Introduction to Anatomy

7th Grade

Learning Objectives

•Be familiar with the four basic tissue types

•Know the functions of the major organ systems and

be able to recognize key organs in those systems.

•Be familiar with the pathway of circulation.

Anatomy

•The study of structure and design of

living things

•Tells you the "what is it" and the

"where is it"

Tissues

•Tissue is made up of a collection of cells which perform the same

function.

•4 basic tissue types:

Epithelial Tissues

•Lines the internal and external body surface

oSkin

oMucosal lining hollow organs

Connective Tissue

•Provides support, strength, and elasticity

oBones

oCartilage

oBlood

oFat

Muscle

•able to contract and is responsible for motion

oSkeletal (striated)

oCardiac (striated)

oSmooth

Nervous

•responsible for communication between and regulation of other

tissues

obrain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

Muscle and Nerve

Tissues

•Epithelial tissue – lines internal and external body surfaces, also forms

glands

oEx: skin, lining of hollow organs

•Connective tissue – provides support, strength and elasticity

oEx: bone, cartilage, blood, fat

•Muscle – able to contract and is responsible for motion

oEx: skeletal, cardiac, smooth

•Nervous tissue – responsible for communication between and regulation

of other tissues

oEx: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

Organs

•An organ is composed of several different types of tissue working

together to perform a specific function in the body.

•Most organs include all four types of tissue.

•Each organ is part of a group of organs that function together otherwise

known as an organ system.

•Homeostasis: The ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain

internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes.

Organ Systems

System Major Tissues &Organs

Skin Skin, sweat glands, hair

Skeletal Bones, cartilage

Muscular Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac

muscle

Circulatory Heart, arteries, veins

Respiratory Trachea, lungs, diaphragm

Nervous Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

Endocrine thyroid, pituitary, adrenal glands

Digestive Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver,

pancreas, salivary glands

Reproductive Female: ovaries, uterus, vagina

Male: testes, penis

Immune/Lymphatic Spleen, lymph nodes, blood

Excretory Kidneys, bladder

Skin/Skeletal/Muscle

•Skin: Protects the external surfaces of

the body, helps regulate body

temperature

3 layers: epidermis, dermis, and

subcutaneous tissue

•Muscle: Responsible for movement

and support of limbs and organs

Skeleton

•Axial: supports and

protects the organs of

the head, neck, and

torso

o the skull, ear

ossicles, hyoid bone,

vertebral column, and

rib cage.

•Appendicular: pectoral

and pelvic limb girdles

and bones of the free

appendages. The

girdles provide a

supporting base onto

which the usually

mobile limbs attach

Circulatory

•Transports blood containing

02, nutrients and hormones

•Collects waste and toxins from

tissues and transports them to

the appropriate organs for

disposal

Cardiac Cycle

•Posterior/Anterior vena cava

•Right atrium

•Tricuspid valve

•Right ventricle

•Pulmonary valve

•Pulmonary artery

•Lungs

•Pulmonary vein

•Left atrium

•Mitral valve

•Left ventricle

•Aortic valve

•Aorta

•Arteries

•Arterioles

•Capillaries

•Venules

•Veins

Circulatory Pathway

Respiratory

•Our cells need oxygen to survive. They also

produce carbon dioxide and other waste

that must be removed.

•O2 in the lungs is taken up by the blood,

and in exchange CO2 is released from the

blood into the lungs.

•Bronchial tree:

trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli

Digestive

•The body obtains nutrients from

food, but most foods must be

broken down before cells can

actually use them.

•The digestive system produces

acids, enzymes, and other

chemicals that degrade the food

into particles small enough for the

cells to use.

•Mouth Esophagus Stomach

Small intestine (duodenum,

jejunum, ileum) Large intestine

(ascending, transverse,

descending, sigmoid)

Digestive

•Peristalsis - the rhythmic contraction of

smooth muscles to propel contents

through the digestive tract.

Nervous System

•The nervous system uses electrical

signals to control and communicate with

other tissues of the body.

•Consists of central and peripheral

nervous systems

•Made up of neurons and glial (support)

cells.

“Command

Center”

Autonomic Nervous System

Parasympathetic

“Rest and Digest”

Sympathetic

“Fight or Flight”

Endocrine

•Produces and

secretes chemical

messages (a.k.a.

hormones) though

the body via the

bloodstream.

•These hormones

control and

regulate other

tissues and are

important for cell

growth and

development.

Reproductive

•Produces sex cells and hormones necessary for reproduction.

•Males produce sperm while females produce eggs.

•Males also produce testosterone, the male sex hormone, while women

produce estrogen, the female sex hormone.

Female Mal

e

Excretory

•The excretory system filters out chemical waste,

toxins, and excess water from the body.

Lymphatic

•The immune system

protects the body from

infection by identifying

and killing foreign

pathogens.

•The lymphatic system

works with the immune

system by draining

infected fluid from the

body

Organ Systems

System Major Tissues &Organs

Skin Skin, sweat glands, hair

Skeletal Bones, cartilage

Muscular Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac

muscle

Circulatory Heart, arteries, veins

Respiratory Trachea, lungs, diaphragm

Nervous Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

Endocrine thyroid, pituitary, adrenal glands

Digestive Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver,

pancreas, salivary glands

Reproductive Female: ovaries, uterus, vagina

Male: testes, penis

Immune/Lymphatic Spleen, lymph nodes, blood

Excretory Kidneys, bladder