INTRODUCTION Overview of SEVESO DIRECTIVE and SAFETY REPORT REQUIREMENTS

This Project is funded by the European Union

Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium

This project is funded by the European UnionProjekat finansira Evropska Unija


Projekat realizuje Human Dynamics Konzorcijum

INTRODUCTIONOVERVIEW OF SEVESO DIRECTIVE AND SAFETY REPORT REQUIREMENTS

Ike van der PuttePhD Toxicology – EUROTOX registeredMSc Environmental [email protected]



THE SEVESO DIRECTIVE

Source: RPS/EC, DG Environment/ECENA



PART I HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

Flixborough (UK), 1974

Seveso (IT), 1976

Bhopal (India), 1984

Basel (Sandoz), Switzerland, 1986

Mexico City, Mexico, 1986

Aznallcollar (ES), 1998

Baia Mare (RO), 2000

Toulouse (FR), 2001

Texas City (USA), 2005

Buncefield (UK), 2006


Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium4

Seveso, Italy, 1976-Manufacture of a bactericide- runaway reaction -emission of TCDD with dioxin-no fatalities, 447 burns, 737 long term evacuationsSevere environmental damageLack of information, no proper emergency plan

Flixborough Accident, 1974Release of 40 tonnes of cyclohexane massive vapour cloud explosion; 28 people killed (all on site). Basic cause was management failure



Bhopal UC plant, 1984Pesticide (carbaryl) production.Water entered a tank containing 42 tons of MIC. The resulting exothermic reaction increased the temperature inside the tank to over 200 °Cand raised the pressure. The tank vented releasing toxic gases into the Atmosphere.Estimates vary on the immediate death toll (3000-15000)

Sandoz Warehouse on the Rhine, 1986A major environmental disaster caused by a fire and its subsequent extinguishing at an agrochemical storehouse, which released toxic agrochemicals into the air and resulted in tons of pollutants entering the Rhine river. The chemicals caused a massive mortality of wildlife downstream,



Aznallcollar dam break, 1998

Baia Mare dam break, 2000resulted in the river Danube becoming polluted. Waste from gold mining ran into the river all theway to the Black Sea and affected drinking water

a holding dam burst at the Los Frailes mine, releasing 4–5 million cubic metres of mine tailings. The acidic tailings with high levels of heavy metals, reached the River Guadiana, which is the main water source for the Deanna National Park, one of the largest national parks in Europe.The cleanup operation: 3 years Estimated cost of €240 million.



Enschede Firework Explosion, 2000

was the biggest accident seen in Europe in decades. The fireworks factory was based in the middle of the town. It killed more than 20 and injured over 300 people.



Toulouse accident, 2001

An explosion of 300 tons of ammonium nitrate at a fertilizer plant killed 29 people,

Texas City accident, 2005

A fire and explosion occurred atin an isomerization unit at the refinery killing 15 workers and injuring more than 170 others



Buncefield accident, 2006

Evidence shows that the main explosion probably resulted from the ignition of a vapour cloud emanating from Tank 912 in Bund A in the Hertfordshire Oil Storage A large fire ensued that engulfed 21 of the tanks on site.



DATABASE ON MAJOR ACCIDENTS

(1984 - 2007)

• 603 accidents and near misses reported• ~ 66% due to management failure• ~10% caused environmental damage• ~66 % caused injuries or fatalities

eMARS - Major Accident Reporting System Database of "major accidents" reported under Seveso, OECD and UN-ECE Managed by the Major Accident Hazards Bureau (MAHB)http://emars.jrc.ec.europa.eu/



DATABASE ON MAJOR ACCIDENTSLESSONS LEARNT

• Main cause - inadequate management• Inadequate design and maintenance• Inadequate decisions• Inability to take decisions• Cover-up of safety breaches and “Blame game” approach• Lack of safety culture – “Macho culture”, “Do-it-fast”• Inadequate assessment of the existing hazards and the associated

risks



DATABASE ON MAJOR ACCIDENTSLESSONS LEARNT

• Main accident risks • Abnormal Operations

• Maintenance operations• Start-up or shutdown procedures• Unforeseen weather conditions• Loading/unloading operations• Nightshifts

• Inadequate Design & Maintenance Decisions• Bad Installations Design• Inadequate Maintenance & Operation procedures• Inadequate Design of Safety Equipment



SEVESO DIRECTIVE – DEVELOPMENT RELATED TO MAJOR ACCIDENTS ...

