Introduction to Chemistry Introduction to Chemistry Chem 003AChem 003A

Fall 2011Fall 2011

Instructor: Brett WilliamsInstructor: Brett Williams

Lecture: MW 6:00 PM-6:55 PM Lecture: MW 6:00 PM-6:55 PM

in Cunningham 301in Cunningham 301

Laboratory: MW 7:00 PM-9:55 PMLaboratory: MW 7:00 PM-9:55 PM

in Cunningham 305in Cunningham 305

Two ways to reach me:Two ways to reach me:

E-mail: E-mail: balero01@cs.com balero01@cs.com

E-mail: bwilliams@deltacollege.edu

Course is comprised of:Course is comprised of:

Lectures Lectures Problem SetsProblem Sets Assigned HomeworkAssigned Homework Quizzes Quizzes Lab ExercisesLab Exercises Lab ExperimentsLab Experiments WorksheetsWorksheets 4 Exams and 1 Final Exam4 Exams and 1 Final Exam

LecturesLectures

Presented on power point overheadsPresented on power point overheads Lecture notes are available in hard copyLecture notes are available in hard copy

To download files, go to this adjunct faculty To download files, go to this adjunct faculty site: site: www.deltacollege.edu/emp/bwilliamswww.deltacollege.edu/emp/bwilliams

Not required for class, but recommendedNot required for class, but recommended Lecture notes complement the Lecture notes complement the

textbook/assignments but attendance textbook/assignments but attendance is essential to get all of the information is essential to get all of the information you needyou need

Problem SetsProblem Sets Subsequent to specific lecturesSubsequent to specific lectures Several practice problems associated with Several practice problems associated with

the current lecture topicthe current lecture topic Some problems sets will be covered in class Some problems sets will be covered in class Some of the problem sets can be submitted

for credit Problems sets are to assist you (supplement) Problems sets are to assist you (supplement)

with homework assignments in the textwith homework assignments in the text Not every type of chapter problem is Not every type of chapter problem is

represented on the problem setsrepresented on the problem sets

HomeworkHomework

Assigned for each chapterAssigned for each chapter Problems are placed near the beginning of Problems are placed near the beginning of

each power point lecture presentationeach power point lecture presentation All odd numbered answers are placed at All odd numbered answers are placed at

the end of the book the end of the book HW will not be collected or graded HW is not mandatory but if you don’t do HW is not mandatory but if you don’t do

the HW it may affect your performance on the HW it may affect your performance on the quizzes and/or examsthe quizzes and/or exams

QuizzesQuizzes

Five Chapter QuizzesFive Chapter Quizzes20 points each20 points eachNo make-upsNo make-ups

Based on the homework assignments for Based on the homework assignments for that chapterthat chapter

20-30 minutes long20-30 minutes long Given during the first hourGiven during the first hour The The best 4 of 5best 4 of 5 chapter quizzes are used in chapter quizzes are used in

your total scoreyour total score Two additional quizzes for Chapter 5 only: Two additional quizzes for Chapter 5 only:

Name and Formula QuizzesName and Formula Quizzes

Other Lab AssignmentsOther Lab Assignments Lab ExercisesLab Exercises

Ten (total) exercisesTen (total) exercises10 points each10 points eachMost will originate from your lab textbook Most will originate from your lab textbook Some exercises will be provided to youSome exercises will be provided to you

WorksheetsWorksheetsNot collected or gradedNot collected or gradedTo be completed during lab period To be completed during lab period A review to prepare for examsA review to prepare for exams

ExperimentsExperiments Ten (total) experimentsTen (total) experiments

20 Points Each20 Points EachLabs reports are due in one week; if an Labs reports are due in one week; if an

experiment is completed on Tuesday, the experiment is completed on Tuesday, the report is due the following week (next report is due the following week (next Tuesday)Tuesday)

60 % rule60 % rule: A student must meet this : A student must meet this minimum score in lab to pass the course. minimum score in lab to pass the course. No exceptionsNo exceptions

