Introduction to Biotechnology Gtk

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IntroductiontoBiotechnology

GT Kulkarni

What is Biotechnology?

Biotechnology is the manipulation ofliving organisms and organic material toserve human needs.

Examples:Yeast in bread making and alcohol

production

Use of beneficial bacteria (penicillin) to killharmful organisms

Cloning of plants and animals

Artificial insemination

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Biotechnology Industry

Research is conducted by small companies,large corporations, and public universities

Funding comes from a variety of sources:

Public (government)

Private (companies and foundations)

California passed a $300 billion referendum forresearch in stem cells in 2004.

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Biotechnology Industry

Focuses on a variety of research areasincluding:

Health/medicine

Food science

Environmental science

Agriscience

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Impact of Biotechnology

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)are consumed by millions of people(especially Americans) EVERY DAY.

Almost 56% of all soybean plantingsworldwide are genetically engineered (muchhigher in the US)

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Genetically modified crops wereproduced on more than 167 million acresin 18 countries in 2003, a 15% increasefrom 2002

The US was the largest single producer withmore than 60% of the total acreage inproduction.

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The NC Biotechnology Center predictsthat the biotechnology industry in thestate will contribute more than $25 billionin annual income each year within thenext 25 years.

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PioneersinBiotechnology


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Antony van Leeuwenhoek

1675

Discovers bacteria using a simplemicroscope

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Gregor Mendel

1863

Austrian monk whoconducted the firstgenetics experimentsusing pea plants in

the mid 1800s.

Often considered thefounder of genetics.

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Louis Pasteur

1870s

Disproved the notion ofspontaneous generation,describing the role ofbacteria in spoilage and thescientific basis forfermentation

Created the rabies vaccine

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Robert Hooke

1665

Invented the compound light microscope

First to observe cells in cork

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James Watson & FrancisCrick

1953

Englishmenresponsible for thediscovery of thedouble helixstructure of DNA

using X-rayphotographs

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Paul Berg

1972

Stanford Universityscientist who firstdeveloped recombinant

DNA technology, a methodfor insertion of geneticmaterial from oneorganism into another.

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HistoricalDevelopmentofBiotechnolgoy

1750 B.C.

Origins of biotechnology emerge in

methods of food production and plantand animal breeding

Use of bacteria to produce cheese (food

preservation) Use of natural enzymes in yogurt

Use of yeast to produce bread

Use of fermentation for producing wine andbeer

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1869

DNA is discovered in trout sperm byGerman Miescher

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1919

The word biotechnology is first used

by a Hungarian agricultural engineer.

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1940s-1950s

Widespread work isundertaken toinvestigate thestructure andfunction of DNA

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Image Credit : www.chem.ucsb.edu/

1980

The U.S. SupremeCourt approvesthe patenting ofgenetically altered

organisms.

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http://www.chem.ucsb.edu/~kalju/chem110L/public/tutorial/intro.htmlhttp://www.chem.ucsb.edu/~kalju/chem110L/public/tutorial/intro.html


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1980s-1990s

A variety of GMOs and biotechnology

techniques are introduced in fields fromagriculture to medicine

Recombinant DNA technology-extracts DNAfrom one organism for use in another,allowing more rapid and specificimprovements in plants and animals

Plant Tissue Culture-gains widespreadacceptance as a method to quickly andcheaply produce genetically identical plants

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1990s

First transgenic organisms (GMOs) are

introduced in widespread agriculturalproduction, particularly in the area ofcrops.

Bt corn and soybeans are introducedoffering natural insect resistance by the

introduction of a gene from the bacteriumBacci l lus thur ingensis

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1997

Dolly is the first animal cloned fromdiploid cells is produced in Scotland

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Late 1990s-Early 2000s

Human cloningis outlawed inthe U.S. and thefirst concerns

over the use ofhuman stemcells in researchbegin to arise.

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Biotechnologyand

griscience

Biotechnology andAgriscience

There has been increased activity andresearch between different agriculturalareas with common research techniquesand goals

Plant Science Animal Science

Environmental Science

Health/Agri-Medicine

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Plant Science

Wide scaleproduction oftransgenicplantsimpactinghorticulture

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Animal Science

Increased use of methods of in vitrofertilization and artificial inseminationimprove selected breed programs

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Use of biotechnology techniques inenvironmental science for cleaningcontaminants and protecting endangeredspecies

Bioremediation-use of natural organisms toclean contaminants

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Immunoassay tests are used to test forthe presence of contaminants in soil,water and even blood

Installation of biological barriers to

prevent the transfer of harmfulmicroorganisms between productionfacilities

Example: Tire wash channels

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Health/Agri-medicine

Pharming-the creation of plants andanimals capable of producing medicalsubstances

The use of biological barriers to preventthe spread of harmful microorganismsthat could contaminate food sources

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Health/Agri-medicine

DNA analysis/paternity testing hasemerged as a technique to test thegenetic ancestry of animals

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ProblemswithBiotechnologyin

griculture

Problems with Biotechnology

Transfer of genes found in transgenicorganisms to natural populations.

Terminator genes have been used tominimize this risk

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Unexpected impacts of geneticallymodified organisms and biotechnologyprocesses on other organisms and theenvironment


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Expense of the utilization of manybiotechnology techniques

Cost of producing transgenic animals (Thereare transgenic fish, but no livestock yet.)


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Concerns over the safetyand ethics ofincorporating GMOs intofood for humanconsumption Allergens

Example: The use of

Starlink corn in taco shellsnot approved for humanconsumption


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Lack of educationamong bothconsumers andproducers

concerningbiotechnologyprocesses andproducts


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BiotechnologyTerms

Biotechnology Terms

Use your biotechnology books to definethe following terms: Cloning

Clonal Offspring

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Genetics

Genetic Engineering

GMO

Ribonucleic Acid

Transgenic Organism

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Documents

Introduction to Biotechnology Gtk