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Introduction to Biology
Chapter One
What is Biology?
Science- an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world
Biology- the study of life
Themes of Biology
Cell Structure and Function
Stability and homeostasis
Reproduction and Inheritance
Evolution
Interdependence of organisms
Matter, energy and organization– *Can Sally Remember Every Idea Matters
Cell Structure and Function
Cell is the basic unit of life
Two categories– Unicellular- one cell– Multicellular- many
cells• As cells develop they
become different from each other (differentiation)
Source One
Stability and Homeostasis
Homeostasis- maintaining stable level of internal conditions– Example- body
temperature
Source two
Reproduction and Inheritance
Reproduction- process in which new organisms are produced
DNA- form in which genetic information is passed to offspring
Two Types of Repro– Asexual- only one
organism contributes• Example- bacteria
– Sexual- two organisms contribute to offspring
• Example- humans, frogs
Evolution
Evolution- study of the changes in organisms over time
Natural Selection- how evolution occurs
Natural Selection acts upon characteristics that are favorable to environment leading to more reproduction
Interdependence of Organisms
Ecology- study of the interactions of organisms
Ecosystem- environmental community
Source three
Matter, Energy, Organization
Photosynthesis- process in which organisms capture energy from the sun– Process that allows
all life on Earth to exist
Autotroph- organisms that make their own food from sun– Example- plants
Heterotroph- organisms that must consume others to meet energy needs– Example- humans
http://youtu.be/juxLuo-sH6M
Characteristics of Life
Reproduction
All cells
Respond to environment
Energy (obtain and use)
Homeostasis
Organized with DNA
Growth and development
Reproduction– Sexual– Asexual
All Cells– Unicellular– Multicellular
Respond to Environment– Stimulus- signal to
which an organisms responds
• Example- temperature, moisture, predators
Energy- all organisms must take in materials and energy to grow, develop, reproduce– Metabolism- sum of
all the reactions occurring in the body
Homeostasis- stable level of internal conditions
DNA- universal genetic code, stores information needed to live, grow and reproduce
Growth and development– All organisms grow
as a result of cell division and development
Cell Division- forming new cells from existing cell
Development- produced by repeated cell divisions and cell differentiation (cells becoming different from one another)– Example- heart cells,
bone cells, nerve cells
Scientific Method
Ask Question
Form hypothesis
Set up controlled experiment
Record and analyze results
Draw conclusion
Publish
Ask Question- based on something you have seen or noticed (observation)
Form hypothesis- statement that explains the observation and can be tested (prediction or educated guess)
Setting up Controlled Experiment
Experiment is conducted by gathering data under controlled conditions
Control group- group that contains all the norms
Experimental group- group that has just one variable different from control– Independent variable-
one factor that is purposely changed in experiment
– Dependent variable-change that occurs in response to independent variable
Record/Analyze Results
Data-any and all information gathered to try and answer original question– Quantitative-
numbers, measurements
– Qualitative- descriptions of observations
Recording- done in table or chart
Analyzing- looks at data to determine trends and is reliable– Type of analysis
varies depending upon experiment
Draw Conclusion- looks at analysis to determine if hypothesis is supported or rejected
Publish- write a scientific paper or lab report to publish in journal
Microscopes
Microscope- instrument that produces an enlarged image of an object
Source Four
Magnification- is the increase of an objects apparent size– Must multiply
eyepiece with objective lens to get total magnification
Resolution- ability to show details clearly, higher resolution= better picture
Good microscopes have both high magnification and high resolution
Types of Microscopes
Light- uses a light source to shine through specimen
– Most common type used by biologists
Electron- uses beams of electrons to produce enlarged image– Produce high
magnification, but can not be living
Two types– Transmission (TEM)– Scanning (SEM)
Source Five
Measurements
Metric System (SI)- system used around the world– Kept standard so no
conversions are required
We will always use Metric System in class
Length- meter (m)
Mass- gram (g)
Time- seconds (s)
Volume, liquids - liter (L)
Temperature- Celsius (C )
Metric System
All based upon the power of 10– Start at base unit,
use prefixes to determine number
– Example 5 kilometers; kilo=1000 so 5 km= 5000 meters
Giga=1,000,000,000
Mega= 1,000,000
Kilo= 1,000
Hecto= 100
Deka= 10
Deci= 1/10
Centi= 1/100
Milli= 1/1,000
Micro= 1/1,000,000
Level of Bodily Organization
Molecular- atoms together make organelles
Organelles- different parts of the cell that have specific job making up the cell
Cell- basic unit of life
Cont.
Tissue- group of cells working together to perform a specific function
Organ- two or more tissues working together to perform a specific function
Organ System- two or more organs working together for a common purpose
Organism- all the organ systems working together
– Heart cell, cardiac muscle tissue, heart, circulatory system, human
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.sarahwray.com/USERIMAGES/blastocyst.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sarahwray.com/page6.htm&usg=__8uXudWyXlf1kcuDNJVNMaCK2zk4=&h=411&w=404&sz=34&hl=en&start=22&zoom=1&tbnid=P6uRqtjFmXruvM:&tbnh=127&tbnw=117&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dhuman%2Bbody%2Bcell%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26gbv%3D2%26biw%3D1280%26bih%3D559%26tbs%3Disch:10%2C490&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=770&vpy=175&dur=5260&hovh=226&hovw=223&tx=130&ty=136&ei=pepzTKA8xf-WB86micgI&oei=nOpzTLyEA8T68Ab68bm9CA&esq=2&page=2&ndsp=23&ved=1t:429,r:12,s:22&biw=1280&bih=559
http://www.pgbeautygroomingscience.com/assets/images/wosc/Chapter%202/Function%20Dermis%201.jpg
http://susty.com/image/ecosystem-diagram-wedged-tailed-eagle-kookaburra-bird-rabbit-mouse-grass-snake-grasshopper-food-web-illustration-arrows-image.gifhttp://ettc.lrhsd.org/archives/Pictures/138-microscopes-lg.jpg
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