The best The best 9 out of 109 out of 10 experiments are used experiments are used in your total scorein your total score

ExamsExams

Four examsFour examsBased on the chapters which Based on the chapters which

are listed in the syllabusare listed in the syllabus100 points each100 points eachAll exams count in total scoreAll exams count in total scoreTime: 2 hours to completeTime: 2 hours to complete

Final ExamFinal Exam

Monday, Dec 26Monday, Dec 26thth, , *6 PM*6 PM3 Hours3 HoursCumulative ExamCumulative Exam200 points200 points

Grading ScaleGrading Scale

(Based on 1000 possible points)(Based on 1000 possible points)

90.0 - 100 %90.0 - 100 % AA

75.0 - 89.9 %75.0 - 89.9 %BB

60.0 - 74.9 %60.0 - 74.9 %CC

50.0 - 59.9%50.0 - 59.9% DD

< 50.0 %< 50.0 % FF

Required MaterialsRequired Materials

Textbook:Textbook: Introductory Chemistry, 2Introductory Chemistry, 2ndnd ed. ed. by by TroTro

Laboratory Manual:Laboratory Manual: Foundations of Foundations of Chemistry in the LaboratoryChemistry in the Laboratory, , 13th ed. 13th ed. by by M. Hein, et alM. Hein, et al

CalculatorCalculator Safety Goggles & LockSafety Goggles & Lock

Laboratory PolicyLaboratory Policy

No one may participate in lab wearing No one may participate in lab wearing open toe / heel shoesopen toe / heel shoes. . Watch what Watch what you wear on lab daysyou wear on lab days. If you have . If you have inappropriate attire, you will inappropriate attire, you will NOTNOT be be allowed to complete the laballowed to complete the lab

Goggles must be worn during all lab Goggles must be worn during all lab experimentsexperiments

Your attendance and participation is Your attendance and participation is expectedexpected

Chapter 1Chapter 1

The The

Chemical WorldChemical World

Chemicals Compose Ordinary ThingsChemicals Compose Ordinary Things

ChemistryChemistry The study of the properties and the behavior of The study of the properties and the behavior of

chemicals chemicals (matter)(matter) The composition, structure, and reactions of The composition, structure, and reactions of

chemicalschemicals The connection between properties of a The connection between properties of a

substance and the properties of the particles substance and the properties of the particles that compose it that compose it

Why does Soda Pop Fizz? Why does Soda Pop Fizz? Why is water a liquid?Why is water a liquid? Why is a sunset red?Why is a sunset red?

All Things Are Made of Atoms and MoleculesAll Things Are Made of Atoms and Molecules

All things around you are composed of All things around you are composed of atoms atoms (matter)(matter) AtomsAtoms bond together to form bond together to form moleculesmolecules How atoms are bonded and the types of atoms

present determine the properties of a substance Chemistry occurs around you everyday and affects Chemistry occurs around you everyday and affects

everything you use and do. everything you use and do. It helps us to understand the connection between our It helps us to understand the connection between our

world and the world of atoms and moleculesworld and the world of atoms and molecules The properties of matter are analyzed by:The properties of matter are analyzed by:

Macroscopic: Where observations are made (what we see)Macroscopic: Where observations are made (what we see) Microscopic: The atoms and molecules that compose matter Microscopic: The atoms and molecules that compose matter

(atomic level)(atomic level)

Chemical ProcessesChemical Processes

Chemical processes (reactions) occur in nature and Chemical processes (reactions) occur in nature and happen around you all of the timehappen around you all of the time

The molecular interactions create your experienceThe molecular interactions create your experience Chemistry (reactions) occurs whenChemistry (reactions) occurs when

food is cooked or baked food is cooked or baked chlorine is added to a poolchlorine is added to a pool batteries are used in a flashlight/radiobatteries are used in a flashlight/radio salt is added to sidewalks and roadssalt is added to sidewalks and roads bleach is added to laundrybleach is added to laundry

