Introduction

The use of enzymes in the diagnosis of disease is one of the important benefits derived from the intensive research in biochemistry since the 1940s

Enzymes have provided the basis for the field of clinical chemistry

It is however only within the recent past few decades that interest in diagnostic enzymology has multiplied

Many methods currently on record in the literature are not in wide use and there are still large areas of medical research in which the diagnostic potential of enzyme reactions has not been explored at all

Early Enzyme Discoveries

Some of the earliest studies were performed in 1835 by the Swedish chemist Jon Jakob Berzelius who termed their chemical action catalytic

It was not until 1926 however that the first enzyme was obtained in pure form a feat accomplished by James B Sumner of Cornell University

Sumner was able to isolate and crystallize the enzyme urease from the jack bean His work was to earn him the 1947 Nobel Prize

John H Northrop and Wendell M Stanley of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research shared the 1947 Nobel Prize with Sumner They discovered a complex procedure for isolating pepsin

Enzymes and Life Processes

The living cell is the site of tremendous biochemical activity called metabolism

This is the process of chemical and physical change which goes on continually in the living organism

Build-up of new tissue replacement of old tissue conversion of food to energy disposal of waste materials reproduction - all the activities that we characterize as life

The greatest majority of these biochemical reactions do not take place spontaneously

The phenomenon of catalysis makes possible biochemical reactions necessary for all life processes

Catalysis

Catalysis is defined as the acceleration of a chemical reaction by some substance which itself undergoes no permanent chemical change

The catalysts of biochemical reactions are enzymes and are responsible for bringing about almost all of the chemical reactions in living organisms

Without enzymes these reactions take place at a rate far too slow for the pace of metabolism

Chemical Nature of Enzymes

Many enzymes require the presence of other compounds - cofactors - before their catalytic activity can be exerted

This entire active complex is referred to as the holoenzyme ie apoenzyme (protein portion) plus the cofactor (coenzyme prosthetic group or metal-ion-activator) is called the holoenzyme

Apoenzyme + Cofactor = Holoenzyme

1 - A coenzyme - a non-protein organic substance which is dialyzable thermostable and loosely attached to the protein part2 - A prosthetic group - an organic substance which is dialyzable and thermostable which is firmly attached to the protein or apoenzyme portion3 - A metal-ion-activator - these include K+ Fe++ Fe++ Zn++ Mg++ Ca

Specificity of EnzymesOne of the properties of enzymes that makes them so important as diagnostic and research tools is the specificity they exhibit relative to the reactions they catalyze

Other enzymes will be specific for a particular type of chemical bond or functional group

In general there are four distinct types of specificity

A- Absolute specificity - the enzyme will catalyze only one reaction

B- Group specificity - the enzyme will act only on molecules that have specific functional groups such as amino phosphate and methyl groups

C- Linkage specificity - the enzyme will act on a particular type of chemical bond regardless of the rest of the molecular structure

D- Stereochemical specificity - the enzyme will act on a particular steric or optical isomer

Enzymes can be classified by the kind of chemical reaction catalyzed

1- Addition or removal of water A-Hydrolases - these include esterases carbohydrases nucleases deaminases amidases and proteasesB-Hydrases such as fumarase enolase aconitase and carbonic anhydrase

2- Transfer of electrons A-OxidasesB-Dehydrogenases

3- Transfer of a radical A-Transglycosidases - of monosaccharidesB-Transphosphorylases and phosphomutases - of a phosphate groupC-Transaminases - of amino groupB-Transmethylases - of a methyl groupC-Transacetylases - of an acetyl group

4- Splitting or forming a C-C bond A-Desmolases

5- Changing geometry or structure of a molecule A-Isomerases

6- Joining two molecules through hydrolysis of pyrophosphate bond in ATP or other tri-phosphate A- Ligases

Enzyme Kinetics Energy Levels

The enzyme is thought to reduce the path of the reaction This shortened path would require less energy for each molecule of substrate converted to product

Given a total amount of available energy more molecules of substrate would be converted when the enzyme is present (the shortened path) than when it is absent Hence the reaction is said to go faster in a given period of time

Enzyme Kinetics Basic Enzyme Reactions

The basic enzymatic reaction can be represented as follows

where E represents the enzyme catalyzing the reaction S the substrate the substance being changed and P the product of the reaction

If this reaction is combined with the original reaction above equation the following results

Chemical Equilibrium

The study of a large number of chemical reactions reveals that most do not go to true completion This is likewise true of enzymatically-catalyzed reactions This is due to the reversibility of most reactions In general

where K+1 is the forward reaction rate constant and K-1 is the rate constant for the reverse reactionCombining the two reactions gives Applying this general relationship to enzymatic reactions allows the equation

Equilbrium a steady state condition is reached when the forward reaction rates equal the backward rates This is the basic equation upon which most enzyme activity studies are based

Sugars Prefer To Be CyclicSugars Prefer To Be Cyclic

Carbohydrates Are Chiral Carbohydrates Are Chiral MoleculesMolecules

D

L

Glyceraldehyde

Typically but not always

bull L ndash amino acids

bull D - sugars

Hence these molecules have a measurable optical rotation which depends upon both the monomer residues and their conformation

Next to last carbon determines D or L

New carbon is added as C1

Fisher Formulas

Hormones

A hormone

Is a chemical messenger that carries a signal from one cell (or group of cells) to another via the blood

hormone A chemical secreted by cells in one part of the body that is transported in the bloodstream to other parts of the body where it affects particular target cells

- example hypothalamus pituitary

All multicellular organisms produce hormones

Endocrine hormone molecules are secreted (released) directly into the bloodstream while exocrine hormones (or ectohormones) are secreted directly into a duct and from the duct they either flow into the bloodstream or they flow from cell to cell by diffusion in a process known as paracrine signalling

Early Enzyme Discoveries

Some of the earliest studies were performed in 1835 by the Swedish chemist Jon Jakob Berzelius who termed their chemical action catalytic

It was not until 1926 however that the first enzyme was obtained in pure form a feat accomplished by James B Sumner of Cornell University

Sumner was able to isolate and crystallize the enzyme urease from the jack bean His work was to earn him the 1947 Nobel Prize

John H Northrop and Wendell M Stanley of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research shared the 1947 Nobel Prize with Sumner They discovered a complex procedure for isolating pepsin

Enzymes and Life Processes

The living cell is the site of tremendous biochemical activity called metabolism

This is the process of chemical and physical change which goes on continually in the living organism

Build-up of new tissue replacement of old tissue conversion of food to energy disposal of waste materials reproduction - all the activities that we characterize as life

The greatest majority of these biochemical reactions do not take place spontaneously

The phenomenon of catalysis makes possible biochemical reactions necessary for all life processes

Catalysis

Catalysis is defined as the acceleration of a chemical reaction by some substance which itself undergoes no permanent chemical change

The catalysts of biochemical reactions are enzymes and are responsible for bringing about almost all of the chemical reactions in living organisms

Without enzymes these reactions take place at a rate far too slow for the pace of metabolism

Chemical Nature of Enzymes

Many enzymes require the presence of other compounds - cofactors - before their catalytic activity can be exerted

This entire active complex is referred to as the holoenzyme ie apoenzyme (protein portion) plus the cofactor (coenzyme prosthetic group or metal-ion-activator) is called the holoenzyme

Apoenzyme + Cofactor = Holoenzyme

1 - A coenzyme - a non-protein organic substance which is dialyzable thermostable and loosely attached to the protein part2 - A prosthetic group - an organic substance which is dialyzable and thermostable which is firmly attached to the protein or apoenzyme portion3 - A metal-ion-activator - these include K+ Fe++ Fe++ Zn++ Mg++ Ca

Specificity of EnzymesOne of the properties of enzymes that makes them so important as diagnostic and research tools is the specificity they exhibit relative to the reactions they catalyze

Other enzymes will be specific for a particular type of chemical bond or functional group

In general there are four distinct types of specificity

A- Absolute specificity - the enzyme will catalyze only one reaction

B- Group specificity - the enzyme will act only on molecules that have specific functional groups such as amino phosphate and methyl groups

C- Linkage specificity - the enzyme will act on a particular type of chemical bond regardless of the rest of the molecular structure

D- Stereochemical specificity - the enzyme will act on a particular steric or optical isomer

Enzymes can be classified by the kind of chemical reaction catalyzed

1- Addition or removal of water A-Hydrolases - these include esterases carbohydrases nucleases deaminases amidases and proteasesB-Hydrases such as fumarase enolase aconitase and carbonic anhydrase

2- Transfer of electrons A-OxidasesB-Dehydrogenases

3- Transfer of a radical A-Transglycosidases - of monosaccharidesB-Transphosphorylases and phosphomutases - of a phosphate groupC-Transaminases - of amino groupB-Transmethylases - of a methyl groupC-Transacetylases - of an acetyl group

4- Splitting or forming a C-C bond A-Desmolases

5- Changing geometry or structure of a molecule A-Isomerases

6- Joining two molecules through hydrolysis of pyrophosphate bond in ATP or other tri-phosphate A- Ligases

Enzyme Kinetics Energy Levels

The enzyme is thought to reduce the path of the reaction This shortened path would require less energy for each molecule of substrate converted to product

Given a total amount of available energy more molecules of substrate would be converted when the enzyme is present (the shortened path) than when it is absent Hence the reaction is said to go faster in a given period of time

Enzyme Kinetics Basic Enzyme Reactions

The basic enzymatic reaction can be represented as follows

where E represents the enzyme catalyzing the reaction S the substrate the substance being changed and P the product of the reaction

If this reaction is combined with the original reaction above equation the following results

Chemical Equilibrium

The study of a large number of chemical reactions reveals that most do not go to true completion This is likewise true of enzymatically-catalyzed reactions This is due to the reversibility of most reactions In general

where K+1 is the forward reaction rate constant and K-1 is the rate constant for the reverse reactionCombining the two reactions gives Applying this general relationship to enzymatic reactions allows the equation

Equilbrium a steady state condition is reached when the forward reaction rates equal the backward rates This is the basic equation upon which most enzyme activity studies are based

Sugars Prefer To Be CyclicSugars Prefer To Be Cyclic

Carbohydrates Are Chiral Carbohydrates Are Chiral MoleculesMolecules

D

L

Glyceraldehyde

Typically but not always

bull L ndash amino acids

bull D - sugars

Hence these molecules have a measurable optical rotation which depends upon both the monomer residues and their conformation

Next to last carbon determines D or L

New carbon is added as C1

Fisher Formulas

Hormones

A hormone

Is a chemical messenger that carries a signal from one cell (or group of cells) to another via the blood

hormone A chemical secreted by cells in one part of the body that is transported in the bloodstream to other parts of the body where it affects particular target cells

- example hypothalamus pituitary

All multicellular organisms produce hormones

Endocrine hormone molecules are secreted (released) directly into the bloodstream while exocrine hormones (or ectohormones) are secreted directly into a duct and from the duct they either flow into the bloodstream or they flow from cell to cell by diffusion in a process known as paracrine signalling

Enzymes and Life Processes

The living cell is the site of tremendous biochemical activity called metabolism

This is the process of chemical and physical change which goes on continually in the living organism

Build-up of new tissue replacement of old tissue conversion of food to energy disposal of waste materials reproduction - all the activities that we characterize as life

The greatest majority of these biochemical reactions do not take place spontaneously

The phenomenon of catalysis makes possible biochemical reactions necessary for all life processes

Catalysis

Catalysis is defined as the acceleration of a chemical reaction by some substance which itself undergoes no permanent chemical change

The catalysts of biochemical reactions are enzymes and are responsible for bringing about almost all of the chemical reactions in living organisms

Without enzymes these reactions take place at a rate far too slow for the pace of metabolism

Chemical Nature of Enzymes

Many enzymes require the presence of other compounds - cofactors - before their catalytic activity can be exerted

This entire active complex is referred to as the holoenzyme ie apoenzyme (protein portion) plus the cofactor (coenzyme prosthetic group or metal-ion-activator) is called the holoenzyme

Apoenzyme + Cofactor = Holoenzyme

1 - A coenzyme - a non-protein organic substance which is dialyzable thermostable and loosely attached to the protein part2 - A prosthetic group - an organic substance which is dialyzable and thermostable which is firmly attached to the protein or apoenzyme portion3 - A metal-ion-activator - these include K+ Fe++ Fe++ Zn++ Mg++ Ca

Specificity of EnzymesOne of the properties of enzymes that makes them so important as diagnostic and research tools is the specificity they exhibit relative to the reactions they catalyze

Other enzymes will be specific for a particular type of chemical bond or functional group

