Introduction to Anatomy and PhysiologyUnit 1

So what will we study?

1. anatomy – structure of the body2. physiology – process of functions of

living things

The Body Plananatomical position:

standing straight, facing forward, arms at sides with palms forward

supine: lying face upward

prone: lying face downward

Body Orientation and Directional Terms• Superior (cranial): toward

the head, upper

• Inferior (caudal): away from head, below

Example:

The forehead is superior to the nose.

Body Orientation and Directional Terms

• Anterior (ventral): toward the front, in front of

• Posterior (dorsal): toward the back, behind

Example: The heart is posterior to the sternum.

Body Orientation and Directional Terms• Medial: toward the midline

of the body, on the inner side

• Lateral: away from the midline of the body, on the outer side

• Intermediate: between a more medial and a more lateral structure. Example: The eye is lateral

to the bridge of the nose.

NOTE: USED FOR APPENDAGES ONLY!!!

• Proximal: closer to the point of limb attachment

• Distal: farther from the point of limb attachment

Example: The elbow is proximal to the wrist.

A few more terms

right leftventral - bellydorsal – backsuperficial – close to surface of

bodydeep – toward interior of body

arm = shoulder to elbowforearm = elbow to wrist

thigh = hip to kneeleg = knee to ankle

trunk▫ thorax▫ abdomen▫ pelvis

Regional Termsaxial: making up the

main axis of the body (head, neck, trunk)

appendicular: consisting of appendages or limbs

REGIONAL TERMS

FRONTAL

ORBITAL

BUCCAL

MENTAL

STERNAL

PECTORAL

MAMMARY

TH

OR

AC

IC

UMBILICAL (NAVAL)

NASALORAL

CERVICAL

ACROMIAL

AXILLARY

ABDOMINAL

BRACHIAL

ANTECUBITAL

ANTEBRACHIAL

PELVIC

CARPAL

POLLEX

PALMAR

DIGITAL

PUBIC

COXAL

INGUINAL (GROIN)

FEMORAL

PATELLAR

CRURAL

PERONEAL (side of leg)

PESTARSAL

DIGITALHALLUX

CEPHALIC (CRANIAL)

OTIC (EAR)

OCCIPITAL

DELTOID

VERTEBRAL

SCAPULAR

BRACHIAL

DORSUM

OLECRANAL

LUMBAR

SACRAL

GLUTEAL

PERINEAL

DORSUM OF HAND

FEMORAL

POPLITEAL

SURAL (CALF)

CALCANEAL (HEEL)

PLANTAR (SOLE)

Quadrants and Regions of abdomen

Planes of the Bodysagittal – vertical L/Rmedian (midsagittal) – sagittal

through midlinetransverse or horizontal –

parallel to ground frontal or coronal – vertical

front/back

Sagittal plane

Coronal section of the brain

Transverse Plane of the Body

Planes of Organslongitudinal section:

cut through long axis of organ

transverse or cross section: cut at right angle to longitudinal

oblique: cut across longitudinal

Body Cavities and Membranes

Body Cavity: major, closed compartment containing internal organs.

Dorsal Body Cavity

Cranial Cavity

Vertebral Cavity

Dorsal Body Cavity: cavity encasing the brain and spinal cord.

• Ventral Body Cavity: houses a group of organs called the viscera.

• Thoracic Cavity: cavity surrounded by the ribs and chest muscles.

• Pleural Cavities: each houses a lung

• Mediastinum: contains the pericardial cavity housing the heart, esophagus, trachea...

Mediastinum

Pleural

Pericardial

Ventral Body Cavity

• Abdominopelvic Cavity: cavity surrounded by abdominal muscles and pelvic girdle.▫ Abdominal Cavity:

contains stomach, liver, spleen, intestines, etc...

▫ Pelvic Cavity: bladder, some reproductive organs, rectum...

• Diaphragm: large, dome-shaped muscle separating the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Pelvic Cavity

Diaphragm

Abdominal cavity

Ventral Body Cavity

Serous Membrane (serosa): thin, double-layered membrane lining body cavities and surrounding internal organs.