Chemical ProcessesChemical Processes

In natureIn nature fermentation by microbes which fermentation by microbes which

converts sugars to alcohols converts sugars to alcohols photosynthesis by plants to convert photosynthesis by plants to convert

sunlight energy into chemical energysunlight energy into chemical energy leaves changing color due to the leaves changing color due to the

interaction of different pigmentsinteraction of different pigments

Chemical ProcessesChemical Processes

In laboratories and in manufacturingIn laboratories and in manufacturinggasoline refining (distillation) gasoline refining (distillation) development of synthetic fibers (nylon, development of synthetic fibers (nylon,

dacron) dacron) new pharmaceuticals (design and new pharmaceuticals (design and

synthesis)synthesis)water purification (water softening)water purification (water softening)agriculture/food production (pesticides, agriculture/food production (pesticides,

fungicides, herbicides) fungicides, herbicides)

Chemistry and ChemicalsChemistry and Chemicals Everything around you is composed of chemicalsEverything around you is composed of chemicals A A chemicalchemical is a material is a material usedused or or producedproduced in a in a

chemical process (laboratory, manufacturing or chemical process (laboratory, manufacturing or natural).natural). It consists of two or more chemical elements bound in a fixed It consists of two or more chemical elements bound in a fixed

ratio; they have a unique and defined chemical structureratio; they have a unique and defined chemical structure It cannot be separated any further without breaking chemical It cannot be separated any further without breaking chemical

bonds bonds It is a It is a pure substancepure substance: same composition and properties : same composition and properties

throughout (not a mixture with a variable composition)throughout (not a mixture with a variable composition) It can be a solid, liquid, or a gasIt can be a solid, liquid, or a gas

Substances that were developed by chemists are in Substances that were developed by chemists are in use everyday use everyday Soaps, toothpaste, lotion, clothing Soaps, toothpaste, lotion, clothing

Scientific DisciplinesScientific Disciplines Science is the study in which humans Science is the study in which humans

attempt to explain knowledge about attempt to explain knowledge about themselves and their surroundingsthemselves and their surroundings

Facts are organized and explained, in a Facts are organized and explained, in a systematic and logical manner systematic and logical manner

It is an attempt to understand (better) It is an attempt to understand (better) how nature works how nature works

Through observation of physical evidence Through observation of physical evidence (phenomena)(phenomena)

Experiments to simulate events under Experiments to simulate events under controlled conditionscontrolled conditions

Scientific DisciplinesScientific Disciplines

Science covers an Science covers an enormous range of enormous range of accumulated accumulated information which is information which is divided into branches divided into branches called called scientific scientific disciplinesdisciplines

Chemistry is one of Chemistry is one of the branches of the branches of science (botany, science (botany, geology, physics, geology, physics, zoology)zoology)

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method Most scientific and technological advances are Most scientific and technological advances are

through the use of experimentation as a method through the use of experimentation as a method of problem-solving of problem-solving

In general, no two scientist will approach a In general, no two scientist will approach a problem exactly in the same mannerproblem exactly in the same manner

Scientist (chemists) use a method of learning that emphasizes observation and experimentation: The Scientific Method

These are the guidelines for the practice of science to achieve systematic experimentation

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method Scientific Method: A set of procedures (steps)

used to acquire knowledge and explain an observable fact

The process (steps):1) Observations: Identify the problem and plan

procedures to obtain information Collect Data: Observe, describe, and take

measurements (data) Organize data to find patterns in the information

2) Once sufficient data is collected, form a hypothesis A hypothesis is a possible model or statement

that offers an explanation for the observations

The Scientific Method: The Scientific Method: Hypothesis, Theory, LawHypothesis, Theory, Law

3) Experiments: A well-defined, controlled procedure to : A well-defined, controlled procedure to obtain informationobtain information

To validate the hypothesis perform more To validate the hypothesis perform more experimentsexperiments

If an experiment is performed under exactly the If an experiment is performed under exactly the same conditions, the same results (facts) should same conditions, the same results (facts) should occuroccur