In general there are four distinct types of specificity

A- Absolute specificity - the enzyme will catalyze only one reaction

B- Group specificity - the enzyme will act only on molecules that have specific functional groups such as amino phosphate and methyl groups

C- Linkage specificity - the enzyme will act on a particular type of chemical bond regardless of the rest of the molecular structure

D- Stereochemical specificity - the enzyme will act on a particular steric or optical isomer

Enzymes can be classified by the kind of chemical reaction catalyzed

1- Addition or removal of water A-Hydrolases - these include esterases carbohydrases nucleases deaminases amidases and proteasesB-Hydrases such as fumarase enolase aconitase and carbonic anhydrase

2- Transfer of electrons A-OxidasesB-Dehydrogenases

3- Transfer of a radical A-Transglycosidases - of monosaccharidesB-Transphosphorylases and phosphomutases - of a phosphate groupC-Transaminases - of amino groupB-Transmethylases - of a methyl groupC-Transacetylases - of an acetyl group

4- Splitting or forming a C-C bond A-Desmolases

5- Changing geometry or structure of a molecule A-Isomerases

6- Joining two molecules through hydrolysis of pyrophosphate bond in ATP or other tri-phosphate A- Ligases

Enzyme Kinetics Energy Levels

The enzyme is thought to reduce the path of the reaction This shortened path would require less energy for each molecule of substrate converted to product

Given a total amount of available energy more molecules of substrate would be converted when the enzyme is present (the shortened path) than when it is absent Hence the reaction is said to go faster in a given period of time

Enzyme Kinetics Basic Enzyme Reactions

The basic enzymatic reaction can be represented as follows

where E represents the enzyme catalyzing the reaction S the substrate the substance being changed and P the product of the reaction

If this reaction is combined with the original reaction above equation the following results

Chemical Equilibrium

The study of a large number of chemical reactions reveals that most do not go to true completion This is likewise true of enzymatically-catalyzed reactions This is due to the reversibility of most reactions In general

where K+1 is the forward reaction rate constant and K-1 is the rate constant for the reverse reactionCombining the two reactions gives Applying this general relationship to enzymatic reactions allows the equation

Equilbrium a steady state condition is reached when the forward reaction rates equal the backward rates This is the basic equation upon which most enzyme activity studies are based

Sugars Prefer To Be CyclicSugars Prefer To Be Cyclic

Carbohydrates Are Chiral Carbohydrates Are Chiral MoleculesMolecules

D

L

Glyceraldehyde

Typically but not always

bull L ndash amino acids

bull D - sugars

Hence these molecules have a measurable optical rotation which depends upon both the monomer residues and their conformation

Next to last carbon determines D or L

New carbon is added as C1

Fisher Formulas

Hormones

A hormone

Is a chemical messenger that carries a signal from one cell (or group of cells) to another via the blood

hormone A chemical secreted by cells in one part of the body that is transported in the bloodstream to other parts of the body where it affects particular target cells

- example hypothalamus pituitary

All multicellular organisms produce hormones

Endocrine hormone molecules are secreted (released) directly into the bloodstream while exocrine hormones (or ectohormones) are secreted directly into a duct and from the duct they either flow into the bloodstream or they flow from cell to cell by diffusion in a process known as paracrine signalling

Catalysis

Catalysis is defined as the acceleration of a chemical reaction by some substance which itself undergoes no permanent chemical change

The catalysts of biochemical reactions are enzymes and are responsible for bringing about almost all of the chemical reactions in living organisms

Without enzymes these reactions take place at a rate far too slow for the pace of metabolism

Chemical Nature of Enzymes

Many enzymes require the presence of other compounds - cofactors - before their catalytic activity can be exerted

This entire active complex is referred to as the holoenzyme ie apoenzyme (protein portion) plus the cofactor (coenzyme prosthetic group or metal-ion-activator) is called the holoenzyme

Apoenzyme + Cofactor = Holoenzyme

1 - A coenzyme - a non-protein organic substance which is dialyzable thermostable and loosely attached to the protein part2 - A prosthetic group - an organic substance which is dialyzable and thermostable which is firmly attached to the protein or apoenzyme portion3 - A metal-ion-activator - these include K+ Fe++ Fe++ Zn++ Mg++ Ca

Specificity of EnzymesOne of the properties of enzymes that makes them so important as diagnostic and research tools is the specificity they exhibit relative to the reactions they catalyze

Other enzymes will be specific for a particular type of chemical bond or functional group

In general there are four distinct types of specificity

A- Absolute specificity - the enzyme will catalyze only one reaction

B- Group specificity - the enzyme will act only on molecules that have specific functional groups such as amino phosphate and methyl groups

C- Linkage specificity - the enzyme will act on a particular type of chemical bond regardless of the rest of the molecular structure

D- Stereochemical specificity - the enzyme will act on a particular steric or optical isomer

Enzymes can be classified by the kind of chemical reaction catalyzed

1- Addition or removal of water A-Hydrolases - these include esterases carbohydrases nucleases deaminases amidases and proteasesB-Hydrases such as fumarase enolase aconitase and carbonic anhydrase

2- Transfer of electrons A-OxidasesB-Dehydrogenases

3- Transfer of a radical A-Transglycosidases - of monosaccharidesB-Transphosphorylases and phosphomutases - of a phosphate groupC-Transaminases - of amino groupB-Transmethylases - of a methyl groupC-Transacetylases - of an acetyl group

4- Splitting or forming a C-C bond A-Desmolases

5- Changing geometry or structure of a molecule A-Isomerases

6- Joining two molecules through hydrolysis of pyrophosphate bond in ATP or other tri-phosphate A- Ligases

Enzyme Kinetics Energy Levels

The enzyme is thought to reduce the path of the reaction This shortened path would require less energy for each molecule of substrate converted to product

Given a total amount of available energy more molecules of substrate would be converted when the enzyme is present (the shortened path) than when it is absent Hence the reaction is said to go faster in a given period of time

Enzyme Kinetics Basic Enzyme Reactions

The basic enzymatic reaction can be represented as follows

where E represents the enzyme catalyzing the reaction S the substrate the substance being changed and P the product of the reaction

If this reaction is combined with the original reaction above equation the following results

Chemical Equilibrium

The study of a large number of chemical reactions reveals that most do not go to true completion This is likewise true of enzymatically-catalyzed reactions This is due to the reversibility of most reactions In general

where K+1 is the forward reaction rate constant and K-1 is the rate constant for the reverse reactionCombining the two reactions gives Applying this general relationship to enzymatic reactions allows the equation

Equilbrium a steady state condition is reached when the forward reaction rates equal the backward rates This is the basic equation upon which most enzyme activity studies are based

Sugars Prefer To Be CyclicSugars Prefer To Be Cyclic

Carbohydrates Are Chiral Carbohydrates Are Chiral MoleculesMolecules

D

L

Glyceraldehyde

Typically but not always

bull L ndash amino acids

bull D - sugars

Hence these molecules have a measurable optical rotation which depends upon both the monomer residues and their conformation

Next to last carbon determines D or L

New carbon is added as C1

Fisher Formulas

Hormones

A hormone

Is a chemical messenger that carries a signal from one cell (or group of cells) to another via the blood

hormone A chemical secreted by cells in one part of the body that is transported in the bloodstream to other parts of the body where it affects particular target cells

- example hypothalamus pituitary

All multicellular organisms produce hormones

Endocrine hormone molecules are secreted (released) directly into the bloodstream while exocrine hormones (or ectohormones) are secreted directly into a duct and from the duct they either flow into the bloodstream or they flow from cell to cell by diffusion in a process known as paracrine signalling

Chemical Nature of Enzymes

Many enzymes require the presence of other compounds - cofactors - before their catalytic activity can be exerted

This entire active complex is referred to as the holoenzyme ie apoenzyme (protein portion) plus the cofactor (coenzyme prosthetic group or metal-ion-activator) is called the holoenzyme

Apoenzyme + Cofactor = Holoenzyme

1 - A coenzyme - a non-protein organic substance which is dialyzable thermostable and loosely attached to the protein part2 - A prosthetic group - an organic substance which is dialyzable and thermostable which is firmly attached to the protein or apoenzyme portion3 - A metal-ion-activator - these include K+ Fe++ Fe++ Zn++ Mg++ Ca

Specificity of EnzymesOne of the properties of enzymes that makes them so important as diagnostic and research tools is the specificity they exhibit relative to the reactions they catalyze

Other enzymes will be specific for a particular type of chemical bond or functional group

In general there are four distinct types of specificity

A- Absolute specificity - the enzyme will catalyze only one reaction

B- Group specificity - the enzyme will act only on molecules that have specific functional groups such as amino phosphate and methyl groups

C- Linkage specificity - the enzyme will act on a particular type of chemical bond regardless of the rest of the molecular structure

D- Stereochemical specificity - the enzyme will act on a particular steric or optical isomer

Enzymes can be classified by the kind of chemical reaction catalyzed

1- Addition or removal of water A-Hydrolases - these include esterases carbohydrases nucleases deaminases amidases and proteasesB-Hydrases such as fumarase enolase aconitase and carbonic anhydrase

2- Transfer of electrons A-OxidasesB-Dehydrogenases

3- Transfer of a radical A-Transglycosidases - of monosaccharidesB-Transphosphorylases and phosphomutases - of a phosphate groupC-Transaminases - of amino groupB-Transmethylases - of a methyl groupC-Transacetylases - of an acetyl group

4- Splitting or forming a C-C bond A-Desmolases

5- Changing geometry or structure of a molecule A-Isomerases

6- Joining two molecules through hydrolysis of pyrophosphate bond in ATP or other tri-phosphate A- Ligases

Enzyme Kinetics Energy Levels

The enzyme is thought to reduce the path of the reaction This shortened path would require less energy for each molecule of substrate converted to product

Given a total amount of available energy more molecules of substrate would be converted when the enzyme is present (the shortened path) than when it is absent Hence the reaction is said to go faster in a given period of time

Enzyme Kinetics Basic Enzyme Reactions

The basic enzymatic reaction can be represented as follows

where E represents the enzyme catalyzing the reaction S the substrate the substance being changed and P the product of the reaction

If this reaction is combined with the original reaction above equation the following results

Chemical Equilibrium

The study of a large number of chemical reactions reveals that most do not go to true completion This is likewise true of enzymatically-catalyzed reactions This is due to the reversibility of most reactions In general

where K+1 is the forward reaction rate constant and K-1 is the rate constant for the reverse reactionCombining the two reactions gives Applying this general relationship to enzymatic reactions allows the equation

Equilbrium a steady state condition is reached when the forward reaction rates equal the backward rates This is the basic equation upon which most enzyme activity studies are based

Sugars Prefer To Be CyclicSugars Prefer To Be Cyclic

Carbohydrates Are Chiral Carbohydrates Are Chiral MoleculesMolecules

D

L

Glyceraldehyde

Typically but not always

bull L ndash amino acids

bull D - sugars

Hence these molecules have a measurable optical rotation which depends upon both the monomer residues and their conformation

Next to last carbon determines D or L

New carbon is added as C1

Fisher Formulas

Hormones

A hormone

Is a chemical messenger that carries a signal from one cell (or group of cells) to another via the blood

hormone A chemical secreted by cells in one part of the body that is transported in the bloodstream to other parts of the body where it affects particular target cells

- example hypothalamus pituitary

All multicellular organisms produce hormones

Endocrine hormone molecules are secreted (released) directly into the bloodstream while exocrine hormones (or ectohormones) are secreted directly into a duct and from the duct they either flow into the bloodstream or they flow from cell to cell by diffusion in a process known as paracrine signalling

Many enzymes require the presence of other compounds - cofactors - before their catalytic activity can be exerted

This entire active complex is referred to as the holoenzyme ie apoenzyme (protein portion) plus the cofactor (coenzyme prosthetic group or metal-ion-activator) is called the holoenzyme

Apoenzyme + Cofactor = Holoenzyme

1 - A coenzyme - a non-protein organic substance which is dialyzable thermostable and loosely attached to the protein part2 - A prosthetic group - an organic substance which is dialyzable and thermostable which is firmly attached to the protein or apoenzyme portion3 - A metal-ion-activator - these include K+ Fe++ Fe++ Zn++ Mg++ Ca

Specificity of EnzymesOne of the properties of enzymes that makes them so important as diagnostic and research tools is the specificity they exhibit relative to the reactions they catalyze

Other enzymes will be specific for a particular type of chemical bond or functional group

In general there are four distinct types of specificity

A- Absolute specificity - the enzyme will catalyze only one reaction

B- Group specificity - the enzyme will act only on molecules that have specific functional groups such as amino phosphate and methyl groups

C- Linkage specificity - the enzyme will act on a particular type of chemical bond regardless of the rest of the molecular structure

