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Excel Binary File Format (.xls) Structure

Intellectual Property Rights Notice for Open Specifications Documentation

Technical Documentation. Microsoft publishes Open Specifications documentation for protocols, file formats, languages, standards as well as overviews of the interaction among each of these technologies.

Copyrights. This documentation is covered by Microsoft copyrights. Regardless of any other terms that are contained in the terms of use for the Microsoft website that hosts this documentation, you may make copies of it in order to develop implementations of the technologies described in the Open Specifications and may distribute portions of it in your implementations using these technologies or your documentation as necessary to properly document the implementation. You may also distribute in your implementation, with or without modification, any schema, IDLs, or code samples that are included in the documentation. This permission also applies to any documents that are referenced in the Open Specifications.

No Trade Secrets. Microsoft does not claim any trade secret rights in this documentation.

Patents. Microsoft has patents that may cover your implementations of the technologies described in the Open Specifications. Neither this notice nor Microsoft's delivery of the documentation grants any licenses under those or any other Microsoft patents. However, a given Open Specification may be covered by Microsoft Open Specification Promiseor the Community Promise. If you would prefer a written license, or if the technologies described in the Open Specifications are not covered by the Open Specifications Promise or Community Promise, as applicable, patent licenses are available by contacting [email protected].

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Fictitious Names. The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places, and events depicted in this documentation are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product, domain name, email address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred.

Reservation of Rights. All other rights are reserved, and this notice does not grant any rights other than specifically described above, whether by implication, estoppel, or otherwise.

Tools. The Open Specifications do not require the use of Microsoft programming tools or programming environments in order for you to develop an implementation. If you have access to Microsoft programming tools and environments you are free to take advantage of them. Certain Open Specifications are intended for use in conjunction with publicly available standard specifications and network programming art, and assumes that the reader either is familiar with the aforementioned material or has immediate access to it.

Preliminary Documentation. This Open Specification provides documentation for past and current releases and/or for the pre-release version of this technology. This Open Specification is final documentation for past or current releases as specifically noted in the document, as applicable; it is preliminary documentation for the pre-release versions. Microsoft will release final documentation in connection with the commercial release of the updated or new version of this technology. As the documentation may change between this preliminary version and the final version of this technology, there are risks in relying on preliminary documentation. To the extent that you incur additional development obligations or any other costs as a result of relying on this preliminary documentation, you do so at your own risk.

Revision Summary

Date

Revision History

Revision Class

Comments

6/27/2008

1.0

First release

8/15/2008

1.01

Revised and edited the technical content

10/6/2008

1.02


1/16/2009

1.03

Updated the Intellectual Property Rights Notice

7/13/2009

1.04

Major

Changes made for template compliance

8/28/2009

1.05

Editorial


11/6/2009

1.06

Editorial


2/19/2010

2.0

Major

Updated and revised the technical content

3/31/2010

2.01

Editorial


4/30/2010

2.02

Editorial


6/7/2010

2.03

Minor

Updated the technical content

6/29/2010

2.04

Editorial

Changed language and formatting in the technical content.

7/23/2010

2.04

No Change

No changes to the meaning, language, or formatting of the technical content.

9/27/2010

2.05

Minor

Clarified the meaning of the technical content.

11/15/2010

2.05

No Change


12/17/2010

2.05

No Change


3/18/2011

2.05

No Change


6/10/2011

2.05

No Change


1/20/2012

2.6

Minor


4/11/2012

2.6

No Change


7/16/2012

2.6

No Change


10/8/2012

2.7

Minor


2/11/2013

2.7

No Change


7/30/2013

2.8

Minor


11/18/2013

2.8

No Change


2/10/2014

2.8

No Change


4/30/2014

3.0

Major

Significantly changed the technical content.

7/31/2014

3.1

Minor


10/30/2014

3.2

Minor


3/16/2015

4.0

Major

Significantly changed the technical content.

