WEB APPROACH IN QUEUING THEORY TO MINIMIZE PRISON CONGESTION IN NIGERIA

(CASE STUDY OF MINNA PRISON)

ABSTRACT:

The prisons are supposed to be a reformation and rehabilitation centre for convicted prisoners who are convicted for one crime or the other and not for the unconvinced ones who are still awaiting court trials. However, what has become of the Nigeria’s prisons is the congestion of both the convicted and unconvinced prisoners. Thus, this project is an Application of Queue Theory System on the reduction of prison congestion in the Nigerian Prison Service and how it will help to increase the speed of attending to cases of prisoners awaiting court judgment. The application is developed, using Adobe Html, CSS, fully supported with PHP and Java Script functionalities.

Keywords: Queueing, Congestion, Web

INTRODUCTION

In a real-life experience, it is technically proposed that as any system gets congested, the service delay in the system increases. A good understanding of the relationship between congestion and delay is essential for designing effective congestion control algorithms. Queuing Theory provides all the tools needed for this analysis, (Obioha, 1995) the development of crimes in the general public has prompted the expansion in the holdup time and overloading the Nigeria jail yard, the long anticipating period time of a prisoner in any jail indicates how poor the jail system is and it will require a change, overseeing detainee that are anticipating trials makes an incredible difficulty for jail superintendent looking to enhance the state of the detainees once a day (Adetule,2010) said a jail is a foundation configuration to secure a house for individuals who have been indicted a wrongdoing, this people are called detainee or detainees, they are kept in a proceeds with care for quite a while premise, contingent upon the sort of wrongdoing they carried out, people who perpetrated most genuine wrongdoing are sentence to one, two or more years in jail and for does who perpetrated more genuine wrongdoing the more drawn out the jail time force on them, for certain wrongdoing, for example, kill, the guilty party might be sentence to life in jail, another illustration are the situation of assault the wrongdoer might be sentence to fourteen years in jail, when an individual is blamed for damaging the law of the state, they are attempted in court either indicted or absolved, this individual indicted is then condemned that is relegated a particular discipline, the discipline might be in fine, probation or imprisonment

There is a term that has accepted the money of genuine discourses at whatever point the issue of jail changes comes up for say lately. That issue is jail clog. I have come to see the pre-distinction of the term with fear since such a significant number of individuals who utilize the term don't generally value its suggestion for detainment facilities and in fact criminal equity part change. This undertaking will be best put to concur on what is jail decongestion and to decide the propriety of a web application as an instrument to change the Nigerian prison (Normal 1998).

Decongestion basic intend to empty, to lessen the volume or number in a space, Encarta word reference characterize decongest as increment in stream in something that is compacted, or congested particularly with movement.

In Nigeria today, the genuine meaning of jail as observed from the widespread idea is not relevant on the grounds that what we have today is a house loaded with suspect (prisoner anticipating trials) most detainees stay in the jail for quite a long time without displaying their case under the watchful eye of the courtroom. Issues emerge from a few reasons, for example, unfairness, missing records, putting predominance more than one detainee than the other, and so on. All lay on the failure to design computerized methods for monitoring how these detainees touched base at the jail doors before themselves.

The queuing theory is the scientific investigation of hold up lines or line, this hypothesis empowers numerical examination of a few related procedures. The hypothesis allows the inference and figuring of a few execution measures including the normal hold up time in the line or the system, the normal number holding up or getting administration, and the likelihood of experiencing the system in specific states, for example, unfilled, full, having an accessible server or waiting a specific time to be served.

This theory will be applied in letting the prison wardens easily be notified about how long an inmate has stayed without being judged, the maximum time an inmate is to stay in the prison awaiting trial, alert on the congestion level of the prison so as to easily make the government decide on whether to free inmates waiting trail for too long, etc.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The problem meant to be tackled at the end of this project is significance decrease in the rate of congestion in Nigerian prisons. Queue theory has been seen to work effectively in electronic traffic control units, healthcare centres, telecommunications and many areas; this is why it is thought as an additional functionality to ordinary record keeping spreadsheet found in prisons across Nigeria.

