Introduction toIntroduction toCIVIL AND CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERINGENGINEERING

WATER RESOURCE WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERINGENGINEERING

Lecture: Lecture: BudiBudi I. I. SetiawanSetiawanhttp://http://web.ipb.ac.id/~budindraweb.ipb.ac.id/~budindra

Born, Tasikmalaya/28 June 1960Born, Tasikmalaya/28 June 1960S1 IPB 1983 (S1 IPB 1983 (AngkatanAngkatan 16)16)S2 The University of Tokyo 1990S2 The University of Tokyo 1990S3 The S3 The UniverisityUniverisity of Tokyo 1993of Tokyo 1993DosenDosen IPB IPB sejaksejak 19851985Guru Guru BesarBesar 20042004Visiting professor:Visiting professor:

The The UniveristyUniveristy of Tokyo 1998of Tokyo 1998--20082008Sweden Agricultural University 2006/2007Sweden Agricultural University 2006/2007Ibaraki University Ibaraki University sejaksejak 20072007

DosenDosen berpretasiberpretasi IPB IPB dandan NasionalNasional 20072007PII Engineering Award PII Engineering Award AdhiciptaAdhicipta RekayasaRekayasa 20082008101 Indonesia101 Indonesia’’s Innovations, BICs Innovations, BIC--RISTEK 2009RISTEK 2009RegistrasiRegistrasi paten 5: AQUATRON Water Recirculation paten 5: AQUATRON Water Recirculation System, Pitcher Irrigation System.System, Pitcher Irrigation System.KonsultanKonsultan Water Management Sinarmas Forestry Water Management Sinarmas Forestry sejaksejak20082008KabagKabag TeknikTeknik SumberSumber DayaDaya Air, Dep. Air, Dep. TeknikTeknik SipilSipil dandanLingkunganLingkungan, , sejaksejak 2008 2008

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TOPICSTOPICS

Water as resourceWater as resourceThe Science of waterThe Science of waterWhat is water resource engineeringWhat is water resource engineeringDisciplines within water resourceDisciplines within water resourceWater resource managementWater resource managementWhat water resource engineers doWhat water resource engineers do

WATER RESOURCEWATER RESOURCEAny of the entire range of natural waters (vapor, Any of the entire range of natural waters (vapor, liquid, or solid) that occur on the Earth and that liquid, or solid) that occur on the Earth and that are of potential use to humans. are of potential use to humans. These resources include the waters of the These resources include the waters of the oceans, rivers, and lakes; groundwater and oceans, rivers, and lakes; groundwater and deep subsurface waters; and glaciers and deep subsurface waters; and glaciers and permanent snowfields. permanent snowfields. Continuing increase in water use has led to Continuing increase in water use has led to growing concern over the availability and quality growing concern over the availability and quality of water supplies.of water supplies.

WATER AS RESOURCEWATER AS RESOURCE

The human body is 65% The human body is 65% waterwaterA person can survive only A person can survive only 8 to 10 days without water 8 to 10 days without water (it takes weeks possibly (it takes weeks possibly even months to die from a even months to die from a lack of food)lack of food)

WATER AS RESOURCEWATER AS RESOURCE

Total water volume worldwide: 326 x 10Total water volume worldwide: 326 x 106 6 cubic miles.cubic miles.97% is saltwater (3% freshwater)97% is saltwater (3% freshwater)75% of freshwater is contained in icecaps and glaciers.75% of freshwater is contained in icecaps and glaciers.Only 4% of available freshwater is in rivers and lakes.Only 4% of available freshwater is in rivers and lakes.

GLOBAL WR CHALLENGESGLOBAL WR CHALLENGES

Sanitation and access to clean water.Sanitation and access to clean water.Weather extreme.Weather extreme.Maintaining aquatic ecosystem services.Maintaining aquatic ecosystem services.Pollution.Pollution.Food security.Food security.Water for development.Water for development.Engineered waterEngineered water

SANITATION AND ACCESS TO SANITATION AND ACCESS TO CLEAN WATERCLEAN WATER

SANITATION AND ACCESS TO SANITATION AND ACCESS TO CLEAN WATERCLEAN WATER

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DEMAND OF WATER DEMAND OF WATER ENGINEERINGENGINEERING

More people, more development means More people, more development means more water engineering.more water engineering.Widespread hydrological alterations Widespread hydrological alterations arising from:arising from:

IrrigationIrrigationDams and reservoirs Dams and reservoirs Inter basin transfer/flow diversionInter basin transfer/flow diversion

Costly supplyCostly supply--side.side.

THE SCIENCE OF WATERTHE SCIENCE OF WATERWhat makes water interestingWhat makes water interesting

Maximum density Maximum density occurs several occurs several degree above degree above freezing (water freezing (water expands when expands when freezing)freezing)

THE SCIENCE OF WATERTHE SCIENCE OF WATERWhat makes water interestingWhat makes water interesting

Wide range between Wide range between boiling and freezing boiling and freezing points (water exists as a points (water exists as a liquid over a wider range.liquid over a wider range.Freezing release heat.Freezing release heat.Water is considered the Water is considered the universal solvent (for universal solvent (for practical purposes both practical purposes both good and bad)good and bad)

WATER RESOURCE WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERINGENGINEERING

WRE is concerned with the analysis and WRE is concerned with the analysis and design of systems to control water design of systems to control water quantity, quality, timing and distribution to quantity, quality, timing and distribution to meet the need of human habitation and meet the need of human habitation and the environment.the environment.Typically, water resources is related to Typically, water resources is related to water supply. water supply.