Table of Contents

1Introduction28

1.1Glossary28

1.2References51

1.2.1Normative References51

1.2.2Informative References52

1.3Overview54

1.3.1stream Byte Ordering54

1.3.2Organization of This Documentation54

1.4Relationship to Protocols and Other Structures55

1.5Applicability Statement55

1.6Versioning and Localization55

1.7Vendor-Extensible Fields56

2Structures57

2.1File Structure57

2.1.1Compound File57

2.1.2Stream57

2.1.3Substream57

2.1.4Record57

2.1.5Collection of Records58

2.1.6Future Record58

2.1.6.1Chart59

2.1.6.2PivotTable59

2.1.7Storages and Streams59

2.1.7.1Component Object Stream (\001CompObj)59

2.1.7.2Control Stream (Ctls)60

2.1.7.3Data Spaces Storage (\006DataSpaces)60

2.1.7.4Document Summary Information Stream (\005DocumentSummaryInformation)60

2.1.7.5Embedding Storage (MBD...)60

2.1.7.6Encryption Stream (encryption)60

2.1.7.7Link Storage (LNK...)60

2.1.7.8List Data Stream (List Data)61

2.1.7.8.1Attributes62

2.1.7.8.2Elements62

2.1.7.8.2.1LISTNAME63

2.1.7.8.2.2VIEWGUID63

2.1.7.8.2.3LISTWEB63

2.1.7.8.2.4ROOTFOLDER63

2.1.7.8.2.5LISTSCHEMA63

2.1.7.8.2.6VIEWSCHEMA64

2.1.7.8.2.7LISTDATA64

2.1.7.8.2.8UPDATE64

2.1.7.8.2.9LISTDATAFTR65

2.1.7.9Office Data Store Storage (MsoDataStore)65

2.1.7.10Office Toolbars Stream (XCB)65

2.1.7.11OLE Stream (\001Ole)66

2.1.7.12Pivot Cache Storage (_SX_DB_CUR)66

2.1.7.13Protected Content Stream (\009DRMContent)67

2.1.7.14Revision Stream (Revision Log)67

2.1.7.15Signatures Stream (_signatures)67

2.1.7.16Summary Information Stream (\005SummaryInformation)68

2.1.7.17User Names Stream (User Names)68

2.1.7.18VBA Storage (_VBA_PROJECT_CUR)68

2.1.7.19Viewer Content Stream (\009DRMViewerContent)68

2.1.7.20Workbook Stream (Workbook)68

2.1.7.20.1Chart Sheet Substream69

2.1.7.20.2Dialog Sheet Substream70

2.1.7.20.3Globals Substream71

2.1.7.20.4Macro Sheet Substream72

2.1.7.20.5Worksheet Substream73

2.1.7.20.6Common Productions75

2.1.7.21XML Signatures Storage (_xmlsignatures)76

2.1.7.22XML Stream (XML)76

2.1.7.22.1Elements78

2.1.7.22.1.1MapInfo78

2.1.7.22.1.2Schema78

2.1.7.22.1.3Map79

2.1.7.22.1.4DataBinding79

2.1.7.22.2Simple Types79

2.1.7.22.2.1ST_DataBindingLoadMode80

2.1.7.22.2.2ST_XmlMapBoolean80

2.1.7.22.2.3ST_XmlMapId80

2.1.7.22.2.4ST_XmlString6553580

2.1.7.22.2.5ST_XmlString25681

2.2Conceptual Overview81

2.2.1Cell Table81

2.2.1.1Retrieval of Last-Calculated Cell Values Without Loading Cell Table81

2.2.2Formulas82

2.2.2.1Operator Tokens83

2.2.2.2Operand Tokens83

2.2.2.2.1Value Class83

2.2.2.2.2Reference Class83

2.2.2.3Control Tokens83

2.2.2.4Display Tokens84

2.2.2.5Mem Tokens84

2.2.2.6Formula Elements84

2.2.3Charts84

2.2.3.1Chart Sheet85

2.2.3.2Chart Data Cache86

2.2.3.3Chart87

2.2.3.4Pivot Chart88

2.2.3.5Axis Group88

2.2.3.6Axis90

2.2.3.7Chart Group91

2.2.3.8Legend93

2.2.3.9Series94

2.2.3.10Data Point96

2.2.3.11Data Label96

2.2.3.12Trendline101

2.2.3.13Error Bar102

2.2.3.14Data Table103

2.2.3.15Attached Label104

2.2.3.16SPRC105

2.2.4Metadata105

2.2.4.1Metadata Types105

2.2.4.2Cell Metadata106

2.2.4.3Value Metadata106

2.2.4.4Metadata Block106

2.2.4.5MDX Metadata106

2.2.4.5.1MDX Tuple Metadata107

2.2.4.5.2MDX Set Metadata107

2.2.4.5.3MDX Member Property Metadata107

2.2.4.5.4MDX KPI Metadata107

2.2.5PivotTables107

2.2.5.1PivotTable Records108

2.2.5.1.1Usage of SXAddl Records108

2.2.5.1.1.1Class108

2.2.5.1.1.1.1SxcView Class109

2.2.5.1.1.1.2SxcField Class110

2.2.5.1.1.1.3SxcHierarchy Class110

2.2.5.1.1.1.4SxcCache Class111

2.2.5.1.1.1.5SxcCacheField Class112

2.2.5.1.1.1.6SxcQsi Class112

2.2.5.1.1.1.7SxcQuery Class113

2.2.5.1.1.1.8SxcGrpLevel Class113

2.2.5.1.1.1.9SxcGroup Class113

2.2.5.1.1.1.10SxcCacheItem Class114

2.2.5.1.1.1.11SxcSXrule Class114

2.2.5.1.1.1.12SxcSXfilt Class115

2.2.5.1.1.1.13SxcSXDH Class115

2.2.5.1.1.1.14SxcAutoSort Class115

2.2.5.1.1.1.15SxcSXMgs Class116

2.2.5.1.1.1.16SxcSXMg Class116

2.2.5.1.1.1.17SxcField12 Class116

2.2.5.1.1.1.18SxcSXCondFmts Class117

2.2.5.1.1.1.19SxcSXCondFmt Class117

2.2.5.1.1.1.20SxcSXFilters12 Class118

2.2.5.1.1.1.21SxcSXFilter12 Class118

2.2.5.2Data Functionality Level118

2.2.5.3PivotCache119

2.2.5.3.1PivotCache Functionality Level119

2.2.5.3.2Source Data119

2.2.5.3.2.1Multiple Consolidation Ranges120

2.2.5.3.3Associated PivotTable views122

2.2.5.3.4OLAP PivotCache122

2.2.5.3.4.1OLAP Data Model123

2.2.5.3.5Cache Fields123

2.2.5.3.6Cache Items124

2.2.5.3.7Grouping126

2.2.5.3.8Calculated Fields132

2.2.5.3.9Calculated Items133

2.2.5.3.10OLAP Grouping133

2.2.5.3.11OLAP Calculated Members134

2.2.5.3.12Cache Records134

2.2.5.4PivotTable View135

2.2.5.4.1Associated PivotCache135

2.2.5.4.2OLAP PivotTable view135

2.2.5.4.3Pivot Fields135

2.2.5.4.3.1Pivot Field Sorting136

2.2.5.4.4Pivot Items137

2.2.5.4.5Pivot Hierarchies137

2.2.5.4.5.1Association of Pivot Hierarchies and Pivot Fields and Cache Fields138

2.2.5.4.5.2Measures139

2.2.5.4.5.3KPIs139

2.2.5.4.5.4Named Sets139

2.2.5.4.6Member Properties139

2.2.5.4.7Manual Filters140

2.2.5.4.7.1Non-OLAP Manual Filters140

2.2.5.4.7.2OLAP Manual Filters140

2.2.5.4.8Filtering by Criteria141

2.2.5.4.8.1Advanced Filters141

2.2.5.4.8.1.1Label Filters142

2.2.5.4.8.1.2Date Filters142

2.2.5.4.8.1.3Value Filters143

2.2.5.4.8.2Simple Filters143

2.2.5.4.9PivotTable Axes143

2.2.5.4.9.1Page Axis143

2.2.5.4.9.1.1Non-OLAP Page Filtering144

2.2.5.4.9.1.2OLAP Page Filtering144

2.2.5.4.9.2Row Axis145

2.2.5.4.9.3Column Axis146

2.2.5.4.9.4Nesting146

2.2.5.4.9.4.1Collapsing147

2.2.5.4.9.4.2Subtotalling148

2.2.5.4.9.5Data Axis150

2.2.5.4.9.5.1Data Items150

2.2.5.4.9.5.2Data Field150

2.2.5.4.10PivotTable Layout150

2.2.5.4.10.1Location and Body151

2.2.5.4.10.1.1Row Area153

2.2.5.4.10.1.2Column Area154

2.2.5.4.10.1.3Page Area154

2.2.5.4.10.1.4Data Area155

2.2.5.4.10.2Truncation155

2.2.5.4.10.3Pivot Lines155

2.2.5.4.10.4Pivot Line Entries156

2.2.5.4.11PivotTable Rules157

2.2.6Styles158

2.2.6.1XFs158

2.2.6.1.1Cell XFs158

2.2.6.1.2Cell Styles158

2.2.6.1.2.1Cell Style XFs159

2.2.6.1.2.2Normal Style159

2.2.6.2Differential Formatting (DXFs)159

2.2.6.2.1Conditional Formatting160

2.2.6.2.2Table Style Elements160

2.2.6.2.3Table Block-Level Formatting160

2.2.6.2.4PivotTable Areas160

2.2.6.2.5Sorting and Filtering160

2.2.6.3Table Styles160

2.2.6.4Format Conflicts161

2.2.7External References161

2.2.7.1External Reference Consumers161

2.2.7.2Supporting Link161

2.2.7.3External Workbook162

2.2.7.4External Defined Name162

2.2.7.5External Cell Cache162

2.2.7.6DDE Data Source162

2.2.7.7DDE Data Item162

2.2.7.8OLE Data Source163

2.2.7.9OLE Data Item163

2.2.8External Connections163

2.2.8.1Connection Name163

2.2.8.2External Connection Files163