1974: Flixborough, United Kingdom1976: Seveso, Italy1982: Original « Seveso Directive » adopted (82/501/EEC)1984: Bhopal, India1986: Basel, Switzerland9 Dec 1996: « Seveso II Directive » adopted (96/82/EC)3 Feb 1999: « Seveso II » must be applied in the Member

States of the European Union30 Jan 2000: Baia Mare, Romania15 May 2000: Enschede, Netherlands21 Sep 2001: Toulouse, France 16 Dec 2003: Amendment 2003/105/EC



4

Seveso I - Objectives

Prevention of major accident hazards of certain industrial activities and isolated storageProtection of the public and the environmentProvision of information to AuthoritiesInformation to the public on riskCollection of major-accident data

(No MAPP + SMS explicitly required; focus on info to CA)

Seveso IILessons learned from major-accidents and the experience from Seveso I was incorporated into the Seveso II Regulations



5

Objectives of Seveso II

Control of Major-Accident Hazards (COMAH) involving dangerous substancesImproved risk and accident managementLand-use planning controlsCatch all establishments with sufficient inventoryLays down principles for safety management



6

Objectives of Seveso II (Continued)

Revised Safety ReportDomino effects to be consideredPublic access to informationEmergency plans to be revised and tested as necessaryInspection of plants across the EUMember states to provide information to the Commission

2003 – Amendment of Seveso IIBroader Scope – Tailing Ponds/explosives/ammonium nitrateExtended requirements for Risk Assessment

2015 – Seveso III



IN TOTAL APPROX. 105 INSTALLATIONS

Upper tier plants: 46 installations

Lower tier plants: 59 installations

Safety report Accidents protection plan

PRELIMINARY LIST OF SEVESO PLANTS SERBIA

Accident prevention policy Notification

Ref. Ljiljana Stanojevic 2012



18

SEVESO PLANTS IN REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

Upper tier installations

Lower tier installations



a

Total number of Seveso establishments in the whole EU in the years 2009 to 2011 (Report from the Commission Brussels, 28.6.2013 C(2013) 4035 final )

SEVESO Establishments in the EU



Among the 49 activities used to categorize the Seveso establishments, seven activities contribute to 50% of establishments: – Fuel storage (including heating, retail sale, etc.); – Wholesale and retail storage and distribution (excluding LPG); – LPG storage; – General chemicals manufacture; – Production of basic organic chemicals; – Power generation, supply and distribution; – LPG production, bottling and bulk distribution.

Commission Report – SEVESO Establishments(2009 – 2011)



Number of reported Major AccidentsCommission Report 2009 - 20011



There is a general reducing trend in the number of fatalities and of injuries

reported over the last decade. The total number of fatalities went down from 27 in 2000 to 9 in 2010. In particular there has been no fatality off-site since 2006. The total number of injuries went down from 126 in 2000 to 23 in 2010.

Among the hazardous phenomena involved in the accidents reported in eMARS, toxic release appears to be the most frequent, for every year except 2002, 2003 and 2010, in which explosions and fires occurred more frequently. The main substance categories involved are:

– Toxic: 91 major accidents;

– Extremely flammable: 80 major accidents;

– Very toxic: 53 major accidents.

Fatalities, injuries and type of major accidents



SEVESO III 2012/18/EU

First reading agreement on 27 March 2012

Adopted 4th July 2012

Published 24th July (OJ L 197/1)

Entry into force 13th August 2012

National transposition 31rd May 2015 Implementation 1st June 2015



Seveso III

Main purpose – align scope to new international chemicals classification (CLP Regulation transposing GHS classification)

Clarify/improve - Inspections - Information to the public - Public participation - Access to justice

Main philosophy Seveso II remains



Why do we need GHS?