D- Stereochemical specificity - the enzyme will act on a particular steric or optical isomer

Enzymes can be classified by the kind of chemical reaction catalyzed

1- Addition or removal of water A-Hydrolases - these include esterases carbohydrases nucleases deaminases amidases and proteasesB-Hydrases such as fumarase enolase aconitase and carbonic anhydrase

2- Transfer of electrons A-OxidasesB-Dehydrogenases

3- Transfer of a radical A-Transglycosidases - of monosaccharidesB-Transphosphorylases and phosphomutases - of a phosphate groupC-Transaminases - of amino groupB-Transmethylases - of a methyl groupC-Transacetylases - of an acetyl group

4- Splitting or forming a C-C bond A-Desmolases

5- Changing geometry or structure of a molecule A-Isomerases

6- Joining two molecules through hydrolysis of pyrophosphate bond in ATP or other tri-phosphate A- Ligases

Enzyme Kinetics Energy Levels

The enzyme is thought to reduce the path of the reaction This shortened path would require less energy for each molecule of substrate converted to product

Given a total amount of available energy more molecules of substrate would be converted when the enzyme is present (the shortened path) than when it is absent Hence the reaction is said to go faster in a given period of time

Enzyme Kinetics Basic Enzyme Reactions

The basic enzymatic reaction can be represented as follows

where E represents the enzyme catalyzing the reaction S the substrate the substance being changed and P the product of the reaction

If this reaction is combined with the original reaction above equation the following results

Chemical Equilibrium

The study of a large number of chemical reactions reveals that most do not go to true completion This is likewise true of enzymatically-catalyzed reactions This is due to the reversibility of most reactions In general

where K+1 is the forward reaction rate constant and K-1 is the rate constant for the reverse reactionCombining the two reactions gives Applying this general relationship to enzymatic reactions allows the equation

Equilbrium a steady state condition is reached when the forward reaction rates equal the backward rates This is the basic equation upon which most enzyme activity studies are based

Sugars Prefer To Be CyclicSugars Prefer To Be Cyclic

Carbohydrates Are Chiral Carbohydrates Are Chiral MoleculesMolecules

D

L

Glyceraldehyde

Typically but not always

bull L ndash amino acids

bull D - sugars

Hence these molecules have a measurable optical rotation which depends upon both the monomer residues and their conformation

Next to last carbon determines D or L

New carbon is added as C1

Fisher Formulas

Hormones

A hormone

Is a chemical messenger that carries a signal from one cell (or group of cells) to another via the blood

hormone A chemical secreted by cells in one part of the body that is transported in the bloodstream to other parts of the body where it affects particular target cells

- example hypothalamus pituitary

All multicellular organisms produce hormones

Endocrine hormone molecules are secreted (released) directly into the bloodstream while exocrine hormones (or ectohormones) are secreted directly into a duct and from the duct they either flow into the bloodstream or they flow from cell to cell by diffusion in a process known as paracrine signalling

Specificity of EnzymesOne of the properties of enzymes that makes them so important as diagnostic and research tools is the specificity they exhibit relative to the reactions they catalyze

Other enzymes will be specific for a particular type of chemical bond or functional group

In general there are four distinct types of specificity

A- Absolute specificity - the enzyme will catalyze only one reaction

B- Group specificity - the enzyme will act only on molecules that have specific functional groups such as amino phosphate and methyl groups

C- Linkage specificity - the enzyme will act on a particular type of chemical bond regardless of the rest of the molecular structure

D- Stereochemical specificity - the enzyme will act on a particular steric or optical isomer

Enzymes can be classified by the kind of chemical reaction catalyzed

1- Addition or removal of water A-Hydrolases - these include esterases carbohydrases nucleases deaminases amidases and proteasesB-Hydrases such as fumarase enolase aconitase and carbonic anhydrase

2- Transfer of electrons A-OxidasesB-Dehydrogenases

3- Transfer of a radical A-Transglycosidases - of monosaccharidesB-Transphosphorylases and phosphomutases - of a phosphate groupC-Transaminases - of amino groupB-Transmethylases - of a methyl groupC-Transacetylases - of an acetyl group

4- Splitting or forming a C-C bond A-Desmolases

5- Changing geometry or structure of a molecule A-Isomerases

6- Joining two molecules through hydrolysis of pyrophosphate bond in ATP or other tri-phosphate A- Ligases

Enzyme Kinetics Energy Levels

The enzyme is thought to reduce the path of the reaction This shortened path would require less energy for each molecule of substrate converted to product

Given a total amount of available energy more molecules of substrate would be converted when the enzyme is present (the shortened path) than when it is absent Hence the reaction is said to go faster in a given period of time

Enzyme Kinetics Basic Enzyme Reactions

The basic enzymatic reaction can be represented as follows

where E represents the enzyme catalyzing the reaction S the substrate the substance being changed and P the product of the reaction

If this reaction is combined with the original reaction above equation the following results

Chemical Equilibrium

The study of a large number of chemical reactions reveals that most do not go to true completion This is likewise true of enzymatically-catalyzed reactions This is due to the reversibility of most reactions In general

where K+1 is the forward reaction rate constant and K-1 is the rate constant for the reverse reactionCombining the two reactions gives Applying this general relationship to enzymatic reactions allows the equation

Equilbrium a steady state condition is reached when the forward reaction rates equal the backward rates This is the basic equation upon which most enzyme activity studies are based

Sugars Prefer To Be CyclicSugars Prefer To Be Cyclic

Carbohydrates Are Chiral Carbohydrates Are Chiral MoleculesMolecules

D

L

Glyceraldehyde

Typically but not always

bull L ndash amino acids

bull D - sugars

Hence these molecules have a measurable optical rotation which depends upon both the monomer residues and their conformation

Next to last carbon determines D or L

New carbon is added as C1

Fisher Formulas

Hormones

A hormone

Is a chemical messenger that carries a signal from one cell (or group of cells) to another via the blood

hormone A chemical secreted by cells in one part of the body that is transported in the bloodstream to other parts of the body where it affects particular target cells

- example hypothalamus pituitary

All multicellular organisms produce hormones

Endocrine hormone molecules are secreted (released) directly into the bloodstream while exocrine hormones (or ectohormones) are secreted directly into a duct and from the duct they either flow into the bloodstream or they flow from cell to cell by diffusion in a process known as paracrine signalling

Enzymes can be classified by the kind of chemical reaction catalyzed

1- Addition or removal of water A-Hydrolases - these include esterases carbohydrases nucleases deaminases amidases and proteasesB-Hydrases such as fumarase enolase aconitase and carbonic anhydrase

2- Transfer of electrons A-OxidasesB-Dehydrogenases

3- Transfer of a radical A-Transglycosidases - of monosaccharidesB-Transphosphorylases and phosphomutases - of a phosphate groupC-Transaminases - of amino groupB-Transmethylases - of a methyl groupC-Transacetylases - of an acetyl group

4- Splitting or forming a C-C bond A-Desmolases

5- Changing geometry or structure of a molecule A-Isomerases

6- Joining two molecules through hydrolysis of pyrophosphate bond in ATP or other tri-phosphate A- Ligases

Enzyme Kinetics Energy Levels

The enzyme is thought to reduce the path of the reaction This shortened path would require less energy for each molecule of substrate converted to product

Given a total amount of available energy more molecules of substrate would be converted when the enzyme is present (the shortened path) than when it is absent Hence the reaction is said to go faster in a given period of time

Enzyme Kinetics Basic Enzyme Reactions

The basic enzymatic reaction can be represented as follows

where E represents the enzyme catalyzing the reaction S the substrate the substance being changed and P the product of the reaction

If this reaction is combined with the original reaction above equation the following results

Chemical Equilibrium

The study of a large number of chemical reactions reveals that most do not go to true completion This is likewise true of enzymatically-catalyzed reactions This is due to the reversibility of most reactions In general

where K+1 is the forward reaction rate constant and K-1 is the rate constant for the reverse reactionCombining the two reactions gives Applying this general relationship to enzymatic reactions allows the equation

Equilbrium a steady state condition is reached when the forward reaction rates equal the backward rates This is the basic equation upon which most enzyme activity studies are based

Sugars Prefer To Be CyclicSugars Prefer To Be Cyclic

Carbohydrates Are Chiral Carbohydrates Are Chiral MoleculesMolecules

D

L

Glyceraldehyde

Typically but not always

bull L ndash amino acids

bull D - sugars

Hence these molecules have a measurable optical rotation which depends upon both the monomer residues and their conformation

Next to last carbon determines D or L

New carbon is added as C1

Fisher Formulas

Hormones

A hormone

Is a chemical messenger that carries a signal from one cell (or group of cells) to another via the blood

hormone A chemical secreted by cells in one part of the body that is transported in the bloodstream to other parts of the body where it affects particular target cells

- example hypothalamus pituitary

All multicellular organisms produce hormones

Endocrine hormone molecules are secreted (released) directly into the bloodstream while exocrine hormones (or ectohormones) are secreted directly into a duct and from the duct they either flow into the bloodstream or they flow from cell to cell by diffusion in a process known as paracrine signalling

Enzyme Kinetics Energy Levels

The enzyme is thought to reduce the path of the reaction This shortened path would require less energy for each molecule of substrate converted to product

Given a total amount of available energy more molecules of substrate would be converted when the enzyme is present (the shortened path) than when it is absent Hence the reaction is said to go faster in a given period of time

Enzyme Kinetics Basic Enzyme Reactions

The basic enzymatic reaction can be represented as follows

where E represents the enzyme catalyzing the reaction S the substrate the substance being changed and P the product of the reaction

If this reaction is combined with the original reaction above equation the following results

Chemical Equilibrium

The study of a large number of chemical reactions reveals that most do not go to true completion This is likewise true of enzymatically-catalyzed reactions This is due to the reversibility of most reactions In general

where K+1 is the forward reaction rate constant and K-1 is the rate constant for the reverse reactionCombining the two reactions gives Applying this general relationship to enzymatic reactions allows the equation

Equilbrium a steady state condition is reached when the forward reaction rates equal the backward rates This is the basic equation upon which most enzyme activity studies are based

Sugars Prefer To Be CyclicSugars Prefer To Be Cyclic

Carbohydrates Are Chiral Carbohydrates Are Chiral MoleculesMolecules

D

L

Glyceraldehyde

Typically but not always

bull L ndash amino acids

bull D - sugars

Hence these molecules have a measurable optical rotation which depends upon both the monomer residues and their conformation

Next to last carbon determines D or L

New carbon is added as C1

Fisher Formulas

Hormones

A hormone

Is a chemical messenger that carries a signal from one cell (or group of cells) to another via the blood

hormone A chemical secreted by cells in one part of the body that is transported in the bloodstream to other parts of the body where it affects particular target cells

- example hypothalamus pituitary

All multicellular organisms produce hormones

Endocrine hormone molecules are secreted (released) directly into the bloodstream while exocrine hormones (or ectohormones) are secreted directly into a duct and from the duct they either flow into the bloodstream or they flow from cell to cell by diffusion in a process known as paracrine signalling

Enzyme Kinetics Basic Enzyme Reactions

The basic enzymatic reaction can be represented as follows

where E represents the enzyme catalyzing the reaction S the substrate the substance being changed and P the product of the reaction

If this reaction is combined with the original reaction above equation the following results

Chemical Equilibrium

The study of a large number of chemical reactions reveals that most do not go to true completion This is likewise true of enzymatically-catalyzed reactions This is due to the reversibility of most reactions In general

where K+1 is the forward reaction rate constant and K-1 is the rate constant for the reverse reactionCombining the two reactions gives Applying this general relationship to enzymatic reactions allows the equation

Equilbrium a steady state condition is reached when the forward reaction rates equal the backward rates This is the basic equation upon which most enzyme activity studies are based

Sugars Prefer To Be CyclicSugars Prefer To Be Cyclic

Carbohydrates Are Chiral Carbohydrates Are Chiral MoleculesMolecules

D

L

Glyceraldehyde

Typically but not always

bull L ndash amino acids

bull D - sugars

Hence these molecules have a measurable optical rotation which depends upon both the monomer residues and their conformation

Next to last carbon determines D or L

New carbon is added as C1

Fisher Formulas

Hormones

A hormone

Is a chemical messenger that carries a signal from one cell (or group of cells) to another via the blood

hormone A chemical secreted by cells in one part of the body that is transported in the bloodstream to other parts of the body where it affects particular target cells

- example hypothalamus pituitary

All multicellular organisms produce hormones

Endocrine hormone molecules are secreted (released) directly into the bloodstream while exocrine hormones (or ectohormones) are secreted directly into a duct and from the duct they either flow into the bloodstream or they flow from cell to cell by diffusion in a process known as paracrine signalling