2.2.8.3OLE DB Connections164

2.2.8.3.1OLAP Connections164

2.2.8.4ODBC Connections164

2.2.8.5Web Connections164

2.2.8.6Text Import Connections164

2.2.8.7ADO Recordset Connections164

2.2.8.8DAO Recordset Connections164

2.2.9Password Verifier Algorithm165

2.2.10Encryption (Password to Open)165

2.2.11Shared Workbooks167

2.2.11.1User Log168

2.2.11.2Revision Logs169

2.2.11.3Revision Records169

2.2.11.4Insertion / Deletion of Rows / Columns Revision169

2.2.11.5Move Cells Revision170

2.2.11.6Change Cells Revision170

2.2.11.7Sort Map170

2.2.12Shared Feature170

2.3Record Enumeration170

2.3.1By Name171

2.3.2By Number181

2.4Records192

2.4.1AlRuns192

2.4.2Area193

2.4.3AreaFormat193

2.4.4Array198

2.4.5AttachedLabel199

2.4.6AutoFilter200

2.4.7AutoFilter12202

2.4.8AutoFilterInfo205

2.4.9AxcExt205

2.4.10AxesUsed208

2.4.11Axis208

2.4.12AxisLine209

2.4.13AxisParent210

2.4.14Backup210

2.4.15Bar211

2.4.16BCUsrs212

2.4.17Begin212

2.4.18BigName212

2.4.19BkHim213

2.4.20Blank213

2.4.21BOF213

2.4.22BookBool216

2.4.23BookExt216

2.4.24BoolErr218

2.4.25BopPop218

2.4.26BopPopCustom219

2.4.27BottomMargin221

2.4.28BoundSheet8221

2.4.29BRAI222

2.4.30BuiltInFnGroupCount224

2.4.31CalcCount224

2.4.32CalcDelta225

2.4.33CalcIter225

2.4.34CalcMode225

2.4.35CalcPrecision226

2.4.36CalcRefMode226

2.4.37CalcSaveRecalc226

2.4.38CatLab226

2.4.39CatSerRange227

2.4.40CbUsr228

2.4.41CellWatch229

2.4.42CF229

2.4.43CF12231

2.4.44CFEx234

2.4.45Chart235

2.4.46Chart3d235

2.4.47Chart3DBarShape237

2.4.48ChartFormat238

2.4.49ChartFrtInfo239

2.4.50ClrtClient240

2.4.51CodeName241

2.4.52CodePage241

2.4.53ColInfo241

2.4.54Compat12242

2.4.55CompressPictures243

2.4.56CondFmt244

2.4.57CondFmt12244

2.4.58Continue245

2.4.59ContinueBigName245

2.4.60ContinueFrt246



2.4.63Country247

2.4.64CrErr249

2.4.65CRN249

2.4.66CrtLayout12250

2.4.67CrtLayout12A252

2.4.68CrtLine254

2.4.69CrtLink255

2.4.70CrtMlFrt255

2.4.71CrtMlFrtContinue256

2.4.72CUsr256

2.4.73Dat256

2.4.74DataFormat257

2.4.75DataLabExt258

2.4.76DataLabExtContents258

2.4.77Date1904259

2.4.78DBCell259

2.4.79DbOrParamQry260

2.4.80DbQuery260

2.4.81DBQueryExt262

2.4.82DCon265

2.4.83DConBin266

2.4.84DConn268

2.4.85DConName273

2.4.86DConRef273

2.4.87DefaultRowHeight274

2.4.88DefaultText275

2.4.89DefColWidth275

2.4.90Dimensions276

2.4.91DocRoute276

2.4.92DropBar279

2.4.93DropDownObjIds279

2.4.94DSF280

2.4.95Dv280

2.4.96DVal283

2.4.97DXF284

2.4.98DxGCol284

2.4.99End285

2.4.100EndBlock285

2.4.101EndObject287

2.4.102EntExU2287

2.4.103EOF288

2.4.104Excel9File288

2.4.105ExternName288

2.4.106ExternSheet290

2.4.107ExtSST290

2.4.108ExtString291

2.4.109Fbi291

2.4.110Fbi2292

2.4.111Feat292

2.4.112FeatHdr294

2.4.113FeatHdr11295

2.4.114Feature11295

2.4.115Feature12297

2.4.116FileLock297

2.4.117FilePass298

2.4.118FileSharing299

2.4.119FilterMode299

2.4.120FnGroupName299

2.4.121FnGrp12299

2.4.122Font300

2.4.123FontX303

2.4.124Footer303

2.4.125ForceFullCalculation303

2.4.126Format304

2.4.127Formula311

2.4.128Frame312

2.4.129FrtFontList313

2.4.130FrtWrapper314

2.4.131GelFrame314

2.4.132GridSet316

2.4.133GUIDTypeLib316

2.4.134Guts317

2.4.135HCenter318

2.4.136Header318

2.4.137HeaderFooter321

2.4.138HFPicture323

2.4.139HideObj324

2.4.140HLink325

2.4.141HLinkTooltip325

2.4.142HorizontalPageBreaks326

2.4.143IFmtRecord326

2.4.144Index326

2.4.145InterfaceEnd327

2.4.146InterfaceHdr327

2.4.147Intl327

2.4.148Label327

2.4.149LabelSst328

2.4.150Lbl328

2.4.151LeftMargin331

2.4.152Legend331

2.4.153LegendException332

2.4.154Lel333

2.4.155Line333

2.4.156LineFormat334

2.4.157List12335

2.4.158LPr336

2.4.159LRng337

2.4.160MarkerFormat337

2.4.161MDB339

2.4.162MDTInfo339

2.4.163MDXKPI341

2.4.164MDXProp342

2.4.165MDXSet343

2.4.166MDXStr343

2.4.167MDXTuple344

2.4.168MergeCells344

2.4.169Mms345

2.4.170MsoDrawing345

2.4.171MsoDrawingGroup346

2.4.172MsoDrawingSelection346

2.4.173MTRSettings346

2.4.174MulBlank347

2.4.175MulRk348

2.4.176NameCmt348

2.4.177NameFnGrp12349

2.4.178NamePublish350

2.4.179Note350

2.4.180Number351

2.4.181Obj351

2.4.182ObjectLink354

2.4.183ObjProtect355

2.4.184ObNoMacros355

2.4.185ObProj355

2.4.186OleDbConn355

2.4.187OleObjectSize356

2.4.188Palette356

2.4.189Pane356

2.4.190ParamQry357

2.4.191Password358

2.4.192PhoneticInfo358

2.4.193PicF358

2.4.194Pie359

2.4.195PieFormat360

2.4.196PivotChartBits361

2.4.197PlotArea361

2.4.198PlotGrowth361

2.4.199Pls362

2.4.200PLV362

2.4.201Pos363

2.4.202PrintGrid365

2.4.203PrintRowCol365

2.4.204PrintSize365

2.4.205Prot4Rev366

2.4.206Prot4RevPass366

2.4.207Protect366

2.4.208Qsi367

2.4.209Qsif369

2.4.210Qsir371

2.4.211QsiSXTag373

2.4.212Radar375

2.4.213RadarArea375

2.4.214RealTimeData376

2.4.215RecalcId377

2.4.216RecipName377

2.4.217RefreshAll378

2.4.218RichTextStream378

2.4.219RightMargin380

2.4.220RK380

2.4.221Row380

2.4.222RRAutoFmt381

2.4.223RRDChgCell382

2.4.224RRDConflict388

2.4.225RRDDefName388

2.4.226RRDHead391

2.4.227RRDInfo392

2.4.228RRDInsDel393

2.4.229RRDInsDelBegin394

2.4.230RRDInsDelEnd394

2.4.231RRDMove395

2.4.232RRDMoveBegin395

2.4.233RRDMoveEnd396

2.4.234RRDRenSheet396

2.4.235RRDRstEtxp397

2.4.236RRDTQSIF398

2.4.237RRDUserView398

2.4.238RRFormat399

2.4.239RRInsertSh400

2.4.240RRSort401

2.4.241RRTabId402

2.4.242SBaseRef402

2.4.243Scatter402

2.4.244SCENARIO403

2.4.245ScenarioProtect405

2.4.246ScenMan405

2.4.247Scl406

2.4.248Selection406

2.4.249SerAuxErrBar407

2.4.250SerAuxTrend408

2.4.251SerFmt409

2.4.252Series410

2.4.253SeriesList410

2.4.254SeriesText411

2.4.255SerParent411

2.4.256SerToCrt411

2.4.257Setup411

2.4.258ShapePropsStream416

2.4.259SheetExt418

2.4.260ShrFmla419

2.4.261ShtProps419

2.4.262SIIndex420

2.4.263Sort420

2.4.264SortData422

2.4.265SST424

2.4.266StartBlock424

2.4.267StartObject431

2.4.268String433

2.4.269Style433

2.4.270StyleExt434

2.4.271SupBook435

2.4.272Surf437

2.4.273SXAddl Records437

2.4.273.1Continue_SxaddlSxString437

2.4.273.2SXAddl438

2.4.273.3SXAddl_SXCAutoSort_SXDEnd438

2.4.273.4SXAddl_SXCAutoSort_SXDId438

2.4.273.5SXAddl_SXCCache_SXDEnd439

2.4.273.6SXAddl_SXCCache_SXDId439

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2.5.223RTDEItem840

2.5.224RTDOper840

2.5.225RTDOperStr841

2.5.226Run841

2.5.227Rw841

2.5.228Rw12841

2.5.229RwLongU842

2.5.230RwU842

2.5.231Rwx842

2.5.232Script842

2.5.233SD_SetSortOrder843

2.5.234SDContainer843

2.5.235SecurityDescriptor843

2.5.236ShapePropsStreamChecksumData843

2.5.237SharedFeatureType845

2.5.238SheetExtOptional845

2.5.239ShortDTR846

2.5.240ShortXLUnicodeString847

2.5.241SLCO8847

2.5.242SortCond12848

2.5.243SortItem849

