Introduction to Biology

Spring 2015

Essential Question•What are the traits that make something alive?

Biology

• Bio-: life

• -logy: study of

• Biology: study of living thing

• Living things are called organisms.

Living things are called organisms.

1. There are 21 organisms in the graphic.

2. Can you find them?

1) There are 21 organisms in the graphic.

2) Can you find them?

Amoeba

VolvoxBacteria

Spirogyra

Paramecium

Living things are called organisms.

1. Arrange them in 5 groups.2. Name each group.

5 Kingdoms of Life

1. Animals2. Plants3. Fungi4. Protists5. Eubacteria6. Archaea

Bacteria

TRAITS OF LIFETRAITS OF LIFE

What are some traits that ALL living things share?

1. All species reproduce.

2. All living things grow and develop.

3. All living things obtain and use energy.

4. All living things are made up of one or more cells.

5. All living things respond to stimuli.

6. All living things maintain an internal balance.

What are some traits that ALL living things share?

GO BACK AND COMPARE THE ORIGINAL LIST TO THE 6 TRAITS WE JUST LEARNED.

Which were the same? Different? Why?

Trait #1All species reproduce.

(Doesn’t have to be every single organism in that species)

True or False?

Reproduction requires two organisms.

FALSE!

ONE bacteria can split into two!

A hydra “buds” to make another.

And if you cut a starfish in half it will regenerate into

TWO starfish!

These are examples of ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION.

• Asexual Reproduction: one parent creates a new organism with identical genetic information (NO sperm or egg)– A-: not – -sexual: involving two parents

Budding Binary Fission

True or False?

Sexual reproduction requires

sexual intercourse.

FALSE!

This is a sea urchin…

Sea urchins release sperm and egg into the water.

Sexual Reproduction:two parents create a new

organism by combining their genetic material

(usually via sperm and egg)

With asexual reproduction offspring will inherit the same exact traits as their parents.

With sexual reproduction, offspring will differ from their parents in some ways because they will be inheriting DNA from both the sperm and egg.

Trait #2All living things

grow and develop.

Growth is getting larger as cells divide to form more

cells.

Development is change in form or function.

Embryonic Stem Cells

Development

Trait #3All living things

get energy and use energy.

The _____ is the primary source of energy for almost

everything on Earth.

How does each of these organisms GET energy?

And how do they USE energy?

Autotroph: An organism that uses light or chemicals to make its own food (PHOTOSYNTHESIS).

Heterotroph: An organism that eats other organisms to obtain energy.•Energy from food must be broken down during chemical reactions into a form that cells can use (CELLULAR RESPIRATION).

Trait #4All living things

are made of one or more cells.

Just like a house is made of bricks…

Organisms are made of cells…

Unicellular Organisms• Unicellular: single-celled organism

– Uni-: one– -cellular: made up of cells– Ex.: bacteria and protists

bacteria protists

Multicellular Organisms• Multicellular: organism made up of 2 or

more cells– Multi-: many, several– Ex.: plants, animals, fungi

plants animals fungi

Unicellular or Multicellular?

A B

Trait #5All living things

respond to stimuli.

Response to Stimuli

• A stimulus is anything that causes a response in an organism.

• Stimuli can be internal or external.

• Ex: A pupil gets smaller in bright light.

• What is the stimulus? • What is the

response? • How is this helpful?

A Venus fly-trap closes when a fly lands on it.

• What is the stimulus?

• What is the response?

• How does this help it?

Trait #6All living things

maintain internal balance (HOMEOSTASIS)

(of things like water, sugar, temperature).

If body temperature drops too low, shivering produces heat to warm you up. If temperature is too hot, sweating cools you down.

Homeostasis

What internal condition is out of balance in these photos?

What is the stimulus? How will the body respond?

not enough too much

The chart shows four levels organisms. Which statement correctly describes a level of organization in the human nervous system?

a. Nerve cells group to form nerve tissue.

b. The brain is a group of nervous systems.

c. The organs of the nervous system form a nerve cell.

d. The nervous system has two groups of nerve tissues.

Because no organism lives forever, __________ is necessary in order to prevent extinction of a species.

a. Development

b. Growth

c. Homeostasis

d. reproduction

Which characteristic is shared by all eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms?

a.Ability to store hereditary information

b.Use of organelles to control cell processes

c. Use of cellular respiration for energy release

d.Ability to move in response to environmental stimuli

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

•Atoms•Molecules•Organelles•Cells •Tissues•Organs•Organ System•Organism

Levels of Organization

All of the organelles function inside the cell just like organs function within our bodies.

smallest

largest

Atoms

In atoms, the outer shell of electrons, also called valence electrons, likes to be full with 8 electrons, oxygen only has 6

Molecules

Two types of atoms can combine together to forms a molecule so that every atom has a full valance of electrons.

Organelles make up cells and all have a very specific function.

Organelles

Cells

Ex: An individual neuron is a type of cell that is differentiated for a specific function in the brain.

Cells: the building blocks of life

Tissues

Tissues (nerve tissue) Tissues (nerve tissue)

Tissues: Several of the same types of cells working together to create tissue

Organs

Organ (brain)

Groups of tissues form organs.

Organ Systems

•Organs that work together to perform a similar function are called an organ system.

• Ex: The digestive system allows us to break down food into smaller parts that our body can use.

Organisms

Organism: an individual living thing

Levels of Organization

•Organisms are grouped even further into the following categories:

–Populations

–Communities

–Ecosystems

–Biosphere

smallest

largest

Populations

•Population: a group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time.

Community

Community: all of the populations of different species in the same place at the same time.

Ecosystem

•Ecosystem: living organisms that interact with each other and the abiotic factors in a given area

–Biotic: living things. •Ex: plants and animals

–Abiotic: non-living things.

Ex: temperature, climate, soil, rocks.

Biosphere

•Biosphere: the life-supporting portion of Earth.

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Which of these would form first during the development of a complex multicellular organism, such as an animal?

a. Cell

b. Organ

c. Tissue

d. Organ system

The picture shows a group of muscle cells in the heart. All of these muscle cells beat in unison to push blood in timing with the rhythm of the heart, at the direction of nearby nerve cells.

These muscle cells could best be called a

a. Organ

b. Tissue

c. Macromolecule

d. Organ system

Based on the organization of living things, how could we classify the pollen produced by this flower?

a. An organ that is part of a system

b. A group of cells that form an organ

c. Begins as a cell and is part of a system without organs

d. Begins as a cell, come from an organ, is part of a system