Introduction – Personality and Introduction – Personality and AttitudesAttitudes

• Analysis of personality and attitudes Analysis of personality and attitudes is vital to the study of organizational is vital to the study of organizational behaviorbehavior

Meaning of PersonalityMeaning of Personality

• How people affect others How people affect others

• How they understand and view How they understand and view themselvesthemselves

• Pattern of inner and outer Pattern of inner and outer measurable traitsmeasurable traits

• Person-situation interactionPerson-situation interaction

Role of Heredity and the Role of Heredity and the Brain Brain

• Major inroads are being made in the Major inroads are being made in the role that genetics and the brain play role that genetics and the brain play both in human behavior and both in human behavior and personalitypersonality

Socialization processSocialization process

– Continuous impact from the social Continuous impact from the social environmentenvironment•Successful organizational socialization:Successful organizational socialization:

– Provide a challenging first jobProvide a challenging first job– Provide relevant trainingProvide relevant training– Provide timely and consistent feedbackProvide timely and consistent feedback– Select a good first supervisor to be in charge of Select a good first supervisor to be in charge of

socializationsocialization– Design a relaxed orientation programDesign a relaxed orientation program– Place new recruits in work groups with high Place new recruits in work groups with high

moralemorale

The “Big Five” Personality The “Big Five” Personality TraitsTraits

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Nature and Dimensions of Nature and Dimensions of AttitudesAttitudes

• Characteristics of attitudesCharacteristics of attitudes– Tend to persist unless changedTend to persist unless changed– Fall along a continuum: favorable to Fall along a continuum: favorable to

unfavorableunfavorable– Directed toward some objectDirected toward some object

• Components of attitudes Components of attitudes – EmotionalEmotional– InformationalInformational– BehavioralBehavioral

Nature and Dimensions of Nature and Dimensions of AttitudesAttitudes

• Functions of attitudesFunctions of attitudes– Adjustment function – people to work Adjustment function – people to work

environment environment – Ego-defensive function – defend self-Ego-defensive function – defend self-

imageimage– Value-expressive function – basic Value-expressive function – basic

expression of valuesexpression of values– Knowledge function – supply standards Knowledge function – supply standards

and frames of referenceand frames of reference

Nature and Dimensions of Nature and Dimensions of Attitudes Attitudes

ContinuedContinued

• Changing attitudes Changing attitudes – Barriers to changing attitudesBarriers to changing attitudes

•Prior commitmentsPrior commitments

• Insufficient informationInsufficient information

– Providing new informationProviding new information•Overcome barriers and changes attitudesOvercome barriers and changes attitudes

– Use of FearUse of Fear• Instill fear to overcome barriersInstill fear to overcome barriers

Nature and Dimensions of Nature and Dimensions of Attitudes Attitudes

ContinuedContinued

• Changing attitudes Changing attitudes (continued(continued))– Resolving discrepanciesResolving discrepancies

•Between attitudes and behaviorsBetween attitudes and behaviors

– Influence of friends or peersInfluence of friends or peers•Use of persuasionUse of persuasion

•Matter of personal interestMatter of personal interest

– Co-opting approachCo-opting approach• Involving people to work towards changing Involving people to work towards changing

dissatisfaction to satisfactiondissatisfaction to satisfaction

Nature and Dimensions of Nature and Dimensions of Attitudes Attitudes

ContinuedContinued

• Antecedents of work-related Antecedents of work-related attitudes:attitudes:– Attention given to affective dispositionsAttention given to affective dispositions

•Positive affectivityPositive affectivity

•Negative affectivityNegative affectivity

– Attention give to job satisfaction and Attention give to job satisfaction and organizational commitmentorganizational commitment

Job SatisfactionJob Satisfaction

• Meaning of job satisfaction - LockeMeaning of job satisfaction - Locke– Involving cognitive, affective, and Involving cognitive, affective, and

evaluative reactions or attitudesevaluative reactions or attitudes– A pleasurable or positive emotional A pleasurable or positive emotional

state resulting from the appraisal of state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job or job experienceone’s job or job experience

Job Satisfaction Job Satisfaction ContinuedContinued

• Influences on job satisfactionInfluences on job satisfaction– The work itselfThe work itself– PayPay– PromotionsPromotions– SupervisionSupervision– Work groupWork group– Working conditions Working conditions

Job Satisfaction Job Satisfaction ContinuedContinued

• Outcomes of job satisfactionOutcomes of job satisfaction– Satisfaction and performanceSatisfaction and performance

•A positive relationship existsA positive relationship exists

– Satisfaction and turnoverSatisfaction and turnover•Unemployment rates do directly affect Unemployment rates do directly affect

turnoverturnover

– Satisfaction and absenteeismSatisfaction and absenteeism•A weak negative relationshipA weak negative relationship

Job Satisfaction Job Satisfaction ContinuedContinued

• Outcomes of job satisfaction Outcomes of job satisfaction (continued(continued))– Other effects and ways to enhance Other effects and ways to enhance

satisfactionsatisfaction•Make jobs more funMake jobs more fun

•Have fair pay, benefits, and promotion Have fair pay, benefits, and promotion opportunitiesopportunities

•Match people with jobs that fit their interest Match people with jobs that fit their interest and skillsand skills

•Design jobs to make them exciting and Design jobs to make them exciting and satisfyingsatisfying

Organizational CommitmentOrganizational Commitment

• Meaning of organizational commitmentMeaning of organizational commitment– Strong desire to remain a memberStrong desire to remain a member– Willingness to exert high levels of effortWillingness to exert high levels of effort– Definite belief in, and acceptance of, the Definite belief in, and acceptance of, the

values and goalsvalues and goals– Three-component model proposed by Three-component model proposed by

Meyer and Allen:Meyer and Allen:•Affective commitmentAffective commitment•Continuance commitmentContinuance commitment•Normative commitmentNormative commitment

Organizational Commitment Organizational Commitment

ContinuedContinued

• Outcomes of organizational commitmentOutcomes of organizational commitment– Deserve management attentionDeserve management attention

• Guidelines to enhance organizational Guidelines to enhance organizational commitmentcommitment– Commit to people-first valuesCommit to people-first values– Clarify and communicate your missionClarify and communicate your mission– Guarantee organizational justiceGuarantee organizational justice– Create a sense of communityCreate a sense of community– Support employee developmentSupport employee development

Organizational Commitment Organizational Commitment

ContinuedContinued

• Organizational citizenship behaviors Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) (OCBs) – Major OCBs include:Major OCBs include:

•Altruism Altruism

•Conscientiousness Conscientiousness

•Civic virtue Civic virtue

•SportsmanshipSportsmanship

•CourtesyCourtesy