AIM AND OBJECTIVES

Standard record keeping spreadsheet found in detainment facilities crosswise over Nigeria. The Aim is to build up a use of queuing theory that will limit jail blockage in Nigeria.

LITERATURE REVIEW

The central point for building up a jail foundation is to give a restoration and redesign or remedial office for does that have violate the laws of the general public and jail are set up in all nations of the world including Nigeria, However, Gbajabiamila (2017) detainee rest on each other in Nigerian jail, the pioneer of the place of delegates, Femi Gbajabiamila (APC ,Lagos) informed associates regarding the heartbroken state of penitentiaries in Nigeria and he guaranteed that up to 100 detainees get suited in a stay with some dozing on each other, Gbajabiamila pointed out for pressing the condition of jails. The pioneer raised this point under individual clarification amid entire session and expressed that he went by a jail in Lagos and observed the condition to be cruel and required dire consideration. The degree to which this saying is valid in useful has been subjected of debate in a book titled "Difficulties and change in Nigerian jail system By EE Obioha (2011).

In significant to this conditions EE Obioha (2011) influence a quarrel on why to change is fundamental in Nigeria jail, This changes incorporate changing the status of the detainees from their past lifestyle, Teaching the detainees new aptitudes this incorporates abilities obtaining projects, for example, exchanging, carpentry, fitting, gadgets repairs et cetera and furthermore overhauling their religious learning, as this will enhance their old information and furthermore take out culpabilities in the general public pending when they have offered reparations for their "transgressions" The basic functionalist approach of the system hypothesis for the investigation of human culture and culture as proposed by Radcliff-Brown of the British School of social human sciences and later created by Meyer Fortes and Max Gluckman is used in clarifying jail condition. (Obioha, 2011)

In such manner, unmistakably the Nigerian jail system is confronted with gigantic issues that are equipped for devastating the individual from the general public, which refutes the embodiment of detainment, adding up to human advancement wastage in national analytics. Various jails in Nigeria are joined with issue of turning out maladjusted discharge.Concentrates like Obioha (2011), Adetula et (2010) have demonstrated that the contact with the jail organization in Nigeria have influence the less solidified people to be more solidified in criminal exercises after he or she to have been discharged from jail.

As indicated by Adetula et (2010), The punitive establishment subsystem; the equity, the police, the jail yards and the agent method for regulating equity is accepted to realize stick and to trimming incorrectly conduct and serving discouragement, reformatory, contrition, re-association and reconciliatory conduct between sentenced detainees and individuals in the free society, this is to improve trust in physical and reasonable security.

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH OVER CROWDING IN NIGERIAN PRISONNigeria jail populace are type of a "blended sack" It incorporate diverse classes of individuals extending from grown-up male and female, youthful people, pregnant ladies, nursing moms, culprits and common neurotics account holders, prisoners, first guilty parties that is "star detainee" and recidivists short and long haul detainees, censured detainees and furthermore detainees anticipating court trials or being for safe guardianship.

FEW RESOURCES TO BUILD ADDITIONAL PRISON

As indicated by look into 60-70% percent of Nigerian detainment facilities are work amid the frontier time. In such manner almost, no exertion has been made either to construct extra office or to update the current ones, with the expanded jail confirmation as of late.

OVER CRIMINALIZATION

The expansion in wrongdoing rate has prompt the "over clog" In Nigeria jail particularly now that the reward has turned out to be so prominent in the extravagance delighted in by white choler hoodlums and "medicate nobleman" without precise information, the ascent in criminal exercises is a sensible presumption it is probably going to be identified with the disintegrating monetary circumstance.

POSTPONEMENT IN ADMINISTRATION OF EQUITY

It is an unmistakable truth more than 50-60% percent of the aggregate detainee in a jail confirmation are anticipating court trials; the organization of criminal equity must be defective.

Kelly (2002) distinguished the main consideration that is equipped for deferring the organization of criminal equity.