Chemical Equilibrium

The study of a large number of chemical reactions reveals that most do not go to true completion This is likewise true of enzymatically-catalyzed reactions This is due to the reversibility of most reactions In general

where K+1 is the forward reaction rate constant and K-1 is the rate constant for the reverse reactionCombining the two reactions gives Applying this general relationship to enzymatic reactions allows the equation

Equilbrium a steady state condition is reached when the forward reaction rates equal the backward rates This is the basic equation upon which most enzyme activity studies are based

Sugars Prefer To Be CyclicSugars Prefer To Be Cyclic

Carbohydrates Are Chiral Carbohydrates Are Chiral MoleculesMolecules

D

L

Glyceraldehyde

Typically but not always

bull L ndash amino acids

bull D - sugars

Hence these molecules have a measurable optical rotation which depends upon both the monomer residues and their conformation

Next to last carbon determines D or L

New carbon is added as C1

Fisher Formulas

Hormones

A hormone

Is a chemical messenger that carries a signal from one cell (or group of cells) to another via the blood

hormone A chemical secreted by cells in one part of the body that is transported in the bloodstream to other parts of the body where it affects particular target cells

- example hypothalamus pituitary

All multicellular organisms produce hormones

Endocrine hormone molecules are secreted (released) directly into the bloodstream while exocrine hormones (or ectohormones) are secreted directly into a duct and from the duct they either flow into the bloodstream or they flow from cell to cell by diffusion in a process known as paracrine signalling

Sugars Prefer To Be CyclicSugars Prefer To Be Cyclic

Carbohydrates Are Chiral Carbohydrates Are Chiral MoleculesMolecules

D

L

Glyceraldehyde

Typically but not always

bull L ndash amino acids

bull D - sugars

Hence these molecules have a measurable optical rotation which depends upon both the monomer residues and their conformation

Next to last carbon determines D or L

New carbon is added as C1

Fisher Formulas

Hormones

A hormone

Is a chemical messenger that carries a signal from one cell (or group of cells) to another via the blood

hormone A chemical secreted by cells in one part of the body that is transported in the bloodstream to other parts of the body where it affects particular target cells

- example hypothalamus pituitary

All multicellular organisms produce hormones

Endocrine hormone molecules are secreted (released) directly into the bloodstream while exocrine hormones (or ectohormones) are secreted directly into a duct and from the duct they either flow into the bloodstream or they flow from cell to cell by diffusion in a process known as paracrine signalling

Carbohydrates Are Chiral Carbohydrates Are Chiral MoleculesMolecules

D

L

Glyceraldehyde

Typically but not always

bull L ndash amino acids

bull D - sugars

Hence these molecules have a measurable optical rotation which depends upon both the monomer residues and their conformation

Next to last carbon determines D or L

New carbon is added as C1

Fisher Formulas

Hormones

A hormone

Is a chemical messenger that carries a signal from one cell (or group of cells) to another via the blood

hormone A chemical secreted by cells in one part of the body that is transported in the bloodstream to other parts of the body where it affects particular target cells

- example hypothalamus pituitary

All multicellular organisms produce hormones

Endocrine hormone molecules are secreted (released) directly into the bloodstream while exocrine hormones (or ectohormones) are secreted directly into a duct and from the duct they either flow into the bloodstream or they flow from cell to cell by diffusion in a process known as paracrine signalling

Next to last carbon determines D or L

New carbon is added as C1

Fisher Formulas

Hormones

A hormone

Is a chemical messenger that carries a signal from one cell (or group of cells) to another via the blood

hormone A chemical secreted by cells in one part of the body that is transported in the bloodstream to other parts of the body where it affects particular target cells

- example hypothalamus pituitary

All multicellular organisms produce hormones

Endocrine hormone molecules are secreted (released) directly into the bloodstream while exocrine hormones (or ectohormones) are secreted directly into a duct and from the duct they either flow into the bloodstream or they flow from cell to cell by diffusion in a process known as paracrine signalling

Hormones

A hormone

Is a chemical messenger that carries a signal from one cell (or group of cells) to another via the blood

hormone A chemical secreted by cells in one part of the body that is transported in the bloodstream to other parts of the body where it affects particular target cells

- example hypothalamus pituitary

All multicellular organisms produce hormones

Endocrine hormone molecules are secreted (released) directly into the bloodstream while exocrine hormones (or ectohormones) are secreted directly into a duct and from the duct they either flow into the bloodstream or they flow from cell to cell by diffusion in a process known as paracrine signalling

A hormone

Is a chemical messenger that carries a signal from one cell (or group of cells) to another via the blood

hormone A chemical secreted by cells in one part of the body that is transported in the bloodstream to other parts of the body where it affects particular target cells

- example hypothalamus pituitary

All multicellular organisms produce hormones

Endocrine hormone molecules are secreted (released) directly into the bloodstream while exocrine hormones (or ectohormones) are secreted directly into a duct and from the duct they either flow into the bloodstream or they flow from cell to cell by diffusion in a process known as paracrine signalling

Hierarchical nature of hormonal control

Hormonal regulation of some physiological activities involves a hierarchy of cell types acting on each other either to stimulate or to modulate the release and action of a particular hormone

The secretion of hormones from successive levels of endocrine cells is stimulated by chemical signals originating from cells higher up the hierarchical system

The master coordinator of hormonal activity in mammals is the hypothalamus which acts on input that it receives from the central nervous system

Other hormone secretion occurs in response to local conditions such as the rate of secretion of parathyroid hormone by the parathyroid cells in response to fluctuations of ionized calcium levels in extracellular fluid

Function of hormones

1048708 HOMEOSTASIS

1048708 Reproduction

1048708 Growth and development

1048708 Maintenance of internal environment

1048708 Production utilization and storage of energy

Chemical nature of hormones

1048708 Can be divided into 3 Groups

1048708 Amino acid derivatives

1048708 Peptide hormones

1048708 Lipid derivatives

Amino acid derivatives

1048708 Derivatives of tyrosine

1048708 Catecholamines (epinephrinedopamine)

1048708 Thyroid hormones (dipeptides)

1048708 Tryptophan derivative

1048708 Melatonin

Peptide hormones

1048708 Glycoproteins from anterior pituitary

1048708 thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

1048708 luteinizing hormone (LH)

1048708 follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

1048708 Peptides and small proteins

1048708 Digestive tract hormones

1048708 Pituitary hormones

1048708 Pancreatic hormones

classes of lipid derived hormones

1048708 Steroid hormones

1048708 derived from cholesterol

1048708 2 groups

1048708 with the intact steroid ring (adrenal and gonadalsteroids)

1048708 with the steroid ring cleaved (metabolites of vit D)

1048708 Eicosanoids

1048708 derived from arachidonic acid

Hormone receptors

1048708 Molecules within or on the surface of target cells that bind hormones with high affinity and specificity and thereby initiate and mediate biological responses

1048708 Hormones will only produce the response in cells that express the receptors for this particular hormone (target cells)

1048708 ONLY target cells respond to hormone

1048708 Cells that do not have receptors for the hormone ldquoignorerdquo the hormone

Steroid hormones

The steroid hormones are all derived from cholesterol Moreover with the exception of vitamin D they all contain the same cyclopentanophenanthrene ring and atomic numbering system as cholesterol

The important mammalian steroid hormones are shown below along with the structure of the precursor pregneolone Retinoic acid and vitamin D are not derived from pregnenolone but from vitamin A and cholesterol respectively

Vitamins

History

1048708 Purified diets of carbohydrate protein fatminerals and water were not capable ofnormal growth

1048708 ldquoAccessory growth factorsrdquo

1048708 Casimir Funk a Polish biochemist isolated anantiberberi substance from rice polishings

1048708 Named it vitamine an amine vital for life

Vitamins

1048708 Essential organic compounds required in very small amounts (micronutrients)involved in fundamental functions of the body

1048708 Unrelated chemically

Vitamins

1048708 Not metabolic fuels (like glucose or fatty acids) or structural nutrients (like amino acids)

1048708 Regulators (catalysts) of reactions some of which are involved in energy Metabolism

1048708 Organic molecules in food

1048708 Required in small amounts

1048708 Classified based on solubility

1048708 Fat soluble

1048708 Water soluble

Fat-soluble Vitamins Water-soluble Vitamins

Classification of vitamins

Vitamins

1048708 All vitamins are metabolically essential but not all required in the diet

1048708 Most mammals can synthesize vitamin C not humans and primates

1048708 No mammal can synthesize B vitamins but rumen bacteria do

The Basics of Water-Soluble Vitamins

1048708 Dissolve in water

1048708 B vitamins amp vitamin C

1048708 Absorbed mostly in small intestine amp stomach

1048708 Bioavailability

1048708 Nutritional status other nutrients amp substances in food medications age illness

1048708 Circulated to liver in blood

1048708 Not stored in large quantities

The Basics of Water-Soluble Vitamins

Naming the Vitamins

1048708 First named vitamin A or B

1048708 B-complex vitamins

1048708 Given common names also

1048708 Thiamin

1048708 Riboflavin

1048708 Niacin

1048708 Chemical names

1048708 Ascorbic acid

Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

1048708 Contains thiol amp amine group (-SH) and (NH3)

1048708 Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) or thiamin diphosphate

1048708 Thiamin triphosphate

Functions of Thiamin

1048708 ATP production

1048708 Synthesis of DNA amp RNA

1048708 Noncoenzyme roles

Coenzyme Functions of Riboflavin (B2)

1048708 Energy metabolism

1048708 Redox reactions

1048708 Formation of ATP water carbon dioxide

1048708 β-oxidation

1048708 Converts vitamin A amp folate to active forms tryptophan to niacin

1048708 Forms vitamin B6 amp K Riboflavin Deficiency

1048708 Ariboflavinosis

1048708 Weakness cheilosis stomatitis glossitis anemia confusion

1048708 Alcoholics

1048708 Diseases that interfere w riboflavinutilization

Regulation of Vitamin B12 in the Body

1048708 Must be cleaved before absorption

1048708 Bound to R protein amp intrinsic factor

1048708 Once absorbed binds to transcobalamin

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Stored in liver Functions of Vitamin B12 Coenzyme that catalyzesProduction of succinyl CoA

1048708 Uses amino acids amp fatty acids for ATP production

1048708 Conversion of homocysteine to methionine

1048708 Allows use of folate

Regulation of Vitamin C in the Body

1048708 Absorption in small intestine via active transport

1048708 Uses glucose transport protein

1048708 High intakes

1048708 Absorbed by simple diffusion in stomach amp small intestine

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Excess excreted in urine

Functions of Vitamin C1048708 Antioxidant1048708 Accepts amp donates electrons1048708 Involved in a variety of redox reactions

• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 13
• Sugars Prefer To Be Cyclic
• Carbohydrates Are Chiral Molecules
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Slide 53

Chemical nature of hormones

1048708 Can be divided into 3 Groups

1048708 Amino acid derivatives

1048708 Peptide hormones

1048708 Lipid derivatives

Amino acid derivatives

1048708 Derivatives of tyrosine

1048708 Catecholamines (epinephrinedopamine)

1048708 Thyroid hormones (dipeptides)

1048708 Tryptophan derivative

1048708 Melatonin

Peptide hormones

1048708 Glycoproteins from anterior pituitary

1048708 thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

1048708 luteinizing hormone (LH)

1048708 follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

1048708 Peptides and small proteins

1048708 Digestive tract hormones

1048708 Pituitary hormones

1048708 Pancreatic hormones

classes of lipid derived hormones

1048708 Steroid hormones

1048708 derived from cholesterol

1048708 2 groups

1048708 with the intact steroid ring (adrenal and gonadalsteroids)

1048708 with the steroid ring cleaved (metabolites of vit D)

1048708 Eicosanoids

1048708 derived from arachidonic acid

Hormone receptors

1048708 Molecules within or on the surface of target cells that bind hormones with high affinity and specificity and thereby initiate and mediate biological responses

1048708 Hormones will only produce the response in cells that express the receptors for this particular hormone (target cells)

1048708 ONLY target cells respond to hormone

1048708 Cells that do not have receptors for the hormone ldquoignorerdquo the hormone

Steroid hormones

The steroid hormones are all derived from cholesterol Moreover with the exception of vitamin D they all contain the same cyclopentanophenanthrene ring and atomic numbering system as cholesterol

The important mammalian steroid hormones are shown below along with the structure of the precursor pregneolone Retinoic acid and vitamin D are not derived from pregnenolone but from vitamin A and cholesterol respectively