GHS Danger (Skull & Cross Bones)Transport liquid: slightly toxic; solid: not classifiedEU Harmful (St Andrew’s Cross)US ToxicCAN ToxicAustralia HarmfulIndia Non-toxicJapan ToxicMalaysia HarmfulThailand HarmfulNew Zealand HazardousChina Not DangerousKorea Toxic

Substance - oral toxicity LD50 = 257 mg/kg



PHILOSOPHY SEVESO

SafeManagement

SafeTechnology

Demonstrate safety in the Safety Report

EmergencyPlanning

Land-UsePlanning

Info

rmat

ion

to th

e Pu

blic

I N S P E C T I O N S

Accident Reporting and Lessons Learnt



Inspections – Art 20Inspection plan (National, Regional or Local)covering all Seveso establishments, to include• general safety assessment• info on domino-effects• info on particular external risks/hazards• procedures for routine/non-routine inspections• cooperation between inspection authoritiesBased on this, competent authority to establishprogrammes for routine inspections includingfrequency of site visits



Information – Art 14, Annex VAll establishments (also LT) - Annex V informationpermanently available electronically (info to the public)• dangerous substances• appropriate behaviour in case of an accident• last site visit (inspection) or electronic referenceindication where more info can be obtained upon request

UT - inform on main accident scenarios measuresUT - appropriate info from external emergency plansUT - inform if establishment close to other Member State



For upper-tier establishments, Member States shall also ensure that:

(a)all persons likely to be affected by a major accident receive regularly and in the most appropriate form, without having to request it, clear and intelligible information on safety measures and requisite behaviour in the event of a major accident;

Article 14- Information to the Public: active provision of information – not just on request!

Information shall include at least ANNEX V info and supplied to allBuildings and areas of public use (schools, hospitals, neighbouring Establishments)



Public participation – Art 15Article 15 – sets/refers to detailed procedural rulesin relation to participation in land use planning• specific individual projects (rules set)• general plans and programmes (reference toDirective 2003/35/EC)= inform public, duly take into accountcomments and motivate final decisionArticle 12(5) - public concerned must be givenearly opportunity to give its opinion on externalemergency plans



Access to justice - Art 23Administrative AND judicial review ofacts/omissions in relation to requests for anyinformation held under the directiveAt least judicial review of acts/omissions in relationto cases of public participation on specific individualprojectsNo access to justice in relation to public participationon general plans and programmes/externalemergency plans, unless otherwise provided undernational law



PART IISCOPE OF THE DIRECTIVE

ALL ESTABLISHMENTS WHICH STORE

DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES ABOVE

SPECIFIC THRESHOLDS

Exclusions:-Hazards from ionizing radiation-Transport outside the establishment-Landfills, quarries and mines-Offshore exploration-Military installations



DEFINITIONSA MAJOR ACCIDENT

is a major emission, fire or explosion*, leading to serious danger to human health

and/or the environment, immediate or delayed, inside or outside an

establishment, involving one or more dangerous substances

*Resulting from uncontrolled developments in the course of operation of the establishement



DEFINITIONS

AN ESTABLISHMENT is the whole area under the control of the

operator

AN INSTALLATIONis a technical unit within an establishment



DEFINITIONS

HAZARDis an intrinsic property of a dangerous substance, with a potential for harm

RISKIs the likelihood of a specific effect

occurring



DANGEROUS SUBSTANCESNamed Substances e.g. Sulphur trioxide or

Substances with certain generic hazardous properties e.g. Flammability

Now new CLP Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008

The Classification is done according the EU Directives on Classification, Packaging and Labeling (67/548/EEC and 99/45/EC)

DEFINITIONS



THRESHOLDS

Annex ITwo categories based on quantities storedLower TierUpper Tier

Upper Tier has more responsibilities



REQUIREMENTSLOWER TIER

General ObligationsNotificationMajor Accident Prevention PolicyModificationsAccident ReportsCooperation with Authorities