SIDE EFFECT OF IMPRISONMENT

Detainment is generally accepted to disables with human wellbeing, how much this a valid in Nigeria punitive system and it is hard to state, without genuine research any conclusion is important to this issue will undoubtedly be unverifiable.

The experience of a few government officials who dodged and discharged in the current against debasement campaign propose that the individuals who were seen to encounter psychological sicknesses in the jail may have been defenseless against them before detainment and conferment presumably exacerbated the condition.

HARM TO PHYSICAL WELLBEING

Lack of healthy sustenance is a central point that causes medical issue that a prisoner create in Nigerian jail, likewise upsetting condition, presentation to contradictory whether, (this rely upon where in the nation the jail is detained) additionally the disciplinary measures of putting a detainee on a "half eating routine" and securing them up a discipline cell which are ineffectively ventilated and dull, moreover, where nourishment and different blessings brought by detainee relations leaving outside the jail, the detainees in different time assert that such nourishments or endowments are not conveyed to them by the jail superintendent.

HUMAN RIGHT

Next to no have been composed about the realities of detainment of a detainee in Nigeria, yet the exploration directed in different parts of the world may have given some demonstrating actualities of what is normal, spouses, kids and different dependents of the prisoner may experience enthusiastic, mental, social and temperate hardship particularly when the indicted individual is the provider of the family, this can prompt separate of marriage and furthermore trash individuals from the family and surrender of the youngsters, (Walker, 1893)

OVERVIEW OF QUEUING THEORY

The word Queue is begun by means of French, from the Latin caudal importance tail. The spelling "lining" over "lining" is regularly experienced in the scholastic research field. Actually, one of the lead diaries of a calling is named "Lining system" the queuing theory is a piece of an operation explore in light of the fact that the outcome are regularly utilize when settling on a business choice about the accessible assets should have been accommodated better administrations, It is relevant in overall assortment of circumstance that might be experienced in bossiness, industry, trade, social insurance, open administrations and designing.

Applications are every now and again experienced in client benefit circumstance additionally media transmission and transport system, Queuing hypothesis is straightforwardly material to scholarly transportation system, centralized server PCs of media transmission terminals activity stream and furthermore propel media transmission system.

The documentation for portraying the attributes of a lining model was first presented by David G. Kendal in 1953.kendal documentation present an A/B/C lining documentation that can be found in all standard current work on queuing theory. Henk Tijms 2003, The A/B/C (A) documentation assigned a lining system having an interim time distribution, (B) as an administration time, (C) number of administration, for instance "G/D/1 it will demonstrate a general (might be anything) arrival process, a deterministic (steady time) service process also, a solitary server, more points of interest on this documentation are given in the article about lining model F.P Kelly (2002).

METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Fundamental wellspring of data for this investigation is optional materials which incorporate authority government bulleting and diaries.

Research materials incorporates course reading, written works, web and diaries where utilized as a part of an endeavor to accumulate related data for a more point by point writing survey to help an effective outline and execution of the proposed system.

ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM

In the current system, manual approach of keeping detainees record, documents containing detainees record are put away in a bureau in which references are made when their requirements emerge.

The data about detainees are entered by the officers accountable for keeping such records and can later be assembled and put away in the bureau. The data comprise of detainees’ name, address, age, sex, nature of wrongdoing perpetrated, condition of starting point, nationality, and the day the wrongdoing was submitted.

Expansion to this is the occasional examination of detainees’ populace includes influencing reference to all the everyday to record keeping of the detainees, while the investigation depends on the month to month breakdown. Likewise, if data is required being curious to a specific detainee, a reference must be made to a document that contains the record of that detainee. By doing such, the operation is said to be dreary and tedious for the jail officer to perform.

PROBLEMS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM IN MINNA PRISON

This are issues appended to the current or manual system it incorporates the accompanying:1. Delay in basic leadership and arranging: there are data that is extremely key for arranging and basic leadership which a set aside a long opportunity to get. This defers, for example, designation of cell to detainees, filling the right correctional facility terms of detainees and so forth which in frustrates criminologist and social specialists to take and settle on crucial choice to the development and improvement of the jail administrations and the general public on the loose.