Vitamins

History

1048708 Purified diets of carbohydrate protein fatminerals and water were not capable ofnormal growth

1048708 ldquoAccessory growth factorsrdquo

1048708 Casimir Funk a Polish biochemist isolated anantiberberi substance from rice polishings

1048708 Named it vitamine an amine vital for life

Vitamins

1048708 Essential organic compounds required in very small amounts (micronutrients)involved in fundamental functions of the body

1048708 Unrelated chemically

Vitamins

1048708 Not metabolic fuels (like glucose or fatty acids) or structural nutrients (like amino acids)

1048708 Regulators (catalysts) of reactions some of which are involved in energy Metabolism

1048708 Organic molecules in food

1048708 Required in small amounts

1048708 Classified based on solubility

1048708 Fat soluble

1048708 Water soluble

Fat-soluble Vitamins Water-soluble Vitamins

Classification of vitamins

Vitamins

1048708 All vitamins are metabolically essential but not all required in the diet

1048708 Most mammals can synthesize vitamin C not humans and primates

1048708 No mammal can synthesize B vitamins but rumen bacteria do

The Basics of Water-Soluble Vitamins

1048708 Dissolve in water

1048708 B vitamins amp vitamin C

1048708 Absorbed mostly in small intestine amp stomach

1048708 Bioavailability

1048708 Nutritional status other nutrients amp substances in food medications age illness

1048708 Circulated to liver in blood

1048708 Not stored in large quantities

The Basics of Water-Soluble Vitamins

Naming the Vitamins

1048708 First named vitamin A or B

1048708 B-complex vitamins

1048708 Given common names also

1048708 Thiamin

1048708 Riboflavin

1048708 Niacin

1048708 Chemical names

1048708 Ascorbic acid

Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

1048708 Contains thiol amp amine group (-SH) and (NH3)

1048708 Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) or thiamin diphosphate

1048708 Thiamin triphosphate

Functions of Thiamin

1048708 ATP production

1048708 Synthesis of DNA amp RNA

1048708 Noncoenzyme roles

Coenzyme Functions of Riboflavin (B2)

1048708 Energy metabolism

1048708 Redox reactions

1048708 Formation of ATP water carbon dioxide

1048708 β-oxidation

1048708 Converts vitamin A amp folate to active forms tryptophan to niacin

1048708 Forms vitamin B6 amp K Riboflavin Deficiency

1048708 Ariboflavinosis

1048708 Weakness cheilosis stomatitis glossitis anemia confusion

1048708 Alcoholics

1048708 Diseases that interfere w riboflavinutilization

Regulation of Vitamin B12 in the Body

1048708 Must be cleaved before absorption

1048708 Bound to R protein amp intrinsic factor

1048708 Once absorbed binds to transcobalamin

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Stored in liver Functions of Vitamin B12 Coenzyme that catalyzesProduction of succinyl CoA

1048708 Uses amino acids amp fatty acids for ATP production

1048708 Conversion of homocysteine to methionine

1048708 Allows use of folate

Regulation of Vitamin C in the Body

1048708 Absorption in small intestine via active transport

1048708 Uses glucose transport protein

1048708 High intakes

1048708 Absorbed by simple diffusion in stomach amp small intestine

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Excess excreted in urine

Functions of Vitamin C1048708 Antioxidant1048708 Accepts amp donates electrons1048708 Involved in a variety of redox reactions

• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 13
• Sugars Prefer To Be Cyclic
• Carbohydrates Are Chiral Molecules
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Slide 53

Amino acid derivatives

1048708 Derivatives of tyrosine

1048708 Catecholamines (epinephrinedopamine)

1048708 Thyroid hormones (dipeptides)

1048708 Tryptophan derivative

1048708 Melatonin

Peptide hormones

1048708 Glycoproteins from anterior pituitary

1048708 thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

1048708 luteinizing hormone (LH)

1048708 follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

1048708 Peptides and small proteins

1048708 Digestive tract hormones

1048708 Pituitary hormones

1048708 Pancreatic hormones

classes of lipid derived hormones

1048708 Steroid hormones

1048708 derived from cholesterol

1048708 2 groups

1048708 with the intact steroid ring (adrenal and gonadalsteroids)

1048708 with the steroid ring cleaved (metabolites of vit D)

1048708 Eicosanoids

1048708 derived from arachidonic acid

Hormone receptors

1048708 Molecules within or on the surface of target cells that bind hormones with high affinity and specificity and thereby initiate and mediate biological responses

1048708 Hormones will only produce the response in cells that express the receptors for this particular hormone (target cells)

1048708 ONLY target cells respond to hormone

1048708 Cells that do not have receptors for the hormone ldquoignorerdquo the hormone

Steroid hormones

The steroid hormones are all derived from cholesterol Moreover with the exception of vitamin D they all contain the same cyclopentanophenanthrene ring and atomic numbering system as cholesterol

The important mammalian steroid hormones are shown below along with the structure of the precursor pregneolone Retinoic acid and vitamin D are not derived from pregnenolone but from vitamin A and cholesterol respectively

Vitamins

History

1048708 Purified diets of carbohydrate protein fatminerals and water were not capable ofnormal growth

1048708 ldquoAccessory growth factorsrdquo

1048708 Casimir Funk a Polish biochemist isolated anantiberberi substance from rice polishings

1048708 Named it vitamine an amine vital for life

Vitamins

1048708 Essential organic compounds required in very small amounts (micronutrients)involved in fundamental functions of the body

1048708 Unrelated chemically

Vitamins

1048708 Not metabolic fuels (like glucose or fatty acids) or structural nutrients (like amino acids)

1048708 Regulators (catalysts) of reactions some of which are involved in energy Metabolism

1048708 Organic molecules in food

1048708 Required in small amounts

1048708 Classified based on solubility

1048708 Fat soluble

1048708 Water soluble

Fat-soluble Vitamins Water-soluble Vitamins

Classification of vitamins

Vitamins

1048708 All vitamins are metabolically essential but not all required in the diet

1048708 Most mammals can synthesize vitamin C not humans and primates

1048708 No mammal can synthesize B vitamins but rumen bacteria do

The Basics of Water-Soluble Vitamins

1048708 Dissolve in water

1048708 B vitamins amp vitamin C

1048708 Absorbed mostly in small intestine amp stomach

1048708 Bioavailability

1048708 Nutritional status other nutrients amp substances in food medications age illness

1048708 Circulated to liver in blood

1048708 Not stored in large quantities

The Basics of Water-Soluble Vitamins

Naming the Vitamins

1048708 First named vitamin A or B

1048708 B-complex vitamins

1048708 Given common names also

1048708 Thiamin

1048708 Riboflavin

1048708 Niacin

1048708 Chemical names

1048708 Ascorbic acid

Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

1048708 Contains thiol amp amine group (-SH) and (NH3)

1048708 Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) or thiamin diphosphate

1048708 Thiamin triphosphate

Functions of Thiamin

1048708 ATP production

1048708 Synthesis of DNA amp RNA

1048708 Noncoenzyme roles

Coenzyme Functions of Riboflavin (B2)

1048708 Energy metabolism

1048708 Redox reactions

1048708 Formation of ATP water carbon dioxide

1048708 β-oxidation

1048708 Converts vitamin A amp folate to active forms tryptophan to niacin

1048708 Forms vitamin B6 amp K Riboflavin Deficiency

1048708 Ariboflavinosis

1048708 Weakness cheilosis stomatitis glossitis anemia confusion

1048708 Alcoholics

1048708 Diseases that interfere w riboflavinutilization

Regulation of Vitamin B12 in the Body

1048708 Must be cleaved before absorption

1048708 Bound to R protein amp intrinsic factor

1048708 Once absorbed binds to transcobalamin

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Stored in liver Functions of Vitamin B12 Coenzyme that catalyzesProduction of succinyl CoA

1048708 Uses amino acids amp fatty acids for ATP production

1048708 Conversion of homocysteine to methionine

1048708 Allows use of folate

Regulation of Vitamin C in the Body

1048708 Absorption in small intestine via active transport

1048708 Uses glucose transport protein

1048708 High intakes

1048708 Absorbed by simple diffusion in stomach amp small intestine

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Excess excreted in urine

Functions of Vitamin C1048708 Antioxidant1048708 Accepts amp donates electrons1048708 Involved in a variety of redox reactions

• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 13
• Sugars Prefer To Be Cyclic
• Carbohydrates Are Chiral Molecules
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Slide 53

Peptide hormones

1048708 Glycoproteins from anterior pituitary

1048708 thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

1048708 luteinizing hormone (LH)

1048708 follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

1048708 Peptides and small proteins

1048708 Digestive tract hormones

1048708 Pituitary hormones

1048708 Pancreatic hormones

classes of lipid derived hormones

1048708 Steroid hormones

1048708 derived from cholesterol

1048708 2 groups

1048708 with the intact steroid ring (adrenal and gonadalsteroids)

1048708 with the steroid ring cleaved (metabolites of vit D)

1048708 Eicosanoids

1048708 derived from arachidonic acid

Hormone receptors

1048708 Molecules within or on the surface of target cells that bind hormones with high affinity and specificity and thereby initiate and mediate biological responses

1048708 Hormones will only produce the response in cells that express the receptors for this particular hormone (target cells)

1048708 ONLY target cells respond to hormone

1048708 Cells that do not have receptors for the hormone ldquoignorerdquo the hormone

Steroid hormones

The steroid hormones are all derived from cholesterol Moreover with the exception of vitamin D they all contain the same cyclopentanophenanthrene ring and atomic numbering system as cholesterol

The important mammalian steroid hormones are shown below along with the structure of the precursor pregneolone Retinoic acid and vitamin D are not derived from pregnenolone but from vitamin A and cholesterol respectively

Vitamins

History

1048708 Purified diets of carbohydrate protein fatminerals and water were not capable ofnormal growth

1048708 ldquoAccessory growth factorsrdquo

1048708 Casimir Funk a Polish biochemist isolated anantiberberi substance from rice polishings

1048708 Named it vitamine an amine vital for life

Vitamins

1048708 Essential organic compounds required in very small amounts (micronutrients)involved in fundamental functions of the body

1048708 Unrelated chemically

Vitamins

1048708 Not metabolic fuels (like glucose or fatty acids) or structural nutrients (like amino acids)

1048708 Regulators (catalysts) of reactions some of which are involved in energy Metabolism

1048708 Organic molecules in food

1048708 Required in small amounts

1048708 Classified based on solubility

1048708 Fat soluble

1048708 Water soluble

Fat-soluble Vitamins Water-soluble Vitamins

Classification of vitamins

Vitamins

1048708 All vitamins are metabolically essential but not all required in the diet

1048708 Most mammals can synthesize vitamin C not humans and primates

1048708 No mammal can synthesize B vitamins but rumen bacteria do

The Basics of Water-Soluble Vitamins

1048708 Dissolve in water

1048708 B vitamins amp vitamin C

1048708 Absorbed mostly in small intestine amp stomach

1048708 Bioavailability

1048708 Nutritional status other nutrients amp substances in food medications age illness

1048708 Circulated to liver in blood

1048708 Not stored in large quantities

The Basics of Water-Soluble Vitamins

Naming the Vitamins

1048708 First named vitamin A or B

1048708 B-complex vitamins

1048708 Given common names also

1048708 Thiamin

1048708 Riboflavin

1048708 Niacin

1048708 Chemical names

1048708 Ascorbic acid

Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

1048708 Contains thiol amp amine group (-SH) and (NH3)

1048708 Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) or thiamin diphosphate

1048708 Thiamin triphosphate

Functions of Thiamin

1048708 ATP production

1048708 Synthesis of DNA amp RNA

1048708 Noncoenzyme roles

Coenzyme Functions of Riboflavin (B2)

1048708 Energy metabolism

1048708 Redox reactions

1048708 Formation of ATP water carbon dioxide

1048708 β-oxidation

1048708 Converts vitamin A amp folate to active forms tryptophan to niacin

1048708 Forms vitamin B6 amp K Riboflavin Deficiency

1048708 Ariboflavinosis

1048708 Weakness cheilosis stomatitis glossitis anemia confusion

1048708 Alcoholics

1048708 Diseases that interfere w riboflavinutilization

Regulation of Vitamin B12 in the Body

1048708 Must be cleaved before absorption

1048708 Bound to R protein amp intrinsic factor

1048708 Once absorbed binds to transcobalamin

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Stored in liver Functions of Vitamin B12 Coenzyme that catalyzesProduction of succinyl CoA

1048708 Uses amino acids amp fatty acids for ATP production

1048708 Conversion of homocysteine to methionine

1048708 Allows use of folate

Regulation of Vitamin C in the Body

1048708 Absorption in small intestine via active transport

1048708 Uses glucose transport protein

1048708 High intakes

1048708 Absorbed by simple diffusion in stomach amp small intestine

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Excess excreted in urine

Functions of Vitamin C1048708 Antioxidant1048708 Accepts amp donates electrons1048708 Involved in a variety of redox reactions

• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 13
• Sugars Prefer To Be Cyclic
• Carbohydrates Are Chiral Molecules
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Slide 53

classes of lipid derived hormones

1048708 Steroid hormones

1048708 derived from cholesterol

1048708 2 groups

1048708 with the intact steroid ring (adrenal and gonadalsteroids)

1048708 with the steroid ring cleaved (metabolites of vit D)

1048708 Eicosanoids

1048708 derived from arachidonic acid

Hormone receptors

1048708 Molecules within or on the surface of target cells that bind hormones with high affinity and specificity and thereby initiate and mediate biological responses

1048708 Hormones will only produce the response in cells that express the receptors for this particular hormone (target cells)

1048708 ONLY target cells respond to hormone

1048708 Cells that do not have receptors for the hormone ldquoignorerdquo the hormone

Steroid hormones

The steroid hormones are all derived from cholesterol Moreover with the exception of vitamin D they all contain the same cyclopentanophenanthrene ring and atomic numbering system as cholesterol

The important mammalian steroid hormones are shown below along with the structure of the precursor pregneolone Retinoic acid and vitamin D are not derived from pregnenolone but from vitamin A and cholesterol respectively

Vitamins

History

1048708 Purified diets of carbohydrate protein fatminerals and water were not capable ofnormal growth

1048708 ldquoAccessory growth factorsrdquo

1048708 Casimir Funk a Polish biochemist isolated anantiberberi substance from rice polishings

1048708 Named it vitamine an amine vital for life

Vitamins

1048708 Essential organic compounds required in very small amounts (micronutrients)involved in fundamental functions of the body

1048708 Unrelated chemically

Vitamins

1048708 Not metabolic fuels (like glucose or fatty acids) or structural nutrients (like amino acids)

1048708 Regulators (catalysts) of reactions some of which are involved in energy Metabolism

1048708 Organic molecules in food

1048708 Required in small amounts

1048708 Classified based on solubility

1048708 Fat soluble

1048708 Water soluble

Fat-soluble Vitamins Water-soluble Vitamins

Classification of vitamins

Vitamins

1048708 All vitamins are metabolically essential but not all required in the diet

1048708 Most mammals can synthesize vitamin C not humans and primates

1048708 No mammal can synthesize B vitamins but rumen bacteria do

The Basics of Water-Soluble Vitamins

1048708 Dissolve in water

1048708 B vitamins amp vitamin C

1048708 Absorbed mostly in small intestine amp stomach

1048708 Bioavailability

1048708 Nutritional status other nutrients amp substances in food medications age illness

1048708 Circulated to liver in blood

1048708 Not stored in large quantities

The Basics of Water-Soluble Vitamins

Naming the Vitamins

1048708 First named vitamin A or B

1048708 B-complex vitamins

1048708 Given common names also

1048708 Thiamin

1048708 Riboflavin

1048708 Niacin

1048708 Chemical names

1048708 Ascorbic acid

Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

1048708 Contains thiol amp amine group (-SH) and (NH3)

1048708 Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) or thiamin diphosphate

1048708 Thiamin triphosphate

Functions of Thiamin

1048708 ATP production

1048708 Synthesis of DNA amp RNA

1048708 Noncoenzyme roles

Coenzyme Functions of Riboflavin (B2)

1048708 Energy metabolism

1048708 Redox reactions

1048708 Formation of ATP water carbon dioxide

1048708 β-oxidation

1048708 Converts vitamin A amp folate to active forms tryptophan to niacin

1048708 Forms vitamin B6 amp K Riboflavin Deficiency

1048708 Ariboflavinosis

1048708 Weakness cheilosis stomatitis glossitis anemia confusion

1048708 Alcoholics

1048708 Diseases that interfere w riboflavinutilization

Regulation of Vitamin B12 in the Body

1048708 Must be cleaved before absorption

1048708 Bound to R protein amp intrinsic factor

1048708 Once absorbed binds to transcobalamin

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Stored in liver Functions of Vitamin B12 Coenzyme that catalyzesProduction of succinyl CoA

1048708 Uses amino acids amp fatty acids for ATP production

1048708 Conversion of homocysteine to methionine

1048708 Allows use of folate

Regulation of Vitamin C in the Body

1048708 Absorption in small intestine via active transport

1048708 Uses glucose transport protein

1048708 High intakes

1048708 Absorbed by simple diffusion in stomach amp small intestine

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Excess excreted in urine

Functions of Vitamin C1048708 Antioxidant1048708 Accepts amp donates electrons1048708 Involved in a variety of redox reactions

• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 13
• Sugars Prefer To Be Cyclic
• Carbohydrates Are Chiral Molecules
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Slide 53

Hormone receptors

1048708 Molecules within or on the surface of target cells that bind hormones with high affinity and specificity and thereby initiate and mediate biological responses

1048708 Hormones will only produce the response in cells that express the receptors for this particular hormone (target cells)

1048708 ONLY target cells respond to hormone

1048708 Cells that do not have receptors for the hormone ldquoignorerdquo the hormone

Steroid hormones

The steroid hormones are all derived from cholesterol Moreover with the exception of vitamin D they all contain the same cyclopentanophenanthrene ring and atomic numbering system as cholesterol

The important mammalian steroid hormones are shown below along with the structure of the precursor pregneolone Retinoic acid and vitamin D are not derived from pregnenolone but from vitamin A and cholesterol respectively

Vitamins

History

1048708 Purified diets of carbohydrate protein fatminerals and water were not capable ofnormal growth

1048708 ldquoAccessory growth factorsrdquo

1048708 Casimir Funk a Polish biochemist isolated anantiberberi substance from rice polishings

1048708 Named it vitamine an amine vital for life

Vitamins

1048708 Essential organic compounds required in very small amounts (micronutrients)involved in fundamental functions of the body

1048708 Unrelated chemically

Vitamins

1048708 Not metabolic fuels (like glucose or fatty acids) or structural nutrients (like amino acids)

1048708 Regulators (catalysts) of reactions some of which are involved in energy Metabolism

1048708 Organic molecules in food

1048708 Required in small amounts

1048708 Classified based on solubility

1048708 Fat soluble

1048708 Water soluble

Fat-soluble Vitamins Water-soluble Vitamins

Classification of vitamins

Vitamins

1048708 All vitamins are metabolically essential but not all required in the diet

1048708 Most mammals can synthesize vitamin C not humans and primates

1048708 No mammal can synthesize B vitamins but rumen bacteria do

The Basics of Water-Soluble Vitamins

1048708 Dissolve in water

1048708 B vitamins amp vitamin C

1048708 Absorbed mostly in small intestine amp stomach

1048708 Bioavailability

1048708 Nutritional status other nutrients amp substances in food medications age illness

1048708 Circulated to liver in blood

1048708 Not stored in large quantities

The Basics of Water-Soluble Vitamins

Naming the Vitamins

1048708 First named vitamin A or B

1048708 B-complex vitamins

1048708 Given common names also

1048708 Thiamin

1048708 Riboflavin

1048708 Niacin

1048708 Chemical names

1048708 Ascorbic acid

Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

1048708 Contains thiol amp amine group (-SH) and (NH3)

1048708 Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) or thiamin diphosphate

1048708 Thiamin triphosphate

Functions of Thiamin

1048708 ATP production

1048708 Synthesis of DNA amp RNA

1048708 Noncoenzyme roles

Coenzyme Functions of Riboflavin (B2)

1048708 Energy metabolism

1048708 Redox reactions

1048708 Formation of ATP water carbon dioxide

1048708 β-oxidation

1048708 Converts vitamin A amp folate to active forms tryptophan to niacin

1048708 Forms vitamin B6 amp K Riboflavin Deficiency

1048708 Ariboflavinosis

1048708 Weakness cheilosis stomatitis glossitis anemia confusion

1048708 Alcoholics

1048708 Diseases that interfere w riboflavinutilization

Regulation of Vitamin B12 in the Body

1048708 Must be cleaved before absorption

1048708 Bound to R protein amp intrinsic factor

1048708 Once absorbed binds to transcobalamin

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Stored in liver Functions of Vitamin B12 Coenzyme that catalyzesProduction of succinyl CoA

1048708 Uses amino acids amp fatty acids for ATP production

1048708 Conversion of homocysteine to methionine

1048708 Allows use of folate

Regulation of Vitamin C in the Body

1048708 Absorption in small intestine via active transport

1048708 Uses glucose transport protein

1048708 High intakes

1048708 Absorbed by simple diffusion in stomach amp small intestine

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Excess excreted in urine

Functions of Vitamin C1048708 Antioxidant1048708 Accepts amp donates electrons1048708 Involved in a variety of redox reactions

• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 13
• Sugars Prefer To Be Cyclic
• Carbohydrates Are Chiral Molecules
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Slide 53

Steroid hormones

The steroid hormones are all derived from cholesterol Moreover with the exception of vitamin D they all contain the same cyclopentanophenanthrene ring and atomic numbering system as cholesterol

The important mammalian steroid hormones are shown below along with the structure of the precursor pregneolone Retinoic acid and vitamin D are not derived from pregnenolone but from vitamin A and cholesterol respectively

Vitamins

History

1048708 Purified diets of carbohydrate protein fatminerals and water were not capable ofnormal growth

1048708 ldquoAccessory growth factorsrdquo

1048708 Casimir Funk a Polish biochemist isolated anantiberberi substance from rice polishings

1048708 Named it vitamine an amine vital for life

Vitamins

1048708 Essential organic compounds required in very small amounts (micronutrients)involved in fundamental functions of the body

1048708 Unrelated chemically

Vitamins

1048708 Not metabolic fuels (like glucose or fatty acids) or structural nutrients (like amino acids)

1048708 Regulators (catalysts) of reactions some of which are involved in energy Metabolism

1048708 Organic molecules in food

1048708 Required in small amounts

1048708 Classified based on solubility

1048708 Fat soluble

1048708 Water soluble

Fat-soluble Vitamins Water-soluble Vitamins

Classification of vitamins

Vitamins

1048708 All vitamins are metabolically essential but not all required in the diet

1048708 Most mammals can synthesize vitamin C not humans and primates

1048708 No mammal can synthesize B vitamins but rumen bacteria do

The Basics of Water-Soluble Vitamins

1048708 Dissolve in water

1048708 B vitamins amp vitamin C

1048708 Absorbed mostly in small intestine amp stomach

1048708 Bioavailability

1048708 Nutritional status other nutrients amp substances in food medications age illness

1048708 Circulated to liver in blood

1048708 Not stored in large quantities

The Basics of Water-Soluble Vitamins

Naming the Vitamins

1048708 First named vitamin A or B

1048708 B-complex vitamins

1048708 Given common names also

1048708 Thiamin

1048708 Riboflavin

1048708 Niacin

1048708 Chemical names

1048708 Ascorbic acid

Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

1048708 Contains thiol amp amine group (-SH) and (NH3)

1048708 Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) or thiamin diphosphate

1048708 Thiamin triphosphate

Functions of Thiamin

1048708 ATP production

1048708 Synthesis of DNA amp RNA

1048708 Noncoenzyme roles

Coenzyme Functions of Riboflavin (B2)

1048708 Energy metabolism

1048708 Redox reactions

1048708 Formation of ATP water carbon dioxide

1048708 β-oxidation

1048708 Converts vitamin A amp folate to active forms tryptophan to niacin

1048708 Forms vitamin B6 amp K Riboflavin Deficiency

1048708 Ariboflavinosis

1048708 Weakness cheilosis stomatitis glossitis anemia confusion

1048708 Alcoholics

1048708 Diseases that interfere w riboflavinutilization

Regulation of Vitamin B12 in the Body

1048708 Must be cleaved before absorption

1048708 Bound to R protein amp intrinsic factor

1048708 Once absorbed binds to transcobalamin

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Stored in liver Functions of Vitamin B12 Coenzyme that catalyzesProduction of succinyl CoA

1048708 Uses amino acids amp fatty acids for ATP production

1048708 Conversion of homocysteine to methionine

1048708 Allows use of folate

Regulation of Vitamin C in the Body

1048708 Absorption in small intestine via active transport

1048708 Uses glucose transport protein

1048708 High intakes

1048708 Absorbed by simple diffusion in stomach amp small intestine

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Excess excreted in urine

Functions of Vitamin C1048708 Antioxidant1048708 Accepts amp donates electrons1048708 Involved in a variety of redox reactions

• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 13
• Sugars Prefer To Be Cyclic
• Carbohydrates Are Chiral Molecules
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Slide 53