2.5.244SourceType849

2.5.245SQElfFlags849

2.5.246SqRef850

2.5.247SqRefU850

2.5.248Stxp850

2.5.249StyleXF852

2.5.250SXAddl_SXDEnd853

2.5.251SXAddl_SXDVerUpdInv854

2.5.252SXAddl_SXString854

2.5.253SXAddlHdr854

2.5.254SXAxis855

2.5.255SXEZDoper855

2.5.256SxFT856

2.5.257SxIvdCol858

2.5.258SxIvdRw859

2.5.259SXLIItem859

2.5.260SXPI_Item862

2.5.261SXVDEx_Opt862

2.5.262SXView9Save863

2.5.263SXVIFlags863

2.5.264TabId864

2.5.265TabIndex864

2.5.266TableFeatureType865

2.5.267Tag_Fn_MDX868

2.5.268TextPropsStreamChecksumData869

2.5.269Top10FT871

2.5.270Ts871

2.5.271TxOLastRun871

2.5.272TxORuns872

2.5.273TxtWf872

2.5.274Underline873

2.5.275VertAlign873

2.5.276VertBrk873

2.5.277VirtualPath873

2.5.278WebPubString875

2.5.279XColorType876

2.5.280XFExtGradient876

2.5.281XFExtNoFRT877

2.5.282XFIndex877

2.5.283XFProp879

2.5.284XFPropBorder881

2.5.285XFPropColor881

2.5.286XFPropGradient882

2.5.287XFPropGradientStop883

2.5.288XFProps883

2.5.289XFPropTextRotation884

2.5.290XLNameUnicodeString884

2.5.291XlsFilter_Criteria885

2.5.292XlsFilter_Top10886

2.5.293XLUnicodeRichExtendedString887

2.5.294XLUnicodeString888

2.5.295XLUnicodeStringMin2889

2.5.296XLUnicodeStringNoCch889

2.5.297XLUnicodeStringSegmented889

2.5.298XLUnicodeStringSegmentedRTD890

2.5.299XLUnicodeStringSegmentedSXAddl890

2.5.300XmlTkBackWallThicknessFrt891

2.5.301XmlTkBaseTimeUnitFrt891

2.5.302XmlTkBlob892

2.5.303XmlTkBool893

2.5.304XmlTkChain893

2.5.305XmlTkColorMappingOverride896

2.5.306XmlTkDispBlanksAsFrt896

2.5.307XmlTkDouble897

2.5.308XmlTkDWord897

2.5.309XmlTkEnd897

2.5.310XmlTkEndSurface898

2.5.311XmlTkFloorThicknessFrt898

2.5.312XmlTkFormatCodeFrt898

2.5.313XmlTkHeader899

2.5.314XmlTkHeightPercent899

2.5.315XmlTkLogBaseFrt900

2.5.316XmlTkMajorUnitFrt900

2.5.317XmlTkMajorUnitTypeFrt900

2.5.318XmlTkMaxFrt901

2.5.319XmlTkMinFrt901

2.5.320XmlTkMinorUnitFrt902

2.5.321XmlTkMinorUnitTypeFrt902

2.5.322XmlTkNoMultiLvlLbl903

2.5.323XmlTkOverlay903

2.5.324XmlTkPerspectiveFrt903

2.5.325XmlTkPieComboFrom12Frt904

2.5.326XmlTkRAngAxOffFrt904

2.5.327XmlTkRotXFrt904

2.5.328XmlTkRotYFrt905

2.5.329XmlTkShowDLblsOverMax905

2.5.330XmlTkSpb906

2.5.331XmlTkStart906

2.5.332XmlTkStartSurface906

2.5.333XmlTkString907

2.5.334XmlTkStyle907

2.5.335XmlTkSymbolFrt907

2.5.336XmlTkThemeOverride908

2.5.337XmlTkTickLabelPositionFrt908

2.5.338XmlTkTickLabelSkipFrt909

2.5.339XmlTkTickMarkSkipFrt909

2.5.340XmlTkToken909

2.5.341XmlTkTpb910

2.5.342Xnum910

2.5.343XORObfuscation910

2.5.344XTI910

2.6XCB Structures912

2.6.1CTBWRAPPER912

2.6.2CTBS912

2.6.3CTB913

2.6.4TBC914

2.6.5TBCCmd915

2.7Algorithms916

2.7.1Application Data For VtHyperlink916

3Structure Examples917

3.1Conditional Formatting917

3.1.1Conditional Formatting: CondFmt917

3.1.2Conditional Formatting: CF919

3.2Defined Name926

3.2.1Defined Name: Lbl926

3.2.2Defined Name: ExternSheet928

3.2.3Defined Name: SupBook929

3.3Table929

3.3.1Table: Feathdr11930

3.3.2Table: Feature11931

3.4Filters940

3.4.1Filters: FilterMode940

3.4.2Filters: AutoFilterInfo940

3.4.3Filters: AutoFilter941

3.5External References942

3.5.1External References: Formula943

3.5.2External References: String945

3.5.3External References: SupBook 1946

3.5.4External References: XCT946

3.5.5External References: CRN947

3.5.6External References: SupBook 2947

3.5.7External References: ExternSheet948

3.6Column Chart Object949

3.6.1Column Chart Object: Chart950

3.6.2Column Chart Object: Frame950

3.6.3Column Chart Object: LineFormat951

3.6.4Column Chart Object: AreaFormat952

3.6.5Column Chart Object: Series953

3.6.6Column Chart Object: BRAI 1953

3.6.7Column Chart Object: SeriesText955



3.6.10Column Chart Object: DataFormat959

3.6.11Column Chart Object: SerToCrt959

3.6.12Column Chart Object: ShtProps960

3.6.13Column Chart Object: DefaultText960

3.6.14Column Chart Object: Text960

3.6.15Column Chart Object: FontX962

3.6.16Column Chart Object: AxesUsed962

3.6.17Column Chart Object: AxisParent963

3.6.18Column Chart Object: Axis963

3.6.19Column Chart Object: CatSerRange963

3.6.20Column Chart Object: Tick964

3.6.21Column Chart Object: ChartFormat966

3.6.22Column Chart Object: Bar966

3.7Pie Chart Sheet967

3.7.1Pie Chart Sheet: PrintSize967

3.7.2Pie Chart Sheet: Chart968

3.7.3Pie Chart Sheet: ShtProps968

3.7.4Pie Chart Sheet: AxesUsed969

3.7.5Pie Chart Sheet: AxisParent969

3.7.6Pie Chart Sheet: ChartFormat969

3.7.7Pie Chart Sheet: Pie970

3.7.8Pie Chart Sheet: Legend970

3.7.9Pie Chart Sheet: Pos971

3.7.10Pie Chart Sheet: Text972

3.7.11Pie Chart Sheet: BRAI974

3.7.12Pie Chart Sheet: Window2975

3.8Formatting976

3.8.1Formatting: Font 1976

3.8.2Formatting: Font 2978

3.8.3Formatting: Format979

3.8.4Formatting: XF 1979




3.8.8Formatting: Number 1988



3.9Workbook990

3.9.1Workbook: BOF 1991

3.9.2Workbook: RRTabId992

3.9.3Workbook: BuiltInFnGroupCount993

3.9.4Workbook: Window1993

3.9.5Workbook: HideObj995

3.9.6Workbook: Date1904995

3.9.7Workbook: CalcPrecision995

3.9.8Workbook: BookBool995

3.9.9Workbook: Font996

3.9.10Workbook: Format997

3.9.11Workbook: XF998

3.9.12Workbook: Style1000

3.9.13Workbook: BoundSheet8 11001



3.9.16Workbook: Country1002

3.9.17Workbook: RecalcId1003

3.9.18Workbook: SST1003

3.9.19Workbook: ExtSST1004

3.9.20Workbook: BookExt1004

3.9.21Workbook: EOF 11006

3.9.22Workbook: BOF 21006

3.9.23Workbook: Index1007

3.9.24Workbook: DefaultRowHeight1008

3.9.25Workbook: WsBool1009

3.9.26Workbook: Setup1010

3.9.27Workbook: DefColWidth1011

3.9.28Workbook: Dimensions1011

3.9.29Workbook: Row 11012




3.9.33Workbook: LabelSst 11016

3.9.34Workbook: RK1017

3.9.35Workbook: LabelSst 21018

3.9.36Workbook: Formula1018

3.9.37Workbook: DBCell1021

3.9.38Workbook: Window21022

3.9.39Workbook: Selection1023

3.9.40Workbook: PhoneticInfo1025

3.9.41Workbook: EOF 21025

3.10PivotTable1026

3.10.1PivotTable: SXStreamID1026

3.10.2PivotTable: SXVS1027

3.10.3PivotTable: DConRef1027

3.10.4PivotTable: SXAddl 11028



3.10.7PivotTable: SxView1031

3.10.8PivotTable: Sxvd 11034

3.10.9PivotTable: SXVI 11036




3.10.13PivotTable: SXVDEx 11038











3.10.24PivotTable: SxIvd1051

3.10.25PivotTable: SXPI1051

3.10.26PivotTable: SXDI1052

3.10.27PivotTable: SXLI 11052

3.10.28PivotTable: SXLI 21058

3.10.29PivotTable: SXEx1059

3.10.30PivotTable: QsiSXTag1061

3.10.31PivotTable: SXViewEx91063

3.10.32PivotTable: SxAddl 41064



3.10.35PivotTable: SXDB1067

3.10.36PivotTable: SXDBEx1068

3.10.37PivotTable: SXFDB 11068

3.10.38PivotTable: SXString 11070




3.10.42PivotTable: SXDtr 11072

3.10.43PivotTable: SXDtr 21073



3.10.46PivotTable: SXNum 11076


3.10.48PivotTable: SXDBB 11077


3.10.50PivotTable: SXDBB 21078