2. Lack of data - with the present manual operation and system utilized as a part of the jail, there are a considerable measure of issues experienced to get right and satisfactory Information in the wrongdoing and criminal record office in the jail.

3. Slow recovery of data - the little data accessible in the record office take excessively point of confinement to get in light of the fact that it includes searching for and through documents and archives to recoup wanted data and the record are not promptly accessible

DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

Improvement of a jail administration system it is a procedure of attributing or putting away information of a detainee in a shape that is appropriate for use by system.The proposed system will acknowledge huge measure of information of the detainee this information incorporate all the essential records of the detainee this will be put in the data base for snappy access.

ADVANTAGES OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

Generally speaking, the essence of computerizing a system is to improve the efficiency of the manual by eliminating most of the shortcomings. The ability of computer to manage large amount of data of the decision making both by the government and prison authority with the attribute of a computer which include:

1. Computerization at a very fast rate compared to the manual system.

As the system handle large volume of data and information, it is able to deal with files quickly and reduce the time used in processing the files.

2. The system provides easy storage and access of information to authorized personnel quickly.

3. The encrypting and coding of the system, prevent it from an unauthorized user to have access to the database.

4. The cost of stationery that are used in the manual processing will be greatly reduced since data and information will be printed only when they are needed.

5. The system maintainability will be able to undergo changes without undue cost that is; undue cost will not be incurred due to a software modification or changes.

6. One of the most important dynamic characteristics of a system is that it should be reliable. A reliable system will be able to provide at least the critical, if not all service expected of it by the user.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUES

The plan and execution system shed light on the sort of programming dialect utilized, the database application incorporated with the program for information and data stockpiling.Microsoft Visual Studio Code supervisor is utilized for building up the program be utilizing the accompanying programming, scripting dialect and database administration system:•           PHP

•           Html and CSS

•           JavaScript

•MYSQL database

UML DIAGRAMS

Figure 1: Use Case Diagram of the Overall System

This use case diagram in a nut shell as explained what the system can and must do.

Figure 2: activity diagrams for the proposed system

This is the manner in which the interaction of the whole system will be handled

Figure 3: flow chart for login

Figure 4: flow chart for prisoners’ record

Figure 5: flow chart for new prisoner

Figure 6: flow chart for the entire system operation

SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATIONSYSTEM DESIGN

Design is a way of mapping and arranging part into a whole, which satisfies the objective involve. The system design gives details of the output design, input design, database design and procedure design, which are the component subsystems, that makeup the application as a unit.

OUTPUT DESIGN

Output design is the section that gives description of the output media and the expected output interface for the proposed application for queue theory in reduction of prison congestion. The output media for providing required information as defined in the application are the visual display unit – VDU (Monitor Screen) and the printer. The VDU is used to display the information that is to be view in soft copy from the application while the printer produces hardcopy – paper copy – of the information required. The respective output interface designs in the application are as follows:

Figure 7: Landing Page

Figure 7 is the interface that will be seen after a successful login, here, an array of tasks are listed from the left pane.

Figure 8: Case records analysis interface

The case records analysis interface extracts all offences and summarize them for reference purpose.

Figure 9: All Prisoners Record interface

The all prisoners record interface helps in listing the entire records of the prisoner, here, a prisoner record can be updated, deleted and viewed

Figure 10: Prisoners Awaiting Trial interface

In this interface all the prisoners awaiting trial can be seen, to do this, sorting needs to be done by selecting from the list of sorting options at the top menu.

