Introduction This project used cosmic rays to test a prototype Minimum Bias Trigger Scintillator...
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Introduction This project used cosmic rays to test a prototype Minimum Bias Trigger Scintillator (MBTS) that will be used in the ATLAS experiment at CERN (Fig. 1). The efficiency of the MBTS counter at detecting minimum ionizing particles was characterized. Two separate sections in the MBTS prototype were tested. Materials and Methods A simple apparatus was built to test the MBTS counter. The MBTS scintillator was laid horizontally on a table, supported by wooden blocks. Two trigger counters sandwiched the MBTS counter and were used as a cosmic telescope to select cosmic rays passing through it (Fig. 2). The MBTS counter was read out with Tile Calorimeter electronics. The signal out of the trigger cable was measured with additional electronics, including a pulse height analyzer (Fig. 3). Acknowledgments I am grateful to Professor Jim Pilcher for supervising this project. I also thank Kelby Anderson and the rest of the ATLAS group at the University of Chicago for their help. Results The efficiency of the cosmic telescope was measured as a function of the photomultiplier HV for one trigger counter (Fig. 4a). The PMT high voltage for the other trigger counter was fixed to 1600V for full efficiency. The efficiency of the cosmic telescope was also measured as a function of the relative delay imposed between the signals from the two trigger scintillators (Fig. 4b). Conclusions The efficiency of a prototype Minimum Bias Trigger Scintillator was measured using cosmic rays. The default (low gain) trigger output of the 3-in-1 electronics card did not provide sufficient signal-to-noise ratio to trigger with full efficiency. Rerouting the trigger output to derive from the high gain output boosted the gain by a factor of 64. The number of photoelectrons produced per MIP and the signal-to-noise ratios for the MBTS counter will be incorporated in the GEANT full simulation in the future. These will be used along with the expected charged multiplicity to set requirements for triggering ATLAS on MBTS signals when the LHC turns on. Testing Minimum Bias Trigger Scintillators with Cosmic Rays Eric Feng Supervisor: Professor James Pilcher Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 Literature cited M. Nessi. Minimum Bias Trigger Scintillator Counters (MBTS) For Early ATLAS Running. Technical report, CERN, 2004. S. Eidelman, et al. Review of Particle Physics. Physics Letters B, 592:1+, 2004. D.E. Groom, N.V. Mokhov, and S.I. Striganov. Muon Stopping Power and Range Tables: 10 MeV-100TeV. Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, 78:183–356, 2001. A. Artikov, D. Chokheli, J. Huston, B. Miller, and M. Nessi. Minimum Bias Scintillator Counter Geometry. Technical Report AT-GE-ES-0001, CERN, 2004. Fig. 2. Elevation view of the cosmic telescope. Fig. 3. Flow chart of the MBTS readout chain. Fig. 4(a,b). Cosmic telescope efficiency. The 3-in-1 electronics card in the photomultiplier tube reading out the MBTS counter was modified to derive the trigger output from the high gain output instead of the low gain, increasing the signal by a factor of 64. The integrated signal charge from the trigger cable is shown in Fig. 5(a-d). For further information Please contact [email protected]. The poster and the final report for this project can be found at http://home.uchicago.edu/~ejfeng/ . Fig. 6. Monte Carlo prediction of the energy deposited in the MBTS counter. Signa l 8X Linear Amplifier 5X Attenuator High Pass Filter (τ ~ 5ms) Pulse Height Analyzer Differential- to Single- Ended Converter Cosmic Telescope PMT (3-in-1 Card) Low Gain High Gain Trigger Summing Card 80m Trigger Cable 3m Optical Fiber MBTS Counter Trigg er ATLFast, the fast simulation program for ATLAS, was used to determine the charged particle multiplicity in a single LHC bunch crossing. The charged multiplicity for a section of the MBTS counter is shown in Fig. 8(a-b). The charged multiplicity for the entire region spanned by the MBTS counters is shown in Fig. 9. The number of photoelectrons produced per minimum ionizing particle (MIP) was measured to be: • 7.4 for the outer section of the MBTS counter • 10.3 for the inner section. A Monte Carlo simulation was performed to simulate the experiment. The predicted energy deposited in the counter is shown in Fig. 6. The predicted number of photoelectrons per MIP is shown in Fig. 7(a,b). The predicted signal shape agrees well with the shape of the measured signal in Fig. 5(b,d). Fig. 1. Planned deployment of the MBTS counters in the ATLAS detector. 