Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

Pg. 9 IAN- Set Up Cornell Style

Using the Saladin book or your phone, what is the difference between macroscopic and microscopic anatomy?

Human Functions All humans are able to perform the

following functions:1) Responsiveness: respond to

changes in our environment• i.e.: pull hand away from hot surface

2) Growth: an increase in the size & # of cells over our lifetime• As cells multiply, they differentiate to

perform specific functions

Human Functions (con’t) 3) Reproduction: creates new generations

of humans Male sperm cell + female egg cell fuse to

form zygote → new human baby 4) Movement: may be internal (circulating

blood) or external (walking to class) 5) Metabolism: all the chemical reactions

that occur in the body i.e.: respiration, hormone release, neuron

signals

“Anatomy” vs. “Physiology” The structure of an organism and the

functions it performs are inseparable “Anatomy”= structure

Includes both the internal & external parts and the relationship between them

“Physiology”= functionHow an organism performs the vital

processes of life

Anatomy: a closer look Anatomy is studied on 2 levels:

A) Gross Anatomy: (“macroscopic”) includes large structures on surface within a certain region, or entire organ systems

B) Microscopic Anatomy: requires magnification to view• Includes molecules, cells, and tissues

Physiology: a closer look Human physiology can be divided into 4

categories: A) Cell: includes chemical processes within

and among cells B) Special: studies specific organs (i.e.:

heart, kidney, brain) C) Systemic: studies entire organ systems

(i.e.: circulatory, urinary) D) Pathological: studies effects of disease

on organs or organ systems

Pg.7 Add on To Concept Map Organ Systems

11 organ systems are categorized according to their major function

Some organs may belong to 2+ organ systems (i.e. male urethra) A) Protection, Support, Movement

• 1) Integumentary System• 2) Skeletal System• 3) Muscular System

B) Internal Communication & Integration• 4) Nervous System• 5) Endocrine System

Pg. 7Concept Map Organ Systems (con’t)

C) Fluid Transport & Defense• 6) Circulatory System• 7) Lymphatic System

D) Input & Output• 8) Respiratory System• 9) Urinary System• 10) Digestive System

E) Reproduction• 11) Reproductive System

Pg. 19 Levels of Organization

1) Chemical: atoms & molecules 2) Cellular: molecules combine to form

cells & their organelles 3) Tissue: similar cells combine to form

tissues 4) Organ: 2+ tissues combine to form

organs 5) Organ Systems: interaction of organs

designed to perform the same general function

6) Organism: combination of all organ systems within a body (the whole person)

Homeostasis- Pg. 21 “A stable internal environment”

Physiological processes must adjust to maintain this Includes:

A) Receptors: take in environmental stimuli B) Control Center: receives & processes info from

receptors C) Effectors: respond to commands of control center

• May ↑ or ↓ the effect of the stimulus If body is not able to maintain homeostasis, result is

illness or disease

Homeostasis: Negative Feedback- Pg. 21

Any variation that triggers an automatic response that returns the system to homeostasisMOST homeostatic reactions in the

bodyi.e.: Thermoregulation: regulation of

body temp by shivering, sweating, etc.

Homeostasis: Positive Feedback- Pg. 21

Initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces that stimulus

Used for potentially dangerous or stressful processes that must be completed quicklyi.e.: Blood clotting

Pg. 23 Anatomical Position

Standard frame of referenceStanding facing forwardFeet forwardArms Supine: palms forward

• Prone: palms rearward

**When subject is in proper anatomical position, their Right = your Left

Anatomical Planes

Plane: imaginary flat surface passing through body

3 Planes: 1) Sagittal: vertical = L/R

• Midsagittal: down center• Parasagittal: parallel to midsag.

2) Frontal/Coronal: perpendicular to sagittal = front/back

3) Transverse/Horizontal/Cross-Sectional: perpendic. to long axis = top/bottom

Directional Terms Used to describe location of structures in the body May be combined for precision

i.e.: dorsolateral = towards back and side May have different meanings in humans

b/c of bipedalism i.e.: ventral, anterior, posterior

See Table 1-2 p. 19

Anatomical Regions- Pg. 27 I Axial Region

Head, Neck, Trunk (thoracic & abdominal regions)• Abdominal Region further

divided into:• 4 Quadrants OR• 9 Regions

II Appendicular Region Appendages (limbs)

• Upper: arm, forearm, wrist, hand, fingers

• Lower: thigh, leg, ankle, foot, toes

Body Cavities

Internal chambers that: A) protect internal organs B) permit changes in size & shape or organs w/out

disrupting surrounding organs Most major organs located in the ventral body

cavity (“coelom”) Divided into thoracic (upper) and abdominopelvic

(lower) cavities by the diaphragm

Body Cavities (con’t)

Viscera: internal organs located w/in the ventral body cavitiesSurrounded by moist internal space

Serous Membrane: thin tissue layer that creates a fluid-filled sac around an organVisceral layer: covers viscera (organ)Parietal layer: lines inner surface of body

wall

Thoracic Cavity (upper) Divided into 3 chambers:

A) Pericardial Cavity: the heart• Serous membrane called pericardium• Surrounded by the mediastinum

(connective tissue)B) R & L Pleural Cavities: the lungs

• Serous membrane called pleura

Abdominopelvic Cavity Extends from:

Upper Abdomen• Contains the liver, spleen, stomach, small

intestine, most of large intestine to Lower Pelvis

• Contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, distal portion of large intestine

Contains Peritoneal Cavity Serous membrane is called peritoneum

Viewing Internal Structures Various technology is employed to view

internal body cavities & organs: 1) X-rays: high energy radiation; creates b/w

2-D image 2) CT Scan: single beam of X-rays; creates

b/w or color image in 3-D 3) MRI Scan: uses magnetic field to

manipulate atoms; creates highly detailed color image

4) Ultrasound: uses high frequency sound waves; low clarity but very safe to use