OBLIGATIONSUPPER TIER

Lower Tier Obligations

and

Safety Report

Internal Emergency Plans

Information to Public



GENERAL OBLIGATIONSOF AN OPERATOR

To take all measures necessary to prevent major accidents and to limit their consequences

The operator must be able to “demonstrate” that the hazards are identified and all necessary measures are taken



ROLE OF THE COMPETENT AUTHORITIES

Administrative, executive and enforcement responsibilities

Review of Documentation

Inspection

Prohibition of Activity if Serious deficiencies are present Documentation inadequate

Preparation and Testing of External Emergency Plans

Identification of possible Domino effects

Implementation of Land-use Policies



DOMINO EFFECT

AN ACCIDENT ON ONE SEVESO SITE COULD AFFECT NEIGHBORING SEVESO SITES

Based on info (notification/SR) or requested by the CA the operators must exchange information and cooperate in the area of risk management, emergency response and public information



MAPP

MAJOR ACCIDENT PREVENTION POLICY

Designed to guarantee a high level of protection for

Man and the Environment by appropriate Means,

Structures and Safety Management Systems

MAPP consists of

• Policy Statement

• Safety Management System



MAPP

THE SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM1. Organisation and Personnel2. Identification and Evaluation of Hazards3. Operational Control4. Management of change5. Emergency Planning6. Performance Monitoring7. Audit and Review

Lower Tier - MAPP is a separate documentUpper Tier - MAPP is part of Safety Report



SAFETY REPORTMUST CONTAIN

Major Accident Prevention PolicySafety Management SystemIdentification of HazardsAnalysis and Assessment of RiskAdequate Prevention/Limitation MeasuresInternal Emergency PlansInformation for Land-use Planning

Applies to Upper Tier Sites



INTERNAL EMERGENCY PLAN

OBJECTIVESControlling incidents to minimise effects

Implementing protection measures

Communicating information to the Public and the Authorities

Providing for clean-up and restoration of the environment



EXTERNAL EMERGENCY PLAN

To be prepared by the Local or National Designated Authority

The Operator must provide relevant information requested by the Authority

Details of the Plan to be communicated by the Authority to the Operator in order to ensure Compatibility of Internal & External EP



PUBLIC INFORMATION

Information must be made available to the Public to include

The Safety ReportAn explanation of site activitiesNature and quantity of dangerous substancesNature of hazard posedHow the population will be alerted to an accident

Applies to Upper Tier Sites



IF A MAJOR ACCIDENT OCCURS

Circumstances of the accidentDangerous substances involvedData available for assessing the effects

of the accidentEmergency actions undertaken

The CA must be informed of



LEARNING FROM EXPERIENCE

The Directive requires that Member States and the Commission will exchange information and experience such as - Analysing the causes of accidents - Lessons learned - Measures necessary to prevent recurrence

Member States must report data on major accidents to the Commission



IN SUMMARY



SEVESO II DIRECTIVE - AIM

Accidental ( Continuous) Risksprevention of major accidents involving

dangerous substances limitation of the consequences of

accidents on man and the environmenthigh level of protectionfor man and the environment throughout the European Union



SEVESO DIRECTIVE – SCOPE & MAIN OBLIGATIONS

Excluded Sector? (Article 4)

Seveso does not apply

What is the quantity of dangerous substances?

(Annex I)

Lower than lower tier

•Notification•Major Accident Prevention Policy (MAPP)•Domino Effects•Land-use planning•Inspection

Quantity above the lower threshold

Additionally:•Safety report (including MAPP and Safety Management System)•Emergency plans (internal and external)•Information to the public

Quantity above the

higher threshold

Yes

Nonuclear, transport, military



SEVESO DIRECTIVE – SCOPE, METHODS

~ 4000 upper + ~ 4000 lower tier establishments storing dangerous substances -EU

Mainly chemical and petrochemical industry, storage, big industrial production and energy installations

Criteria: Hazard: Quantity of dangerous substances present

.. the Seveso II Directive contains no detailed procedures and guidelines for risk assessment and management.