Vitamins

History

1048708 Purified diets of carbohydrate protein fatminerals and water were not capable ofnormal growth

1048708 ldquoAccessory growth factorsrdquo

1048708 Casimir Funk a Polish biochemist isolated anantiberberi substance from rice polishings

1048708 Named it vitamine an amine vital for life

Vitamins

1048708 Essential organic compounds required in very small amounts (micronutrients)involved in fundamental functions of the body

1048708 Unrelated chemically

Vitamins

1048708 Not metabolic fuels (like glucose or fatty acids) or structural nutrients (like amino acids)

1048708 Regulators (catalysts) of reactions some of which are involved in energy Metabolism

1048708 Organic molecules in food

1048708 Required in small amounts

1048708 Classified based on solubility

1048708 Fat soluble

1048708 Water soluble

Fat-soluble Vitamins Water-soluble Vitamins

Classification of vitamins

Vitamins

1048708 All vitamins are metabolically essential but not all required in the diet

1048708 Most mammals can synthesize vitamin C not humans and primates

1048708 No mammal can synthesize B vitamins but rumen bacteria do

The Basics of Water-Soluble Vitamins

1048708 Dissolve in water

1048708 B vitamins amp vitamin C

1048708 Absorbed mostly in small intestine amp stomach

1048708 Bioavailability

1048708 Nutritional status other nutrients amp substances in food medications age illness

1048708 Circulated to liver in blood

1048708 Not stored in large quantities

The Basics of Water-Soluble Vitamins

Naming the Vitamins

1048708 First named vitamin A or B

1048708 B-complex vitamins

1048708 Given common names also

1048708 Thiamin

1048708 Riboflavin

1048708 Niacin

1048708 Chemical names

1048708 Ascorbic acid

Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

1048708 Contains thiol amp amine group (-SH) and (NH3)

1048708 Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) or thiamin diphosphate

1048708 Thiamin triphosphate

Functions of Thiamin

1048708 ATP production

1048708 Synthesis of DNA amp RNA

1048708 Noncoenzyme roles

Coenzyme Functions of Riboflavin (B2)

1048708 Energy metabolism

1048708 Redox reactions

1048708 Formation of ATP water carbon dioxide

1048708 β-oxidation

1048708 Converts vitamin A amp folate to active forms tryptophan to niacin

1048708 Forms vitamin B6 amp K Riboflavin Deficiency

1048708 Ariboflavinosis

1048708 Weakness cheilosis stomatitis glossitis anemia confusion

1048708 Alcoholics

1048708 Diseases that interfere w riboflavinutilization

Regulation of Vitamin B12 in the Body

1048708 Must be cleaved before absorption

1048708 Bound to R protein amp intrinsic factor

1048708 Once absorbed binds to transcobalamin

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Stored in liver Functions of Vitamin B12 Coenzyme that catalyzesProduction of succinyl CoA

1048708 Uses amino acids amp fatty acids for ATP production

1048708 Conversion of homocysteine to methionine

1048708 Allows use of folate

Regulation of Vitamin C in the Body

1048708 Absorption in small intestine via active transport

1048708 Uses glucose transport protein

1048708 High intakes

1048708 Absorbed by simple diffusion in stomach amp small intestine

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Excess excreted in urine

Functions of Vitamin C1048708 Antioxidant1048708 Accepts amp donates electrons1048708 Involved in a variety of redox reactions

• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 13
• Sugars Prefer To Be Cyclic
• Carbohydrates Are Chiral Molecules
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Slide 39
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• Slide 50
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Slide 53

History

1048708 Purified diets of carbohydrate protein fatminerals and water were not capable ofnormal growth

1048708 ldquoAccessory growth factorsrdquo

1048708 Casimir Funk a Polish biochemist isolated anantiberberi substance from rice polishings

1048708 Named it vitamine an amine vital for life

Vitamins

1048708 Essential organic compounds required in very small amounts (micronutrients)involved in fundamental functions of the body

1048708 Unrelated chemically

Vitamins

1048708 Not metabolic fuels (like glucose or fatty acids) or structural nutrients (like amino acids)

1048708 Regulators (catalysts) of reactions some of which are involved in energy Metabolism

1048708 Organic molecules in food

1048708 Required in small amounts

1048708 Classified based on solubility

1048708 Fat soluble

1048708 Water soluble

Fat-soluble Vitamins Water-soluble Vitamins

Classification of vitamins

Vitamins

1048708 All vitamins are metabolically essential but not all required in the diet

1048708 Most mammals can synthesize vitamin C not humans and primates

1048708 No mammal can synthesize B vitamins but rumen bacteria do

The Basics of Water-Soluble Vitamins

1048708 Dissolve in water

1048708 B vitamins amp vitamin C

1048708 Absorbed mostly in small intestine amp stomach

1048708 Bioavailability

1048708 Nutritional status other nutrients amp substances in food medications age illness

1048708 Circulated to liver in blood

1048708 Not stored in large quantities

The Basics of Water-Soluble Vitamins

Naming the Vitamins

1048708 First named vitamin A or B

1048708 B-complex vitamins

1048708 Given common names also

1048708 Thiamin

1048708 Riboflavin

1048708 Niacin

1048708 Chemical names

1048708 Ascorbic acid

Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

1048708 Contains thiol amp amine group (-SH) and (NH3)

1048708 Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) or thiamin diphosphate

1048708 Thiamin triphosphate

Functions of Thiamin

1048708 ATP production

1048708 Synthesis of DNA amp RNA

1048708 Noncoenzyme roles

Coenzyme Functions of Riboflavin (B2)

1048708 Energy metabolism

1048708 Redox reactions

1048708 Formation of ATP water carbon dioxide

1048708 β-oxidation

1048708 Converts vitamin A amp folate to active forms tryptophan to niacin

1048708 Forms vitamin B6 amp K Riboflavin Deficiency

1048708 Ariboflavinosis

1048708 Weakness cheilosis stomatitis glossitis anemia confusion

1048708 Alcoholics

1048708 Diseases that interfere w riboflavinutilization

Regulation of Vitamin B12 in the Body

1048708 Must be cleaved before absorption

1048708 Bound to R protein amp intrinsic factor

1048708 Once absorbed binds to transcobalamin

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Stored in liver Functions of Vitamin B12 Coenzyme that catalyzesProduction of succinyl CoA

1048708 Uses amino acids amp fatty acids for ATP production

1048708 Conversion of homocysteine to methionine

1048708 Allows use of folate

Regulation of Vitamin C in the Body

1048708 Absorption in small intestine via active transport

1048708 Uses glucose transport protein

1048708 High intakes

1048708 Absorbed by simple diffusion in stomach amp small intestine

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Excess excreted in urine

Functions of Vitamin C1048708 Antioxidant1048708 Accepts amp donates electrons1048708 Involved in a variety of redox reactions

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• Carbohydrates Are Chiral Molecules
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Vitamins

1048708 Not metabolic fuels (like glucose or fatty acids) or structural nutrients (like amino acids)

1048708 Regulators (catalysts) of reactions some of which are involved in energy Metabolism

1048708 Organic molecules in food

1048708 Required in small amounts

1048708 Classified based on solubility

1048708 Fat soluble

1048708 Water soluble

Fat-soluble Vitamins Water-soluble Vitamins

Classification of vitamins

Vitamins

1048708 All vitamins are metabolically essential but not all required in the diet

1048708 Most mammals can synthesize vitamin C not humans and primates

1048708 No mammal can synthesize B vitamins but rumen bacteria do

The Basics of Water-Soluble Vitamins

1048708 Dissolve in water

1048708 B vitamins amp vitamin C

1048708 Absorbed mostly in small intestine amp stomach

1048708 Bioavailability

1048708 Nutritional status other nutrients amp substances in food medications age illness

1048708 Circulated to liver in blood

1048708 Not stored in large quantities

The Basics of Water-Soluble Vitamins

Naming the Vitamins

1048708 First named vitamin A or B

1048708 B-complex vitamins

1048708 Given common names also

1048708 Thiamin

1048708 Riboflavin

1048708 Niacin

1048708 Chemical names

1048708 Ascorbic acid

Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

1048708 Contains thiol amp amine group (-SH) and (NH3)

1048708 Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) or thiamin diphosphate

1048708 Thiamin triphosphate

Functions of Thiamin

1048708 ATP production

1048708 Synthesis of DNA amp RNA

1048708 Noncoenzyme roles

Coenzyme Functions of Riboflavin (B2)

1048708 Energy metabolism

1048708 Redox reactions

1048708 Formation of ATP water carbon dioxide

1048708 β-oxidation

1048708 Converts vitamin A amp folate to active forms tryptophan to niacin

1048708 Forms vitamin B6 amp K Riboflavin Deficiency

1048708 Ariboflavinosis

1048708 Weakness cheilosis stomatitis glossitis anemia confusion

1048708 Alcoholics

1048708 Diseases that interfere w riboflavinutilization

Regulation of Vitamin B12 in the Body

1048708 Must be cleaved before absorption

1048708 Bound to R protein amp intrinsic factor

1048708 Once absorbed binds to transcobalamin

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Stored in liver Functions of Vitamin B12 Coenzyme that catalyzesProduction of succinyl CoA

1048708 Uses amino acids amp fatty acids for ATP production

1048708 Conversion of homocysteine to methionine

1048708 Allows use of folate

Regulation of Vitamin C in the Body

1048708 Absorption in small intestine via active transport

1048708 Uses glucose transport protein

1048708 High intakes

1048708 Absorbed by simple diffusion in stomach amp small intestine

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Excess excreted in urine

Functions of Vitamin C1048708 Antioxidant1048708 Accepts amp donates electrons1048708 Involved in a variety of redox reactions

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• Sugars Prefer To Be Cyclic
• Carbohydrates Are Chiral Molecules
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Fat-soluble Vitamins Water-soluble Vitamins

Classification of vitamins

Vitamins

1048708 All vitamins are metabolically essential but not all required in the diet

1048708 Most mammals can synthesize vitamin C not humans and primates

1048708 No mammal can synthesize B vitamins but rumen bacteria do

The Basics of Water-Soluble Vitamins

1048708 Dissolve in water

1048708 B vitamins amp vitamin C

1048708 Absorbed mostly in small intestine amp stomach

1048708 Bioavailability

1048708 Nutritional status other nutrients amp substances in food medications age illness

1048708 Circulated to liver in blood

1048708 Not stored in large quantities

The Basics of Water-Soluble Vitamins

Naming the Vitamins

1048708 First named vitamin A or B

1048708 B-complex vitamins

1048708 Given common names also

1048708 Thiamin

1048708 Riboflavin

1048708 Niacin

1048708 Chemical names

1048708 Ascorbic acid

Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

1048708 Contains thiol amp amine group (-SH) and (NH3)

1048708 Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) or thiamin diphosphate

1048708 Thiamin triphosphate

Functions of Thiamin

1048708 ATP production

1048708 Synthesis of DNA amp RNA

1048708 Noncoenzyme roles

Coenzyme Functions of Riboflavin (B2)

1048708 Energy metabolism

1048708 Redox reactions

1048708 Formation of ATP water carbon dioxide

1048708 β-oxidation

1048708 Converts vitamin A amp folate to active forms tryptophan to niacin

1048708 Forms vitamin B6 amp K Riboflavin Deficiency

1048708 Ariboflavinosis

1048708 Weakness cheilosis stomatitis glossitis anemia confusion

1048708 Alcoholics

1048708 Diseases that interfere w riboflavinutilization

Regulation of Vitamin B12 in the Body

1048708 Must be cleaved before absorption

1048708 Bound to R protein amp intrinsic factor

1048708 Once absorbed binds to transcobalamin

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Stored in liver Functions of Vitamin B12 Coenzyme that catalyzesProduction of succinyl CoA

1048708 Uses amino acids amp fatty acids for ATP production

1048708 Conversion of homocysteine to methionine

1048708 Allows use of folate

Regulation of Vitamin C in the Body

1048708 Absorption in small intestine via active transport

1048708 Uses glucose transport protein

1048708 High intakes

1048708 Absorbed by simple diffusion in stomach amp small intestine

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Excess excreted in urine

Functions of Vitamin C1048708 Antioxidant1048708 Accepts amp donates electrons1048708 Involved in a variety of redox reactions

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• Carbohydrates Are Chiral Molecules
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Vitamins