3.10.52PivotTable: EOF1079

4Security Considerations1080

5Appendix A: Product Behavior1081

6Change Tracking1091

7Index1093

Introduction

The Excel Binary File Format (.xls) Structure specifies the Excel Binary File Format (.xls). The Excel Binary File Format (.xls) is a collection of records and structures that specify workbook content, which can include unstructured or semi-structured tables of numbers, text, or both numbers and text, formulas, external data connections, charts, and images. Workbook content is typically organized in a grid based layout, and often includes numeric data, structured data, and formulas.

Sections 1.7 and 2 of this specification are normative and can contain the terms MAY, SHOULD, MUST, MUST NOT, and SHOULD NOT as defined in [RFC2119]. All other sections and examples in this specification are informative.

Glossary

The following terms are specific to this document:

3-D Phong shading: A shading algorithm that is used to apply shading to 3-D charts. The algorithm interpolates color between points on the surface of a chart to give a smooth 3-D appearance.

A1: A reference style in which each column (2) is identified sequentially from left-to-right with a letter or series of letters in alphabetical order. Column headings are ordered A-Z, then AA-AZ, BA-BZ... ZA-ZZ, AAA-AAZ, and so forth. Each row is numbered sequentially from the top down.

absolute reference: A reference to a fixed location on a sheet (1). An absolute reference always refers to the same range, even if the formula that contains it is moved or copied to a new location.

accelerator key: Any combination of keys that are pressed simultaneously to run a command.

active cell: The cell that is currently selected in a worksheet.

active pane: The pane that currently has focus or contains the current selection or object.

active sheet: The sheet that is currently selected.

ActiveX control: A reusable software control, such as a check box or button, that uses ActiveX technology and provides options to users or runs macros or scripts that automate a task. See also ActiveX object.

ActiveX Data Objects (ADO): A data access interface that connects to, retrieves, manipulates, and updates data in Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) database-compliant data sources.

ActiveX object: An object that is supplied by a component that supports automation.

add-in: Supplemental functionality that is provided by an external application or macro to extend the capabilities of an application.

add-in function: A worksheet function that is provided by an add-in, instead of being built-in.

advanced filter: An extended filter option that enables users to specify complex filter criteria and a destination range for the filter results.

aggregation function: A function, such as sum or average, that appears in the total row of a table and is used to summarize data.

ALL: See OLAP All member.

alternate startup directory: A secondary location that stores files to be opened by an application when the application starts.

American National Standards Institute (ANSI) character set: A character set defined by a code page approved by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). The term "ANSI" as used to signify Windows code pages is a historical reference and a misnomer that persists in the Windows community. The source of this misnomer stems from the fact that the Windows code page 1252 was originally based on an ANSI draft, which became International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standard 8859-1 [ISO/IEC-8859-1]. In Windows, the ANSI character set can be any of the following code pages: 1252, 1250, 1251, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 874, 932, 936, 949, or 950. For example, "ANSI application" is usually a reference to a non-Unicode or code-page-based application. Therefore, "ANSI character set" is often misused to refer to one of the character sets defined by a Windows code page that can be used as an active system code page; for example, character sets defined by code page 1252 or character sets defined by code page 950. Windows is now based on Unicode, so the use of ANSI character sets is strongly discouraged unless they are used to interoperate with legacy applications or legacy data.

ASCII: The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is an 8-bit character-encoding scheme based on the English alphabet. ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that work with text. ASCII refers to a single 8-bit ASCII character or an array of 8-bit ASCII characters with the high bit of each character set to zero.

attribute hierarchy: A single-level hierarchy that uses only an attribute (1) or a column (1) from a source, back-end relational database as its hierarchy. An attribute hierarchy typically has the same name as the attribute and is always associated with the attribute on which it is based. An all-level member can optionally be enabled for an attribute hierarchy. See also OLAP hierarchy.

Augmented Backus-Naur Form (ABNF): A modified version of Backus-Naur Form (BNF), commonly used by Internet specifications. ABNF notation balances compactness and simplicity with reasonable representational power. ABNF differs from standard BNF in its definitions and uses of naming rules, repetition, alternatives, order-independence, and value ranges. For more information, see [RFC5234].

AutoComplete: A feature that suggests text automatically based on the first few characters that a user types.

AutoFilter: A mechanism that can be used to filter tabular data based on user-defined criteria such as values, strings, and formatting.

AutoFormat: A built-in set of complementary formatting options that can be applied to ranges of cells and other objects in a document.

AutoRecover: A feature that recovers document and application states in the event of a hardware or software failure.

AutoShow: A filter option that enables users to display a specified number of the top- or bottom-most items within a PivotTable field.

background color: A color against which characters, patterns, and graphics are displayed. See also foreground color.

beta: A pre-released version of a product that is sent to customers and partners for evaluation and feedback.

BIFF12: A binary file format that is used to save workbooks in Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and Microsoft Excel 2010.

BIFF2: A binary file format that is used by default to save worksheets in Microsoft Excel 2.1.

BIFF3: A binary file format that is used by default to save worksheets in Microsoft Excel 3.0 for Windows.

BIFF4: A binary file format that is used by default to save worksheets in Microsoft Excel 4.0 for Windows.