3.6m 3.6m 88cm 43cm 14cm Fig. 5(a-d). Each plot has three spectra: • Scintillator signal (red): This is the signal charge with the photomultiplier HV set to 900V for maximum gain. • Total noise (blue): This is the noise associated with the system, including the TileCal electronics. This noise was measured by turning off the HV to the photomultiplier. • Measurement noise (green): This is the noise introduced by the electronics used to measure the signal out of the trigger cable; it excludes the noise of any Tile Fig. 9. Charged particle multiplicity expected in the entire region spanned by the MBTS counters. Fig. 8(a,b). The charged multiplicity expected in the outer section and the inner section of a counter in a single LHC bunch crossing. Fig. 7(a,b). Monte Carlo prediction of the number of photoelectrons produced per MIP. Cosmic Ray Trigger Scintillator Trigger Scintillator Lead bricks MBTS The probability that no charged particles pass through any of the MBTS counters in one bunch crossing is 0.3%. The probability of fewer than three charged particles is 2.25%. The energy deposition follows a Landau distribution. The mean energy deposited is calculated from the Bethe-Bloch formula. The number of photoelectrons reflects the composition of the Landau distribution for energy deposition with a Poisson distribution for photon statistics.
Introduction This project used cosmic rays to test a prototype Minimum Bias Trigger Scintillator (MBTS) that will be used in the ATLAS experiment at CERN
Introduction This project used cosmic rays to test a prototype
Minimum Bias Trigger Scintillator (MBTS) that will be used in the
ATLAS experiment at CERN (Fig. 1). The efficiency of the MBTS
counter at detecting minimum ionizing particles was characterized.
Two separate sections in the MBTS prototype were tested. Materials
and Methods A simple apparatus was built to test the MBTS counter.
The MBTS scintillator was laid horizontally on a table, supported
by wooden blocks. Two trigger counters sandwiched the MBTS counter
and were used as a cosmic telescope to select cosmic rays passing
through it (Fig. 2). The MBTS counter was read out with Tile
Calorimeter electronics. The signal out of the trigger cable was
measured with additional electronics, including a pulse height
analyzer (Fig. 3). Acknowledgments I am grateful to Professor Jim
Pilcher for supervising this project. I also thank Kelby Anderson
and the rest of the ATLAS group at the University of Chicago for
their help. Results The efficiency of the cosmic telescope was
measured as a function of the photomultiplier HV for one trigger
counter (Fig. 4a). The PMT high voltage for the other trigger
counter was fixed to 1600V for full efficiency. The efficiency of
the cosmic telescope was also measured as a function of the
relative delay imposed between the signals from the two trigger
scintillators (Fig. 4b). Conclusions The efficiency of a prototype
Minimum Bias Trigger Scintillator was measured using cosmic rays.
The default (low gain) trigger output of the 3-in-1 electronics
card did not provide sufficient signal-to-noise ratio to trigger
with full efficiency. Rerouting the trigger output to derive from
the high gain output boosted the gain by a factor of 64. The number
of photoelectrons produced per MIP and the signal-to-noise ratios
for the MBTS counter will be incorporated in the GEANT full
simulation in the future. These will be used along with the
expected charged multiplicity to set requirements for triggering
ATLAS on MBTS signals when the LHC turns on. Testing Minimum Bias
Trigger Scintillators with Cosmic Rays Eric Feng Supervisor:
Professor James Pilcher Department of Physics, University of
Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 Literature cited M. Nessi. Minimum Bias
Trigger Scintillator Counters (MBTS) For Early ATLAS Running.
