Lecture 1:

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

ContentDefinition of AITypical AI problemsPractical impact of AIApproaches of AILimits of AIBrief history of AI

Approaches to AI

Systems that think like humans.

Systems that think rationally.

Systems that act like humans.

Systems that Act rationally.

humans like performance.

Ideal performance.(rationality)

Thought /reasoning

behavior.

Turing Test.

Cognitive Science

rationality.

Laws of thoughts/logic

System that Think like Humans

"The exciting new effort to make computers think . . . machines with minds, in the full and literal sense“

(Haugeland, 1985)

System that Think rationally

"The study of the computations that make

it possible to perceive, reason, and act"

(Winston, 1992)

System that Act like Humans

"The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people are better"

(Rich and Knight, 1 99 1 )

System that Act Rationally"The branch of computer science

that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior“

(Luger and Stubblefield, 1993)

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Turing Test

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The Turing Test: ResultIf the interrogator cannot distinguish

between a human and computer

Then computer system does possesses Artificial Intelligence

Typical AI ProblemsEveryday

Planning routeRecognizing(through vision)people, objectsCommunicate (through NL)Navigating

Expert taskMedical diagnosisMathematical problem solving

Practical Impact of AIAI system are in everyday use

detecting credit card fraudconfiguring productsaiding complex planning tasksadvising physicianscopy machine

ALVINN

Deep Blue•In 1997 the program beats• developed at IBM•world chess champion Gary Kasparov

RoboCup

Robots must cooperate in…Strategy acquisitionReal-time reasoningMulti-agent collaborationCompetition against

another team of robots

RoboCup

Each robot has…Pentium 233MHzLinux OSVideo camera and

frame grabberSensor SystemKicker

Machine translationPhraselatorspeechlator

Autonomous AgentMars Rover

spirit opportunity

Approaches to AIStrong AI

Self aware and whose overall intellectual ability is indistinguishable from that of a human being

Weak AISimulate intelligent behavior

Applied AIMake viable smart systems

Cognitive AItest theories about how the human mind works

Limits of AI TodayToday successful AI systems

operate in well defined specific domains employing narrow or specialized

knowledge

Commonsense knowledgeneeded in complex open ended worlds understanding unconstrained natural

language

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What is AIWhat means “behave rationally” for a

person/system:Take the right/ best action to achieve the goals,

based on his/its knowledge and beliefExample. Assume I don’t like to get wet (my goal),

so I bring an umbrella (my action). Do I behave rationally?The answer is dependent on my knowledge and

beliefIf I’ve heard the forecast for rain and I believe it,

then bringing the umbrella is rational.If I’ve not heard the forecast for rain and I do not

believe that it is going to rain, then bringing the umbrella is not rational.

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What is AINote on behave rationally or rationality“Behave rationally” does not always achieve the

goals successfullyExample.

My goals – (1) do not get wet if rain; (2) do not be looked stupid (such as bring an umbrella when no raining)

My knowledge/belief – weather forecast for rain and I believe it

My rational behaviour – bring an umbrella The outcome of my behaviour: If rain, then my rational

behaviour achieves both goals; If not rain, then my rational behaviour fails to achieve the 2nd goal

The successfulness of “behave rationally” is limited by my knowledge and belief

AI HistoryThe concept of intelligent machines is found

in Greek mythology. In 8th century: Pygmalion Hephaestus created a huge robot Talos to

guard Crete

Foundations

Assignment 1Write the brief historical

background of AI along with its timely counter development.Requirements

Need hard and soft copyMaximum 4 pagesShould be in a proper formatLast date of submission 29 October

2014