BIFF5: A binary file format that is used by default to save workbooks in Microsoft Excel 5.0 for Windows and Microsoft Excel for Windows 95.

BIFF8: A binary file format that is used to save workbooks in Microsoft Office Excel 2003 and earlier versions of Microsoft Excel.

big-endian: Multiple-byte values that are byte-ordered with the most significant byte stored in the memory location with the lowest address.

Binary Interchange File Format (BIFF): The binary file formats that are used to save Excel workbooks.

block-level formatting: A type of formatting that can be applied to a field or column (2) in a table. It is applied to all existing records and automatically to new records.

border: A line that can be applied to the outer edge of a cell, shape, object, or chart element. A border can be variously formatted for style, color, and thickness.

border formatting: A set of properties that, as a whole, specify the appearance of a border, such as color, line style, and thickness.

border style: See border formatting.

bounding rectangle: A frame that encompasses an object. A bounding rectangle is not rotated and, therefore, always aligns along the x and y axes.

Briefcase: A system folder in Windows that is used to share and synchronize files between computers.

bubble size: A value that represents the diameter of a bubble in a bubble chart.

build identifier: An integer that identifies a build (1).

build number: A part of a sequential numbering system that is used to differentiate one version of a software product from another.

built-in name: A member of the group of defined names that are reserved for specific functionality.

ButtonPopup control: A type of Button control that displays a menu of related commands when activated.

calculation mode: A setting that determines whether the formulas in a worksheet are recalculated automatically or manually. See also automatic calculation mode and manual calculation mode.

camera picture: An image of a range of cells that is generated by using the camera tool. The image can be linked such that when the data in the source range changes, the image is updated automatically.

caption: One or more characters that can be used as a label for display purposes or as an identifier.

cascading style sheet (CSS): An extension to HTML that enables authors and users of HTML documents to attach style sheets to those documents, as described in [CSS-LEVEL1] and [CSS-LEVEL2]. A style sheet includes typographical information about the appearance of a page, including the font for text on the page.

category: (1) A custom string that is used to group one or more documents.

(2) A subdivision of items into useful groups such as geographical regions. For example, categories that represent geographical regions could be North, South, East, and West.

category label: A label that appears on the horizontal (x) axis of a chart and identifies the categories of the source data.

cell: A box that is formed by the intersection of a row (2) and a column (2) in a worksheet or a table. A cell can contain numbers, strings, and formulas, and various formats can be applied to that data.

cell reference: A set of coordinates that a cell occupies on a worksheet. For example, "B3" is the reference of a cell that appears at the intersection of column "B" and row "3".

cell value: The text or numeric content of a cell, or the results of a formula. A cell value does not include a formula expression, cell formatting, or other metadata.

center-across-selection alignment: A formatting setting that centers cell content horizontally within a selected range of cells.

centered alignment: A formatting setting that specifies how content is positioned within the horizontal, vertical, or both horizontal and vertical space within a cell, object, or page. When centered, content is equidistant from the edges of the cell, object, or page.

character set: A mapping between the characters of a written language and the values that are used to represent those characters to a computer.

chart area: A region in a chart object that is used to position chart elements, render axes, and plot data.

chart sheet: A single logical container that is used to create and store charts in a workbook.

checksum: A value that is the summation of a byte stream. By comparing the checksums computed from a data item at two different times, one can quickly assess whether the data items are identical.

child: An object that is immediately below the current object in a hierarchy.

class identifier (CLSID): A GUID that identifies a software component; for instance, a DCOM object class (4) or a COM class.

class module: A module that contains the definition for a new object. Each instance of a class creates a new object, and procedures that are defined in the module become properties and methods of the object.

client area: In an application, the display area that is used to create data, such as drawing or typing functions. The client area does not include toolbars, menus, or status bars.

code page: An ordered set of characters of a specific script in which a numerical index (code-point value) is associated with each character. Code pages are a means of providing support for character sets and keyboard layouts used in different countries. Devices such as the display and keyboard can be configured to use a specific code page and to switch from one code page (such as the United States) to another (such as Portugal) at the user's request.

collapsed outline state: A state in which the content that is nested within an outline is not displayed.

color palette: A collection of colors that is available to format text, shapes, cells, and chart elements.

color scale: A specific range of colors that is used to give additional meaning to data by assigning certain values to colors in the spectrum.

color scheme: A table of color values that enables colors to be referenced by an index value in the table instead of a color value. See also color palette.

column formula: A formula that is used in a calculated column.

column outline: A nested grouping of columns (2) in a worksheet.

comment: An annotation that is associated with a cell, text, or other object to provide context-specific information or reviewer feedback.

compact axis: A state in which PivotTable members from different levels in a hierarchy are displayed in a single column (2).

Component Object Model (COM): An object-oriented programming model that defines how objects interact within a single process or between processes. In COM, clients have access to an object through interfaces implemented on the object. For more information, see [MS-DCOM].

conditional formatting: A mechanism that changes the appearance of a user interface element based on the evaluation of a rule or expression.

connection string: A series of arguments, delimited by a semicolon, that defines the location of a database and how to connect to it.

consolidation range: A range of source data that is used in a data consolidation process.

cryptographic service provider: An independent software module that performs authentication (2), encoding, and encryption services that Windows-based applications access through the CryptoAPI.

cube: A set of data that is organized and summarized into a multidimensional structure that is defined by a set of dimensions (1) and measures.

cube function: A function that is used to extract and display Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) data sets and values.

custom color palette: A set of user-defined colors that is available for formatting.

custom filter: A filter that contains preconfigured expressions in which users can optionally enter a string to filter data.

custom list: A user-defined list (2) or enumeration that can be used to sort data in a worksheet.

custom rollup: An aggregation (1) calculation that is customized for a dimension level, dimension member, or measure. A custom rollup contains a custom formula or operator, overrides the aggregate functions of a cube's measures, and is defined on a hierarchy.

custom view: A collection of display and print settings that users can name and save. Users can switch between custom views to change settings quickly.

Data Access Objects (DAO): A programming interface that can be used to access and manipulate database objects.

data bar: A graphical representation of cell content as a bar graph.

data consolidation: The process of combining tabular data from various worksheets into a single list.

data marker: A customizable symbol or shape that identifies a data point on a line, scatter, or radar chart. A data marker can be formatted with various sizes and colors.

data provider: A known data source that is specific to a target type and that provides data to a collector type.

data recovery: A process in which files are repaired through error correction or restored from backup media.

data region: A region of a table that encompasses the range of cells that contains the table records. A data region does not include the header row, insert row, or total row of a table.

data source: A database, web service, disk, file, or other collection of information from which data is queried or submitted. Supported data sources vary based on application and data provider.

data table: (1) A range of cells that is designated to perform what-if analysis for formulas, based on various input values.

(2) A grid that can be added to some charts and contains the numeric data that is plotted in the chart.

data validation: The process of testing the accuracy of data; a set of rules that specify the type and range of data that users can enter.

date system: A method of calculating calendar dates and times.

DDE link: A connection between a Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) source document and a destination document.

DDE server: An application that responds to a Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) request from a DDE client application.

DDE topic: A general classification of information about a Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) server within which multiple, specific data items related to the topic can be exchanged.

defined name: A word or string of characters in a formula that represents a cell, range of cells, formula, or constant value.

descending order: A sort order in which text strings are arranged in reverse alphabetical order, numerical values are arranged from largest to smallest, and dates and times are arranged from newest to oldest.

diagonal-down: A cell border formatting that displays a line diagonally from the top left corner of a cell to the bottom right corner.

diagonal-up: A cell border formatting that displays a line diagonally from the bottom left corner of a cell to the top right corner.

dialog sheet: A single logical container that is used to create a custom dialog box.

dimension: (1) A structural attribute of a cube, which is an organized hierarchy of categories (levels) that describe data in a fact table. These categories typically describe a similar set of members upon which the user bases an analysis.