If results are different than predicted, modify or If results are different than predicted, modify or propose a new hypothesispropose a new hypothesis

4) Theory A hypothesis that has been tested and validated A hypothesis that has been tested and validated

over a long period of timeover a long period of time Hypothesis evolves to theory if experiments are Hypothesis evolves to theory if experiments are

repeated and confirm the hypothesis repeated and confirm the hypothesis

The Scientific Method:The Scientific Method:Hypothesis, Theory, LawHypothesis, Theory, Law

If after extensive testing If after extensive testing the reliability of a the reliability of a hypothesis become very hypothesis become very high, it will evolve to a high, it will evolve to a theorytheory

A theory allows a scientist A theory allows a scientist to predict the outcome of to predict the outcome of proposed experimentsproposed experiments

If results of future If results of future experiments conflict with experiments conflict with the current theory it must the current theory it must either be modified, either be modified, restated, or even restated, or even replacedreplaced

The Scientific Method:The Scientific Method:Hypothesis, Theory, LawHypothesis, Theory, Law

After determining what facts are known about a After determining what facts are known about a selected problem, more experimentation is selected problem, more experimentation is performed to obtain more informationperformed to obtain more information

More facts are obtained. Look for repeating More facts are obtained. Look for repeating patterns among the collected facts patterns among the collected facts

If a large number of facts are tied together, it can If a large number of facts are tied together, it can eventually lead to a single generalized eventually lead to a single generalized statement statement

LawLaw: A concise, verbal statement that : A concise, verbal statement that summarizes facts about a natural phenomenonsummarizes facts about a natural phenomenon

Using the Scientific MethodUsing the Scientific MethodIn Summary:In Summary:

Identify the problem and plan procedures to obtain Identify the problem and plan procedures to obtain informationinformation

Collect data through Collect data through observationobservation and and experimentationexperimentation QualitativeQualitative: Do not involve a number: Do not involve a number QuantitativeQuantitative: Involve measurements: Involve measurements

Analyze and organize the data to summarize Analyze and organize the data to summarize observations (form generalizations) observations (form generalizations)

Suggest probable explanations (form a Suggest probable explanations (form a hypothesishypothesis)) Experiment further to prove or disprove the proposed Experiment further to prove or disprove the proposed

explanationsexplanations

Example IExample I

Topic: Does the amount of sunlight a Topic: Does the amount of sunlight a tomato plant receives affect the size of the tomato plant receives affect the size of the tomatoes?tomatoes?

You have You have observedobserved the plants in the the plants in the garden exposed to more sunlight appear garden exposed to more sunlight appear to grow largerto grow larger

HypothesisHypothesis: “The more sunlight a tomato : “The more sunlight a tomato plant receives, the larger its tomatoes will plant receives, the larger its tomatoes will grow.”grow.”

Example I

Example IExample I

Your hypothesis is based on the fact that Your hypothesis is based on the fact that tomato plants need sunshine to produce tomato plants need sunshine to produce food (photosynthesis) food (photosynthesis)

The tomato plants exposed to more The tomato plants exposed to more sunlight appear to grow largersunlight appear to grow larger

Set up an Set up an experiment experiment with two sets of with two sets of plants. Both receive the same care with plants. Both receive the same care with one set exposed to more sunlight one set exposed to more sunlight

Example I

Example I

Collect your data and summarize your Collect your data and summarize your resultsresults

Conclusion: The hypothesis is Conclusion: The hypothesis is supportedsupported by by the data or it can be the data or it can be rejectedrejected (not supported (not supported by the data)by the data)

The hypothesis cannot be The hypothesis cannot be provenproven with one with one experimentexperiment

The original hypothesis can be The original hypothesis can be supportedsupported by the collected databy the collected data

Example IIExample IITopic: You have probably noticed Topic: You have probably noticed ((observedobserved) that soda pop fizzes when ) that soda pop fizzes when the bottle is opened.the bottle is opened.