Parietal Serosa: the part of the membrane lining cavity walls

Visceral Serosa: the part of the membrane covering the organs

Serous Fluid: lubricating fluid between the parietal and visceral serosa

Other Body Cavities

– most open to body’s exterior

Oral and Digestive Cavities: contains mouth, teeth, tongue, interior of digestive organs, anus

Nasal Cavity: part of the passages of the respiratory system

Orbital Cavity: houses the eyes

Middle Ear Cavities: contains bones that transmit sound to the inner ear.

Diaphragm

StomachTransverse Colon

Descending Colon

Sigmoid Colon

Urinary Bladder

Appendix

CecumSmall Intestine

Ascending ColonGallbladder

Liver

Organs of the Trunk

Characteristics of Life1. organization▫ Parts of an organism have specific relationships to each

other.▫ Parts interact to perform specific functions.▫ Cell is basic structural and functional unit of an

organism.

levels of structural organization

atoms molecules cells tissues organs organ systems organisms

Characteristics of Life2. metabolism ▫ ability to use energy to carry out growth,

movement, and reproduction

3. responsiveness ▫ ability to sense changes in the internal and

external environment and make the adjustments that help maintain life

4. growth▫ increase in size of all or part of the organism

Characteristics of Life

5. development▫ changes an organism undergoes over time

starts at fertilization and goes to death growth and differentiation(general to specific)

6. reproduction▫ formation of new cells or organisms▫ allows for growth and tissue repair

7.respiration▫ obtaining and using oxygen▫ removal of toxic waste

Characteristics of Life

8. absorption▫ passage of digestive products through

membranes

9. circulation▫ movement of substances from place to place

10.assimilation▫ supplies cells with nutrients ▫ changes them to substances the body needs

11.excretion▫ removal of wastes produced by body parts

Maintenance of Life

quantities and qualities1.water▫ Metabolic processes are carried out in

water.2.food▫ energy source▫ source of vitamins, minerals that regulate

vital chemical reactions3.oxygen▫ releases energy from food substances

Maintenance of Life

4. heat▫ released from chemical reactions

5. pressure▫ pressing or compressing action

Homeostasis • existence and maintenance of constant

environment within the body▫ variables: temperature, volume, chemical content of

cellular fluid MUST be within normal value (set point); normal range

• Homeostasis is a dynamic condition in response to changing conditions.▫ Organ systems help control the internal environment, i.e.

removing wastes, getting nutrients.

How?Negative feedback systems• Any deviation from the set

point is made smaller or resisted.

• does NOT prevent variation• maintains variation within

normal1.receptor – monitors value

of variable2.control center – establishes

set point around which variable is maintained

3.effector – can change value of variable

Predict #1Donating a pint of blood reduces blood volume which

results in a decrease of blood pressure (just as air pressure in a tire decreases when air is let out of the tire). What effect does donating blood have on heart rate? What would happen if a negative-feedback mechanism did not return the value of the some parameter such as blood pressure to its normal range?

Positive feedback system

• If deviation outside normal occurs, this feedback makes deviation greater.

• not homeostatic• rare in healthy people

DehydrationMild to moderate causes:

•excessive thirst•sleepiness or tiredness•dry mouth•decreased urine output (8 hours or more

w/out urination)• few or no tears•muscle weakness•headache•dizziness or lightheadedness

Severe can cause:

•extreme thirst•extreme fussiness or sleepiness in children• irritability and confusion in adults•very dry mouth, skin and mucous

membranes• lack of sweating• little or no urination (urine will be dark

yellow or amber)

•sunken eyes•shriveled and dry skin that lacks elasticity•sunken fontanels in infants• low blood pressure• rapid heart beat• fever•delirium or unconsciousness in the most

severe cases

Predict #2Is the sensation of thirst associated with a negative

or positive feedback mechanism? Explain.Hint: What is being regulated when one becomes

thirsty?