(2) A categorization of data in rows or columns (2) in an Excel worksheet.

display folder: A folder into which attributes, measures, calculated members, and key performance indicators can be organized to facilitate browsing.

display units: An axis-formatting option that determines how numeric units are displayed on a value axis.

distributed alignment: A formatting setting that spreads text evenly, both vertically and horizontally, between the edges of a cell, object, or page. Distributed alignment is used primarily with East Asian languages. See also justify distributed.

document library: A type of list that is a container for documents and folders.

double accounting: An underline style that places two lines beneath the formatted text. Double accounting is frequently used to indicate totals.

down bar: See up-down bar.

drawing: A collection of drawing objects, such as shapes, curves, or WordArt, that are viewed together as a single image.

drawing group: A collection of images that are designated by the user as a single group of images and manipulated as a single drawing object.

drawing object: A shape, curve, line, WordArt, or other type of graphical object that can be inserted into a document.

drillthrough: A query that is used to retrieve individual records that were used to calculate an aggregate value.

drop lines: A set of supplemental lines on an area chart or a line chart. Drop lines increase the legibility of a chart by connecting each data point in a series to the category axis.

Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE): An inter-process communication method that is featured in Windows. DDE allows two or more applications that are running simultaneously to exchange data and commands.

embedded object: An object that is created by using one application and is hosted in a document that was created by using another application. Embedding an object, rather than inserting or pasting it, ensures that the object retains its original format. Users can double-click an embedded object and edit it with the toolbars and menus from the application that was used to create it. See also Object Linking and Embedding (OLE).

Excel Linked Library (XLL): A Dynamic Link Library (DLL) that is authored to function as an add-in for Microsoft Excel.

Excel macro (XLM): A programming language that provides development capability in Microsoft Excel. XLM was superseded by Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications (VBA).

expand/collapse button: A user interface control that is used to determine which hierarchical level is displayed in an outline, or in row and column groupings.

expression: A combination of operators, symbols, constants, literal values, functions, names of fields or columns (2), controls, and properties that evaluates to a single value.

external data: Data that is stored in a repository outside a workbook.

external link: A reference to a cell, range, defined name, or other object in another worksheet or workbook.

fill: A color, pattern, or other attribute that is used to format the background of a cell, shape, or chart element. See also fill color and fill pattern.

fill alignment: A setting that repeats a cell value to fill the horizontal space of a cell. If the cell value exceeds the horizontal width of the cell, the value is truncated.

fill color: A color that is used to fill the background of a cell, shape, or chart element.

fill pattern: A repetitive design that users can add to the background of a cell, shape, or chart element.

filter: A mechanism by which a set of data is scoped to display only those entries that meet specified logical criteria.

filtering state: A setting that indicates whether a filter value or filter date value is included as part of the criteria that is used to define the filter for an AutoFilter.

fit to page: A printing option that scales a document to print on a specified number of pages.

floating-point number: A number that is represented by a mantissa and an exponent according to a given base. The mantissa is typically a value between "0" and "1". To find the value of a floating-point number, the base is raised to the power of the exponent, and the mantissa is multiplied by the result.

floor: An extension of the horizontal axis, or the area created by the inclusion of the z axis, in a 3-D chart to create a three-dimensional effect. See also wall.

folder: A file system construct. File systems organize a volume's data by providing a hierarchy of objects, which are referred to as folders or directories, that contain files and can also contain other folders.

followed hyperlink: A hyperlink that has been activated by a user.

font: An object that defines the graphic design, or formatting, of a collection of numbers, symbols, and letters. A font specifies the style (such as bold and strikeout), size, family (a typeface such as Times New Roman), and other qualities to describe how the collection is drawn.

font face weight: A value that specifies the thickness of a font.

font family: A set of fonts that all have common stroke width and serif characteristics. For example, Times Roman and Times Roman Italic are members of the same font family.

font scaling: A process of resizing a proportionally-spaced font.

font scheme: A combination of complementary fonts in a theme.

forecast: The process of projecting values forward or backward in a series, based on trends in existing data.

foreground color: A color that is used to display text, patterns, and other objects that appear in front of or on top of the background color.

form: A structured document with controls and spaces that are reserved for entering and displaying information. Forms can contain special coding for actions such as submitting and querying data.

format string: A string that contains the number formatting information to apply to data, such as decimal position, percentage indicator, or currency symbol.

formatting run: A set of formatting properties that are applied to a text run.

formula bar: A user interface element that appears at the top of a worksheet and is used to display and edit cell content.

formula error checking: A mechanism that identifies invalid worksheet data, formulas, or formatting and then proposes corrections.

friendly name: A name for a user or object that can be read and understood easily by a human.

frozen: See frozen panes.

frozen panes: Portions of a worksheet that remain static and do not scroll when the worksheet is displayed in split pane view. See also split pane.

full screen view: A document view that expands the display of a document to fill the computer screen. The view hides menus, toolbars, and taskbars.

function: A code module that takes a value as input, performs an operation, and returns the results to a worksheet.

function category: A group of worksheet functions that are part of the same broad usage area, such as Finance or Statistical. A function category can be built-in or user-defined.

general alignment: A default formatting setting for the horizontal alignment of cell content in a worksheet. Text is positioned to the left and numbers are positioned to the right.

globally unique identifier (GUID): A term used interchangeably with universally unique identifier (UUID) in Microsoft protocol technical documents (TDs). Interchanging the usage of these terms does not imply or require a specific algorithm or mechanism to generate the value. Specifically, the use of this term does not imply or require that the algorithms specified in [RFC4122] or [C706] must be used for generating the GUID. See also universally unique identifier (UUID).

gradient fill: A type of fill that applies gradient formatting to the background of a cell or an object.

gradient stop: A marker on a gradient spectrum that denotes where a specific color is introduced in gradient formatting.

grand total: An aggregation of all of the field subtotals in a PivotTable report.

graph object: An object that represents a chart and the datasheet that contains the data for that chart.

GraphicDropDown control: A type of DropDown control that can display custom graphics in a list of options.

gridline: A line that is drawn on a worksheet or table for use as a visual aid to distinguish between cells.

gutter: An area above a column heading and to the left of a row heading. A gutter typically displays outline symbols that are used to expand and collapse groups of cells.

hash: A fixed-size result that is obtained by applying a one-way mathematical function, which is sometimes referred to as a hash algorithm, to an arbitrary amount of data. If the input data changes, the hash also changes. The hash can be used in many operations, including authentication (2) and digital signing.

header row: A row in a table, typically the first row, that contains labels for columns (2) in the table.

hidden: A condition of an object that prevents it from being displayed in rendered output.

hidden cell: A cell that does not appear in a worksheet view because it is contained within a hidden row or a hidden column.

hidden column: A column (2) that does not appear in a worksheet view because its width is set to 0 (zero). A column can be hidden if an outline is collapsed.

hidden protection: A cell protection property that prevents formulas, but not values, from appearing in a cell when a worksheet is protected.

hidden row: A row that does not appear in a worksheet view because its height is set to "0" (zero). A row can be hidden if the data is filtered or an outline is collapsed.

hierarchy: A logical tree structure that organizes the members of a dimension such that each member has one parent member and zero or more child members.

high-low lines: Supplemental lines that are added to a line chart and connect the maximum data points of one series with the minimum data points of another series for each category (2). High-low lines are typically used on stock charts.

horizontal alignment: A formatting setting that specifies how content is positioned within the horizontal space of a cell, object, or page. Content can be aligned along the left or right edge, or distributed evenly across the horizontal space.

hyperlink: A relationship between two anchors, as described in [RFC1866].