Technical report, CERN, 2004. S. Eidelman, et al. Review of
Particle Physics. Physics Letters B, 592:1+, 2004. D.E. Groom, N.V.
Mokhov, and S.I. Striganov. Muon Stopping Power and Range Tables:
10 MeV-100TeV. Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, 78:183356,
2001. A. Artikov, D. Chokheli, J. Huston, B. Miller, and M. Nessi.
Minimum Bias Scintillator Counter Geometry. Technical Report
AT-GE-ES-0001, CERN, 2004. Fig. 2. Elevation view of the cosmic
telescope. Fig. 3. Flow chart of the MBTS readout chain. Fig.
4(a,b). Cosmic telescope efficiency. The 3-in-1 electronics card in
the photomultiplier tube reading out the MBTS counter was modified
to derive the trigger output from the high gain output instead of
the low gain, increasing the signal by a factor of 64. The
integrated signal charge from the trigger cable is shown in Fig.
5(a-d). For further information Please contact [email protected].
The poster and the final report for this project can be found at
http://home.uchicago.edu/~ejfeng/. Fig. 6. Monte Carlo prediction
of the energy deposited in the MBTS counter. Signal 8X Linear
Amplifier 5X Attenuator High Pass Filter ( ~ 5ms) Pulse Height
Analyzer Differential- to Single- Ended Converter Cosmic Telescope
PMT (3-in-1 Card) Low Gain High Gain Trigger Summing Card 80m
Trigger Cable 3m Optical Fiber MBTS Counter Trigger ATLFast, the
fast simulation program for ATLAS, was used to determine the
charged particle multiplicity in a single LHC bunch crossing. The
charged multiplicity for a section of the MBTS counter is shown in
Fig. 8(a-b). The charged multiplicity for the entire region spanned
by the MBTS counters is shown in Fig. 9. The number of
photoelectrons produced per minimum ionizing particle (MIP) was
measured to be: 7.4 for the outer section of the MBTS counter 10.3
for the inner section. A Monte Carlo simulation was performed to
simulate the experiment. The predicted energy deposited in the
counter is shown in Fig. 6. The predicted number of photoelectrons
per MIP is shown in Fig. 7(a,b). The predicted signal shape agrees
well with the shape of the measured signal in Fig. 5(b,d). Fig. 1.
Planned deployment of the MBTS counters in the ATLAS detector. 3.6m
88cm 43cm 14cm Fig. 5(a-d). Each plot has three spectra:
Scintillator signal (red): This is the signal charge with the
photomultiplier HV set to 900V for maximum gain. Total noise
(blue): This is the noise associated with the system, including the
TileCal electronics. This noise was measured by turning off the HV
to the photomultiplier. Measurement noise (green): This is the
noise introduced by the electronics used to measure the signal out
of the trigger cable; it excludes the noise of any Tile Calorimeter
electronics. Fig. 9. Charged particle multiplicity expected in the
entire region spanned by the MBTS counters. Fig. 8(a,b). The
charged multiplicity expected in the outer section and the inner
section of a counter in a single LHC bunch crossing. Fig. 7(a,b).
Monte Carlo prediction of the number of photoelectrons produced per
MIP. Cosmic Ray Trigger Scintillator Lead bricks MBTS The
probability that no charged particles pass through any of the MBTS
counters in one bunch crossing is 0.3%. The probability of fewer
than three charged particles is 2.25%. The energy deposition
follows a Landau distribution. The mean energy deposited is
calculated from the Bethe-Bloch formula. The number of
photoelectrons reflects the composition of the Landau distribution
for energy deposition with a Poisson distribution for photon
statistics.