Figure 11: Prisoners Awaiting Trial interface

This popup interface enables charges levied against a prisoner to be seen

INPUT DESIGN

The input design describes the input media and the input interface used to feed data into the system for processing. It is very much essential to consider the input design in any system design as no meaningful information will be produced if data is not supplied. The input media available are the keyboard and the mouse. In cases where text-based input is to be made into the system, they are entered through the keyboard on the text areas provided on the input form (interface). The mouse supply input in cases where selection is to be made such as selecting gender, marital status, type of crime, etc. the screenshot of the input forms (interface) are as follows:

Figure 12: Login interface

The login interface enables the user to supply valid login credentials into the required fields in order to get access into the system

Figure 13: Prisoners Record Entry Interface

This interface enables new prisoner record to be added, in order to do this, you need to input the prisoners details in the required fields

Figure 14: Prisoners Record Update Interface

This interface enables a prisoner’s record to be updated.

Figure 15: Prisoners Queue Interface.

This interface displays the prisoners waiting on the queue, the queue is generated based on the entry dates of each prisoner, it works on a first in first out (FIFO) principle

PROCEDURE DESIGN

The operations of every module are clarified underneath.

1. The Password Module: This module has been intended to enable client to enter the client name and watchword before accessing the fundamental menu.

2. The Main Menu Module: This was intended to enable client to make choice on which operation to perform, such operation incorporates ADD, VIEW and UPDATE.

3. Prisoners Entry Module: This module permits the operation of adding new records to the database. At the point when this choice is clicked, it opens another window to include anticipating trial records, include new prisoner record or include liberated detainee records.4. The Update Module: This module gives offices to refreshing detainees record.5. Case Analysis: This module investigates cases/offenses by all detainees.6.     The Queue System Module:   This module gathers all detainees’ record anticipating trial and executes line system in light of landing/passage date, case/charge need as a factor to decide the procedure time and number of treatable cases every day. It additionally protects line yield for future reference.

7.     The Reports Module: this enables record to be seen base on the classification of records that is should have been seen. Under this module, one can see detainees, liberated prisoners, and those anticipating trials.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

SUMMARY

This undertaking had given a foundation on jail system in Nigeria, including the issues, change forms and the degree of their viability, from what have been examined in the paper, the issues in the jail system in Nigeria are not new, particularly with respect to congestion and clog, which go back to the time of expansionism. In such manner, all endeavors in type of changes to better the expectation for everyday comforts in the detainment facilities and reposition it to add to national improvement ought to be more understandable and genuine. Different dehumanizing nature in the jails and absence of recovery offices makes the system to be unequipped for refining its prisoners.

In a perfect world, the jail should serve each general public as a reformatory, yet just when the important things are set up, if not, the entire procedure will add up to wastage of HR. In Nigeria, in light of the fact that the jail system does not have the ability to restore, it contributes almost no or nothing to the advancement endeavors in the nation.

This paper audit models to facilitate the operation and the gathering of detainee enlist and answer to yield a successful administration of a jail. It will battle the issue experienced in the manual system being utilized directly. Additionally, it accentuated the likelihood of applying PC to take care of the issues of the jail administrations emerging from wastefulness and states of mind of jail officers.

CONCLUSION

The Prison is a vital foundation for Nation building and security. For whatever length of time that the general public subsists, individuals will dependably carry out wrongdoings; be discovered blameworthy and sent to jail. In jail, such people should deal with what they did as they grasp open doors for change offered by Prison; a few people proffer thoughts that make the feeling that we have come to rethink the wheel.

One beyond any doubt method for guaranteeing that this works is to set up instruments for fast and reasonable allotment of equity which sees to it that the blameless are discharged while the liable are detained. The foundation of such a system ought to be the worry of the present drive for Prison and in fact equity part changes. To keep individuals in care and release them after a long stay is a tragedy of equity. To pivot equity changes on decongesting the jail is childish on the grounds that the issue of wrongdoing and its treatment has not been tended to.

In the event that in other African States, denounced people can get equity inside an acknowledged, brief time span, why is it so troublesome for Nigeria to accomplish such a level? Why do we need to go round elevating developers that add up to shooting ourselves in the leg? There truly is no contrasting option to having a dynamic Criminal Justice System that can confront up to Criminal acts in the land and manage them as per law.

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