Step 1Step 1: State the problem. Why does : State the problem. Why does soda pop fizz?soda pop fizz?

Step 2Step 2: Gather information (: Gather information (datadata).).Examine soda pop’s properties.Examine soda pop’s properties.

Its color, taste, etc.Its color, taste, etc.It bubbles and fizzes when It bubbles and fizzes when

opened.opened.Examine soda’s composition.Examine soda’s composition.

Example II

Example II

Step 3: Organize the information (data).All the material around you is composed

of chemicals.The three main chemical ingredients of

soda pop are water, sugar, and carbon dioxideSugar = sweetnessWater = liquidCarbon dioxide = gas

Example II

Step 4Step 4: Look for patterns.: Look for patterns.Structure determines propertiesStructure determines properties,, so the so the

fizzing of soda must have something to do fizzing of soda must have something to do with its composition with its composition

Carbon dioxide, a component of the soda Carbon dioxide, a component of the soda (carbonated beverages), is a gas(carbonated beverages), is a gas

We know that: We know that: If we blow air, a gas, into water, bubbles If we blow air, a gas, into water, bubbles

form.form.Bubbles are like soda fizz.Bubbles are like soda fizz.

Example II

Step 5Step 5: Propose a : Propose a hypothesishypothesis..Based on the fact that the only gas in Based on the fact that the only gas in

soda is carbon dioxide:soda is carbon dioxide:

““The reason soda pop fizzes is because The reason soda pop fizzes is because the carbon dioxide is coming out of the the carbon dioxide is coming out of the soda.”soda.”

Step 6Step 6: Test your hypothesis.: Test your hypothesis.How would you set up an experiment to How would you set up an experiment to

test it? test it?

Benefits to Studying ChemistryBenefits to Studying Chemistry

To further understand our world and its impact on our To further understand our world and its impact on our daily living (health care, natural resources, daily living (health care, natural resources, environmental protection, food supply)environmental protection, food supply)

Provides insight into other areas of modern science Provides insight into other areas of modern science and technologyand technology

Learn Problem-Solving SkillsLearn Problem-Solving Skills The ability to solve complicated chemistry The ability to solve complicated chemistry

problems can be applied to other types of problems can be applied to other types of problem-solvingproblem-solving

Help you develop a systematic approach to scientific Help you develop a systematic approach to scientific thought (logical, analytical)thought (logical, analytical) Enhances your ability to predict future events Enhances your ability to predict future events

based on patterns of behaviorbased on patterns of behavior

A Beginning Chemist: How to SucceedA Beginning Chemist: How to Succeed

Some memorization is required:Some memorization is required: Learn the terms (vocabulary)Learn the terms (vocabulary) Ask why things occur in natureAsk why things occur in nature

Calculation Required: Calculation Required: Problem solving will include Problem solving will include conceptual checkpointsconceptual checkpoints, ,

sample problemssample problems, and , and student exercisesstudent exercises

Commitment: Use Commitment: Use Active LearningActive Learning: Read the : Read the text, attend lecture and practice “problem text, attend lecture and practice “problem solving” regularlysolving” regularly

Class: Problem sets, exercisesClass: Problem sets, exercises

Learning ChemistryLearning Chemistry

Develop your own study planDevelop your own study plan Do the recommended problemsDo the recommended problems Your confidence and problem solving skills Your confidence and problem solving skills

are enhanced through repetitionare enhanced through repetition Don’t expect to grasp every concept the first Don’t expect to grasp every concept the first

time you see ittime you see it Read the text, come to classRead the text, come to class Ask questionsAsk questions

HomeworkHomework ““Conceptual Checkpoint 1.1”Conceptual Checkpoint 1.1” (a, b, c, d) (a, b, c, d)

““Checkpoints” succeed certain chapter sectionsCheckpoints” succeed certain chapter sections

““ExercisesExercises””1-13 (odd only)1-13 (odd only)

““ProblemsProblems””15-19 (odd only)15-19 (odd only)