1048708 All vitamins are metabolically essential but not all required in the diet

1048708 Most mammals can synthesize vitamin C not humans and primates

1048708 No mammal can synthesize B vitamins but rumen bacteria do

The Basics of Water-Soluble Vitamins

1048708 Dissolve in water

1048708 B vitamins amp vitamin C

1048708 Absorbed mostly in small intestine amp stomach

1048708 Bioavailability

1048708 Nutritional status other nutrients amp substances in food medications age illness

1048708 Circulated to liver in blood

1048708 Not stored in large quantities

The Basics of Water-Soluble Vitamins

Naming the Vitamins

1048708 First named vitamin A or B

1048708 B-complex vitamins

1048708 Given common names also

1048708 Thiamin

1048708 Riboflavin

1048708 Niacin

1048708 Chemical names

1048708 Ascorbic acid

Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

1048708 Contains thiol amp amine group (-SH) and (NH3)

1048708 Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) or thiamin diphosphate

1048708 Thiamin triphosphate

Functions of Thiamin

1048708 ATP production

1048708 Synthesis of DNA amp RNA

1048708 Noncoenzyme roles

Coenzyme Functions of Riboflavin (B2)

1048708 Energy metabolism

1048708 Redox reactions

1048708 Formation of ATP water carbon dioxide

1048708 β-oxidation

1048708 Converts vitamin A amp folate to active forms tryptophan to niacin

1048708 Forms vitamin B6 amp K Riboflavin Deficiency

1048708 Ariboflavinosis

1048708 Weakness cheilosis stomatitis glossitis anemia confusion

1048708 Alcoholics

1048708 Diseases that interfere w riboflavinutilization

Regulation of Vitamin B12 in the Body

1048708 Must be cleaved before absorption

1048708 Bound to R protein amp intrinsic factor

1048708 Once absorbed binds to transcobalamin

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Stored in liver Functions of Vitamin B12 Coenzyme that catalyzesProduction of succinyl CoA

1048708 Uses amino acids amp fatty acids for ATP production

1048708 Conversion of homocysteine to methionine

1048708 Allows use of folate

Regulation of Vitamin C in the Body

1048708 Absorption in small intestine via active transport

1048708 Uses glucose transport protein

1048708 High intakes

1048708 Absorbed by simple diffusion in stomach amp small intestine

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Excess excreted in urine

Functions of Vitamin C1048708 Antioxidant1048708 Accepts amp donates electrons1048708 Involved in a variety of redox reactions

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• Carbohydrates Are Chiral Molecules
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The Basics of Water-Soluble Vitamins

1048708 Dissolve in water

1048708 B vitamins amp vitamin C

1048708 Absorbed mostly in small intestine amp stomach

1048708 Bioavailability

1048708 Nutritional status other nutrients amp substances in food medications age illness

1048708 Circulated to liver in blood

1048708 Not stored in large quantities

The Basics of Water-Soluble Vitamins

Naming the Vitamins

1048708 First named vitamin A or B

1048708 B-complex vitamins

1048708 Given common names also

1048708 Thiamin

1048708 Riboflavin

1048708 Niacin

1048708 Chemical names

1048708 Ascorbic acid

Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

1048708 Contains thiol amp amine group (-SH) and (NH3)

1048708 Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) or thiamin diphosphate

1048708 Thiamin triphosphate

Functions of Thiamin

1048708 ATP production

1048708 Synthesis of DNA amp RNA

1048708 Noncoenzyme roles

Coenzyme Functions of Riboflavin (B2)

1048708 Energy metabolism

1048708 Redox reactions

1048708 Formation of ATP water carbon dioxide

1048708 β-oxidation

1048708 Converts vitamin A amp folate to active forms tryptophan to niacin

1048708 Forms vitamin B6 amp K Riboflavin Deficiency

1048708 Ariboflavinosis

1048708 Weakness cheilosis stomatitis glossitis anemia confusion

1048708 Alcoholics

1048708 Diseases that interfere w riboflavinutilization

Regulation of Vitamin B12 in the Body

1048708 Must be cleaved before absorption

1048708 Bound to R protein amp intrinsic factor

1048708 Once absorbed binds to transcobalamin

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Stored in liver Functions of Vitamin B12 Coenzyme that catalyzesProduction of succinyl CoA

1048708 Uses amino acids amp fatty acids for ATP production

1048708 Conversion of homocysteine to methionine

1048708 Allows use of folate

Regulation of Vitamin C in the Body

1048708 Absorption in small intestine via active transport

1048708 Uses glucose transport protein

1048708 High intakes

1048708 Absorbed by simple diffusion in stomach amp small intestine

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Excess excreted in urine

Functions of Vitamin C1048708 Antioxidant1048708 Accepts amp donates electrons1048708 Involved in a variety of redox reactions

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• Sugars Prefer To Be Cyclic
• Carbohydrates Are Chiral Molecules
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The Basics of Water-Soluble Vitamins

Naming the Vitamins

1048708 First named vitamin A or B

1048708 B-complex vitamins

1048708 Given common names also

1048708 Thiamin

1048708 Riboflavin

1048708 Niacin

1048708 Chemical names

1048708 Ascorbic acid

Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

1048708 Contains thiol amp amine group (-SH) and (NH3)

1048708 Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) or thiamin diphosphate

1048708 Thiamin triphosphate

Functions of Thiamin

1048708 ATP production

1048708 Synthesis of DNA amp RNA

1048708 Noncoenzyme roles

Coenzyme Functions of Riboflavin (B2)

1048708 Energy metabolism

1048708 Redox reactions

1048708 Formation of ATP water carbon dioxide

1048708 β-oxidation

1048708 Converts vitamin A amp folate to active forms tryptophan to niacin

1048708 Forms vitamin B6 amp K Riboflavin Deficiency

1048708 Ariboflavinosis

1048708 Weakness cheilosis stomatitis glossitis anemia confusion

1048708 Alcoholics

1048708 Diseases that interfere w riboflavinutilization

Regulation of Vitamin B12 in the Body

1048708 Must be cleaved before absorption

1048708 Bound to R protein amp intrinsic factor

1048708 Once absorbed binds to transcobalamin

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Stored in liver Functions of Vitamin B12 Coenzyme that catalyzesProduction of succinyl CoA

1048708 Uses amino acids amp fatty acids for ATP production

1048708 Conversion of homocysteine to methionine

1048708 Allows use of folate

Regulation of Vitamin C in the Body

1048708 Absorption in small intestine via active transport

1048708 Uses glucose transport protein

1048708 High intakes

1048708 Absorbed by simple diffusion in stomach amp small intestine

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Excess excreted in urine

Functions of Vitamin C1048708 Antioxidant1048708 Accepts amp donates electrons1048708 Involved in a variety of redox reactions

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• Carbohydrates Are Chiral Molecules
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Naming the Vitamins

1048708 First named vitamin A or B

1048708 B-complex vitamins

1048708 Given common names also

1048708 Thiamin

1048708 Riboflavin

1048708 Niacin

1048708 Chemical names

1048708 Ascorbic acid

Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

1048708 Contains thiol amp amine group (-SH) and (NH3)

1048708 Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) or thiamin diphosphate

1048708 Thiamin triphosphate

Functions of Thiamin

1048708 ATP production

1048708 Synthesis of DNA amp RNA

1048708 Noncoenzyme roles

Coenzyme Functions of Riboflavin (B2)

1048708 Energy metabolism

1048708 Redox reactions

1048708 Formation of ATP water carbon dioxide

1048708 β-oxidation

1048708 Converts vitamin A amp folate to active forms tryptophan to niacin

1048708 Forms vitamin B6 amp K Riboflavin Deficiency

1048708 Ariboflavinosis

1048708 Weakness cheilosis stomatitis glossitis anemia confusion

1048708 Alcoholics

1048708 Diseases that interfere w riboflavinutilization

Regulation of Vitamin B12 in the Body

1048708 Must be cleaved before absorption

1048708 Bound to R protein amp intrinsic factor

1048708 Once absorbed binds to transcobalamin

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Stored in liver Functions of Vitamin B12 Coenzyme that catalyzesProduction of succinyl CoA

1048708 Uses amino acids amp fatty acids for ATP production

1048708 Conversion of homocysteine to methionine

1048708 Allows use of folate

Regulation of Vitamin C in the Body

1048708 Absorption in small intestine via active transport

1048708 Uses glucose transport protein

1048708 High intakes

1048708 Absorbed by simple diffusion in stomach amp small intestine

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Excess excreted in urine

Functions of Vitamin C1048708 Antioxidant1048708 Accepts amp donates electrons1048708 Involved in a variety of redox reactions

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• Carbohydrates Are Chiral Molecules
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Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

1048708 Contains thiol amp amine group (-SH) and (NH3)

1048708 Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) or thiamin diphosphate

1048708 Thiamin triphosphate

Functions of Thiamin

1048708 ATP production

1048708 Synthesis of DNA amp RNA

1048708 Noncoenzyme roles

Coenzyme Functions of Riboflavin (B2)

1048708 Energy metabolism

1048708 Redox reactions

1048708 Formation of ATP water carbon dioxide

1048708 β-oxidation

1048708 Converts vitamin A amp folate to active forms tryptophan to niacin

1048708 Forms vitamin B6 amp K Riboflavin Deficiency

1048708 Ariboflavinosis

1048708 Weakness cheilosis stomatitis glossitis anemia confusion

1048708 Alcoholics

1048708 Diseases that interfere w riboflavinutilization

Regulation of Vitamin B12 in the Body

1048708 Must be cleaved before absorption

1048708 Bound to R protein amp intrinsic factor

1048708 Once absorbed binds to transcobalamin

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Stored in liver Functions of Vitamin B12 Coenzyme that catalyzesProduction of succinyl CoA

1048708 Uses amino acids amp fatty acids for ATP production

1048708 Conversion of homocysteine to methionine

1048708 Allows use of folate

Regulation of Vitamin C in the Body

1048708 Absorption in small intestine via active transport

1048708 Uses glucose transport protein

1048708 High intakes

1048708 Absorbed by simple diffusion in stomach amp small intestine

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Excess excreted in urine

Functions of Vitamin C1048708 Antioxidant1048708 Accepts amp donates electrons1048708 Involved in a variety of redox reactions

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• Carbohydrates Are Chiral Molecules
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Coenzyme Functions of Riboflavin (B2)

1048708 Energy metabolism

1048708 Redox reactions

1048708 Formation of ATP water carbon dioxide

1048708 β-oxidation

1048708 Converts vitamin A amp folate to active forms tryptophan to niacin

1048708 Forms vitamin B6 amp K Riboflavin Deficiency

1048708 Ariboflavinosis

1048708 Weakness cheilosis stomatitis glossitis anemia confusion

1048708 Alcoholics

1048708 Diseases that interfere w riboflavinutilization

Regulation of Vitamin B12 in the Body

1048708 Must be cleaved before absorption

1048708 Bound to R protein amp intrinsic factor

1048708 Once absorbed binds to transcobalamin

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Stored in liver Functions of Vitamin B12 Coenzyme that catalyzesProduction of succinyl CoA

1048708 Uses amino acids amp fatty acids for ATP production

1048708 Conversion of homocysteine to methionine

1048708 Allows use of folate

Regulation of Vitamin C in the Body

1048708 Absorption in small intestine via active transport

1048708 Uses glucose transport protein

1048708 High intakes

1048708 Absorbed by simple diffusion in stomach amp small intestine

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Excess excreted in urine

Functions of Vitamin C1048708 Antioxidant1048708 Accepts amp donates electrons1048708 Involved in a variety of redox reactions

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• Carbohydrates Are Chiral Molecules
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Regulation of Vitamin B12 in the Body

1048708 Must be cleaved before absorption

1048708 Bound to R protein amp intrinsic factor

1048708 Once absorbed binds to transcobalamin

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Stored in liver Functions of Vitamin B12 Coenzyme that catalyzesProduction of succinyl CoA

1048708 Uses amino acids amp fatty acids for ATP production

1048708 Conversion of homocysteine to methionine

1048708 Allows use of folate

Regulation of Vitamin C in the Body

1048708 Absorption in small intestine via active transport

1048708 Uses glucose transport protein

1048708 High intakes

1048708 Absorbed by simple diffusion in stomach amp small intestine

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Excess excreted in urine

Functions of Vitamin C1048708 Antioxidant1048708 Accepts amp donates electrons1048708 Involved in a variety of redox reactions

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• Sugars Prefer To Be Cyclic
• Carbohydrates Are Chiral Molecules
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Regulation of Vitamin C in the Body

1048708 Absorption in small intestine via active transport

1048708 Uses glucose transport protein

1048708 High intakes

1048708 Absorbed by simple diffusion in stomach amp small intestine

1048708 Circulates to liver via blood

1048708 Excess excreted in urine

Functions of Vitamin C1048708 Antioxidant1048708 Accepts amp donates electrons1048708 Involved in a variety of redox reactions

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• Sugars Prefer To Be Cyclic
• Carbohydrates Are Chiral Molecules
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