WATER RESOURCE WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERINGENGINEERING

Disciplines within water resources:Disciplines within water resources:HydrodynamicsHydrodynamics

HydraulicsHydraulicsHydrologyHydrology

AtmosphericAtmosphericSurface waterSurface waterGroundwater (Subsurface)Groundwater (Subsurface)Contaminant hydrologyContaminant hydrology

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WATER RESOURCE WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

WRM is needed because WRM is needed because of growth of demand and of growth of demand and water scarcity and to water scarcity and to maintain healthy maintain healthy environment.environment.Water Water competitiocompetitio. Rival is . Rival is an original word from an original word from rivalisrivalis meaning one using meaning one using the same river as the same river as another. A rival from another. A rival from rivusrivusmeaning stream or river. meaning stream or river.

WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT PURPOSESAND MANAGEMENT PURPOSES

Water supply diversions with consumptive use:Water supply diversions with consumptive use:Municipal supply and useMunicipal supply and useIndustrial supply and useIndustrial supply and useAgricultural supply and useAgricultural supply and useRecreational supply and useRecreational supply and use

Instream water use:Instream water use:Hydroelectric power generationHydroelectric power generationInland navigationInland navigationWater based recreationWater based recreation

WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT PURPOSESAND MANAGEMENT PURPOSES

Environmental management:Environmental management:Wastewater collection, treatment and disposal.Wastewater collection, treatment and disposal.Water quality managementWater quality managementEcosystem protection/restoration/enhancementEcosystem protection/restoration/enhancement

Stormwater management and flood mitigationStormwater management and flood mitigationStormwater drainage and managementStormwater drainage and managementFlood damage reductionFlood damage reduction

Multipurpose development and managementMultipurpose development and management

WATER WATER RESOURCE RESOURCE

MANAGEMENTIN MANAGEMENTIN AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE

WHAT WATER RESOURCE WHAT WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERS DO?ENGINEERS DO?

Stormwater system designStormwater system designWater treatmentWater treatmentWater supply and distributionWater supply and distributionGroundwater contaminant characterization and Groundwater contaminant characterization and remediationremediationDesign of water supply systemsDesign of water supply systemsAlternative water supply systemsAlternative water supply systemsEnvironmental and consumptive use permitsEnvironmental and consumptive use permits

WHAT WATER RESOURCE WHAT WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERS DO?ENGINEERS DO?

All of these topics incorporate:All of these topics incorporate:Compute modeling for analysis and designCompute modeling for analysis and designField workField workProject managementProject managementConsulting/ResearchConsulting/Research

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TOPICSTOPICS

HydrologyHydrologistHydrologic (WR) EngineersWR Infrastructures

HYDROLOGYWhat is Hydrology?Hydrologic cycleFundamental PrinciplesWater balance (conservation of mass—continuity)Terms within the water balanceTypical surface water balanceGroundwater/Surface water balance

What is Hydrology

Natural Science that deals with the transport and distribution of water (liquid, gas, solid) in the atmosphere, on and beneath the earth's surface.

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Hydrologic Cycle

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Fundamental PrinciplesIn theory we use a set of fundamental principles to evaluate hydrologic events and processes:

Conservation of Mass (continuity)Conservation of Momentum (Newton's 2nd Law)Conservation of Energy (2nd Law of Thermodynamics)Fick’s First Law of DiffusionEquation of State for Gases (PV=nRT)

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CONSERVATION OF MASS: CONSERVATION OF MASS: Hydrologic Water BalanceHydrologic Water Balance

In hydrologic terms we use the conservation of mass (continuity) to evaluate the water balance (budget) of a system (watersheds and basins)

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HWB: A Conceptual ModelHWB: A Conceptual Model

A water balance is developed based upon the conceptual model for the system of interest, which depends upon scale of the problem being considered.

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RAINFALLRAINFALL

Predominant factors for hydrologic design

Rainfall IntensityRainfall DurationRainfall Frequency

Cumulative rainfall (temporal distribution of rainfall)

Rainfall data analysisFor the sample storm shown on the previous page the observed average rainfall intensity for the entire storm duration is

Rainfall data analysis

Predicting or simulating rainfall patternsRainfall occurs in a random pattern—very difficult to predict.Statistical analysis of historical data provides estimates of average or typical rainfallRepresent expected rainfall as a series of synthetic or theoretical storms

Historical Rainfall Depth and Frequency

Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) Curves

HYDROLOGYHYDROLOGY

(rainfall intensity,duration and frequency)design storms)Groundwater Hydrology

HYDROLOGIST

As Hydrologists: Interested in forecasting means, extremes, and time series of hydrologic events and processes.

WR Engineers:

Charged with the evaluation, planning and design of facilities to best utilize mitigate and manage water resources including catastrophic hydrologic events.Optimization and Decision Making Tools