T (2007) The Gendered Nature o NaturalDisasters:TheImpactofCatastrophicEventsontheGenderGapinLifeExpectancy.
18 This section adapted rom OECD (2009) ‘Policy guidance on integratingclimatechangeadaptationintodevelopmentcooperation’.JointHigh-LevelmeetingoftheOECDDevelopmentAssistanceCommitteeandtheEnvironmentPolicyCommittee.28-29May2009.
19 Text taken directly rom IISD (2003).
20Misselhorn,A.(2008)AdaptingtoclimatechangeinUmkhanyakudedistrict,KwaZulu-Natal,SouthAfrica.OxfamAustralia:Melbourne.
21Misselhorn(2008).
22 Adapted rom Tearund’s CEDRA (Climate Change and EnvironmentalDegradation Risk and Adaptation Assessment) tool (2009).
23 Adapted rom Sperl ing, F. (2003) Poverty and Climate Change: Reducingthe Vulnerability o the Poor through Adaptation, and Stern, N. (2006) TheEconomics o Climate Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Members o the Tukore Women’s Group have set up a shop selling abrics as a way o diversiying livelihoods in Lake Katwe, Uganda. Katwe
oers nothing to live o except sh and salt rom the salt pans. So although livelihoods can be protable, they are also highly variable and vulnerable. Now climate change is increasing that vulnerability. Photo: John Magrath/Oxam
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Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation arecorporateprioritiesforOxfamGB.TheLearningCompanionsareaset
o articles, which provide accessible and practical guidance to Oxam sta wishing to integrate DRR and Climate Change Adaptationapproaches into programming. To fnd out about other resources on Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation, and to give us
your eedback on these resources, please contact the Programme Resource Centre. Email: [email protected]
Frontcover:MartinaLongom(foreground)joinswomenfromCaicaoanvillagecollectingwaterfromthetraditionalwaterhole.
Because water is becoming harder to fnd, members o the local women’s group have successully campaigned or and helped to build a
boreholeclosetothevillage.Insteadofwalkingforuptosevenhourstocollectwater,thewomennowmakea30-minuteroundtrip.
Photo: Geo Sayer/Oxam
OxfamisaregisteredcharityinEnglandandWalesNo202918andScotlandSCO039042.Inhouse4087