A variety of such procedures is currently in use, employing different terminologies and underlying philosophies, making cross-comparison of results difficult.



SEVESO DIRECTIVE – CONTROL MEASURES AIMED AT PREVENTION

Upper and lower tier:General obligationsNotificationMajor Accident Prevention PolicyDomino EffectsInspection by Competent Authorities

For upper tier only:Safety ReportSafety Management System



Upper and lower tier:General obligationsLand-Use PlanningInformation to the Public

For upper tier only:Emergency PlanningMore information to the Public on MAH

SEVESO DIRECTIVE – CONTROL MEASURES AIMED ATLIMITATION OF THE CONSEQUENCES



• to align Annex I to the Directive to changes to the EU system of classification of dangerous substances (CLP)

• to include corrective mechanisms to adapt Annex I in the future

• to strengthen the provisions relating to public access to safety information, participation in decision-making and access to justice,

• to introduce stricter standards for inspections of installations to ensure the effective implementation and enforcement of safety rules.

• Stricter Landuse planning requirements

As a result of the review process, on 21 December 2010 the Commission adopted a proposal for a new Directive, replacing the current SEVESO II Directive by 1 June 2015.

2015 – Seveso III



CORRELATION WITH OTHER EU LEGISLATION

•CLP Directives• Definition of Hazardous Substances & Preparations

•REACH• Chemical Safety reports• New Studies on Chemicals – New Classification possible

•GHS• New Classification Rules – Downstream Effect

•Labour safety• Complementary to each other




IPPC Directive - Different scope

IPPC SITES

SEVESO SITES

IPPC SITES ONLYMinor and Major

Accidents

SEVESO SITES ONLYMajor Accidents

IPPC/SEVESO SITES Minor Accidents/Spills

IPPCMajor Accidents

Seveso




IPPC Directive•Synergies

• Use of management systems• Use of less hazardous materials at the site• Reduction in the volume of hazardous material stored at the site

•Differences• Seveso - protection of human health and environment from the negatife

effects of major accidents through prevention of major accidents using SMS• IPPC - protecting environment and human health on a long term basis by

preventing and minimising pollution through use of BAT and EMS•Potential Conflicts

• Safety over Environment ?• Siting of establishments• Technical measures



CORRELATION WITH OTHER MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENT AND CHEMICAL AGREEMENTS

•UNECE Convention• Seveso II Directive based on some of the

Requirements of the Convention• Safety Management System• Emergency Plan• Public Information and Participation

• Additional Requirements• Notification to Parties• Access to Justice for residents of affected Parties



OTHER ACCIDENT PREVENTION AND CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES

•SAICM• Goal – Chemical Safety throughout their Lifecycle• Stipulates Safe Technologies• Welcomes Public Information and Participation as well as International

Cooperation• Provides Platform for Knowledge Transfer and Capacity Building

•IFCS• Facilitation of international cooperation• Promotion of national chemicals management• Identification of gaps in scientific understanding• Promotion of Information Exchange and Technical Cooperation, • Advice to Governments on chemical safety

•OECD• Extensive Programme on Chemical Safety• Guiding Principles on several Topics• Wide ranging Cooperation



REFERENCES

1. Chemical Accidents (Seveso I, II and III) - Prevention, Preparedness and Response http://ec.europa.eu/environment/seveso/

2. I.van der Putte. RENA- Working Group 4- ECENAhttp://www.renanetwork.org

3. Report on the Application in the Member States of Directive 96/82/EC on the control of major-accident hazards involving dangerous substances for the period 2009-2011 .Final REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION Brussels, 28.6.2013 C(2013) 4035

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/seveso/



http://www.renanetwork.org/

Documents

INTRODUCTION Overview of SEVESO DIRECTIVE and SAFETY REPORT REQUIREMENTS