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): An application of the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) that uses tags to mark elements in a document, as described in [HTML].

icon: A graphical image used to supplement alphanumeric text in the visual identification of an object on a computer monitor. Icons are typically small, relative to the size of the area on which they are displayed.

icon set: A collection of icons that can be used to comment and classify data into categories.

indentation level: A measure of the distance between the position of content that is in a cell and the logical left side of the cell. An indentation level is equal to three spaces.

Information Rights Management (IRM): A technology that provides persistent protection to digital data by using encryption, certificates (1), and authentication (2). Authorized recipients or users acquire a license to gain access to the protected files according to the rights or business rules that are set by the content owner.

ink: A process of entering text in handwritten form. Instead of converting handwritten text to typed text, ink is converted to an object and displayed exactly as it was written.

inner rectangle: In a cell that is formatted with a rectangular gradient, a rectangle that is formed by the leftmost, rightmost, topmost, and bottommost lines of pixels in which the initial color of the gradient is completely dissipated. See also rectangular gradient.

input cell: A cell in which each input value from a data table is substituted.

input language: A pairing of input language and input method. The pairing determines what language is currently being entered and how. The input language is usually determined by the keyboard language that is currently active in the operating system. Users can install keyboard layouts and Input Method Editors (IMEs) for several languages, and then switch between them at appropriate times to indicate the input language.

Input Method Editor (IME): An application that is used to enter characters in written Asian languages by using a standard 101-key keyboard. An IME consists of both an engine that converts keystrokes into phonetic and ideographic characters and a dictionary of commonly used ideographic words.

insert row: A placeholder row at the bottom of a table. It is used to enter new records.

international macro sheet: A macro sheet that displays English function names and operates with U.S. English locale settings, regardless of product locale, user locale, or system locale.

iterative calculation: A calculation mode in which calculations are performed until a specific numeric condition is met or a maximum number of iterations is reached.

justify distributed: A special, distributed-alignment setting that evenly distributes the last line of text in a cell. The setting is primarily used for East Asian languages. See also distributed alignment.

key performance indicator (KPI): A predefined measure that is used to track performance against a strategic goal, objective, plan, initiative, or business process. A visual cue is frequently used to communicate performance against the measure.

language code identifier (LCID): A 32-bit number that identifies the user interface human language dialect or variation that is supported by an application or a client computer.

leader line: A line that connects a data label to its corresponding data point. The primary purpose of a leader line is to increase legibility.

left-to-right: A reading order in which characters in words are read from left to right, and words are read from left to right in sentences.

legend entry: An item in a chart legend that identifies a single series or category (2).

legend key: A symbol that is associated with a legend entry.

library directory: A directory in which Microsoft Excel add-ins are installed.

license key: An array of bytes that enables access to a control according to the usage policies for that control.

line style: A style, including width and dash type, that is applied to and alters the appearance of a line or border.

linear gradient: A type of gradient fill in which the color of a cell or other object gradually changes horizontally, vertically, or diagonally from one edge of the object to the other.

linked object: An object that is inserted into a document and continues to exist in a separate source file. If the object in the source file changes, the object in the document is updated automatically to reflect those changes.

list view: A named collection of settings for querying and displaying items in a SharePoint list. There are two types of views: Personal, which can be used only by the user who created the view; and Public, which can be used by all users who have permission to access to the site.

little-endian: Multiple-byte values that are byte-ordered with the least significant byte stored in the memory location with the lowest address.

local name: A defined name whose scope is limited to a specific sheet instead of the entire workbook.

locale: A collection of rules and data that are specific to a language and a geographical area. A locale can include information about sorting rules, date and time formatting, numeric and monetary conventions, and character classification.

localization: The process of adapting an application or documentation, including text and non-text elements, to meet the language, cultural, and political expectations and requirements of a specific geographic country or region.

locked: The condition of a cell, worksheet, or other object that restricts edits or modifications to it by users.

locked protection: A cell-protection property that restricts the editing of cell content when a worksheet is protected.

logical left: A position that is relative to the language orientation of a document. Logical left means left, except in a right-to-left language where it means right. Also referred to as leading edge.

logical right: A position that is relative to the language orientation of a document. Logical right means right, except in a right-to-left language where it means left. Also referred to as trailing edge.

logical top-left: A position that is relative to the language orientation of a document. Logical top-left is the upper-left corner of a range or object when in left-to-right mode. It is the upper-right corner when in right-to-left mode.

logical top-right: A position that is relative to the language orientation of a document. Logical top-right is the upper-right corner of a range or object when in left-to-right mode. It is the upper-left corner when in right-to-left mode.

long file name: A folder or file name that is longer than the 8.3 file name standard, which permits as many as eight characters followed by a period and a file name extension of three characters.

macro: A set of instructions that are recorded or written, and then typically saved to a file. When a macro is run, all of the instructions are performed automatically.

macro sheet: A single, logical container that is used to store and run Excel 4.0 macro formulas.

major gridline: A horizontal or vertical line that is in the plot area of a chart and corresponds to the major scaling unit on an axis.

major scheme: A font scheme that is used for primary text elements, such as headings and titles, in a theme.

major tick mark: A tick mark that corresponds to a major scaling unit on an axis.

Mandarin phonetic symbols: A phonetic system for transcribing Chinese through the use of an alphabet that includes characters for all possible sounds in the spoken Mandarin language.

manifest: A file that stores metadata about an expansion pack, such as the name of the expansion pack, the files and resources that are included in the expansion pack, and the dependencies that it has on other files and components.

MD5: A one-way, 128-bit hashing scheme that was developed by RSA Data Security, Inc., as described in [RFC1321].

MDX unique name: A unique identifier for a multidimensional expression (MDX) member or value in a given Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) cube, for example "[Customer].[Customer Geography].[Country].&[Australia]".

measure: In a cube, a set of values that are typically numeric and are based on a column (2) in the fact table of the cube. Measures are the central values that are aggregated and analyzed.

measure group: A collection of related measures in a cube that derive from a single fact table, typically in a data source view.

member: (1) An identity that belongs to a shared space.

(2) See OLAP member.

member property: An attribute (1) on a data item within a specific dimension in an Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) database.

merge conflict: A problem that occurs if two users are editing the same cell or other type of object in a workbook while changes are being merged in a shared workbook.

merged cell: A single cell that is created by combining two or more adjacent cells.

messaging system service provider: A business that supplies email and other messaging services to individuals, businesses, and other organizations.

metafile: A file that stores an image as graphical objects, such as lines, circles, and polygons, instead of pixels. A metafile preserves an image more accurately than pixels when an image is resized.

Microsoft Office Web Components: A set of controls that can be used to create data analysis and reporting solutions.

minimal save: A process that saves only critical workbook data to disk when errors are detected during a file save operation.

minor gridline: A horizontal or vertical line that is in the plot area of a chart and corresponds to the minor scaling unit on an axis.

minor scheme: A font scheme that is used for secondary text elements, such as body text, in a theme.

minor tick mark: A tick mark that corresponds to a minor scaling unit on an axis.

module: A collection of routines and data structures that performs a specific task or implements a specific abstract data type. Modules usually consist of two parts, a module header and a module body. A module header is a set of name/value attribute pairs that specify the linguistic characteristics of the module. A module body is the VBA source code, a set of declarations followed by procedures. VBA supports two types of modules, procedural modules and class modules.

moving average: A type of trendline that is calculated based on the most recent period of data points in a series.

multidimensional expression (MDX): A syntax that is used for defining multidimensional objects, and for querying and manipulating multidimensional data.

named range: See defined name.

narrow katakana: A non-cursive character set that is used to write non-Japanese words phonetically in Japanese. Narrow katakana characters are represented with a single byte. Also referred to as half-width katakana.

natural language formula: A syntax for referring to tabular data in formulas by using column and row labels instead of cell references.

natural language label: A value of a cell or cells that identifies a range in a natural language formula. A label is typically the same as a column or row header in tabular data.

ninched: A condition in which a group of selected cells or objects do not share a specific p

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