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Introduction to Biology IIBiology 1312
Dr. Brad Hoge
Spring 2007
Ecology and The Biosphere
Ernst Haeckel Robert MacArthur Rachel Carson Jane Goodall E.O. Wilson
Ecology
• Biotic– Organisms– systems
• Abiotic– Physical– Chemical
Time
• Ecological Time
• Evolutionary Time (Geologic Time)
– A Brief History of Life on Earth
Biotic Factors
• Niche Space
• Behavior
• Dispersal
• Limiting Resources
• Predation
Abiotic Factors
• Climate
• Water
• Environment
Global Climate
• Zones– Ocean Circulation– Air Circulation– Weather
• Seasons
• Cycles– Water– Carbon
Biomes
Aquatic
• Littoral
• Limnetic
– Profundal Zone– Benthos
– Oligotrophic Lakes– Eutrophic Lakes– Mesotrophic Lakes
Riparian
• Rivers and Streams
• Flood Plains
Wetlands
• Estuaries
• Marshes
• Swamps
Oceans• Intertidal
• Neritic– Continental Shelf– Coral Reefs
• Pelagic– Abyssal Plains– Mid-Ocean Vents
• Benthic
Polar
• Taiga
• Tundra
– Permafrost
• Alpine
Temperate• Deciduous Forest
– Old Growth Forests– Rainforests
• Coniferous Forest
• Grasslands– Prairie– Savanna– Chaparral– Steppes
Deserts
• 300 Latitudes
• High Deserts
• Arctic and Antarctic
Tropical
• Rain Forest
– Canopy– Emergents– Epiphytes
– Desertification
Climate Change
• Boundary Conditions
• Long-Term Climate Change– Glacial Cycles– Volcanism– Plate Tectonics
• Anthropogenic Factors
Population Ecology
• Populations
– Density– Dispersal– Diversity– Richness
Life Histories
• Reproduction• Population Growth• Carrying Capacity• Limiting Factors
• Life Tables– Survivorship Curve– Reproductive Rates
Reproductive Strategies
• Ovipary• Ovivivipary• Vivipary
• Semelparity• Iteroparity
Population Growth
• Growth Curves
N/t = B – D
Zero population growth
Exponential population growth
Population crash
Carrying Capacity
• Limiting Factors
• Predation– Lotka-Volterra Equations
• Environmental Change– Succession– Anthropogenic