Upload
nathanael-motton
View
213
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Defending the Free Speech
Rights of
Pro-Life AdvocatesSession I
Copyright © 2012. All rights reserved.
INTRODUCTION:Goal: To prepare
attorneys to defend the free speech rights
of life advocates.
Types of Speech Activities Contemplated:
Picketing Leafleting
Sidewalk Counseling Life Chains 40 Days for Life Vigils
Constitutional Rights
First Amendment – Primarily, freedom of
speech, but also implicating— Freedom of assembly Free exercise of religion Freedom of press
(including leafleting)
Section I: GENERAL
PRINCIPLES AND
COMMON APPLICATIONS
Restrictions on Speech
The Types of Fora:
Non-Public Forum:
Definition: Any property not open to public speech activities.
Non-Public Forum Test: Restrictions are constitutional if they are – 1) reasonable; and 2) viewpoint neutral
Limited Public Forum
Definition: Forum created for a sole, specific purpose, and not generally open for speech
Limited Public Forum Test: Restrictions are constitutional if they are
reasonable in light of the intended use of the forum, and
viewpoint neutral.
Designated Public Forum:
Definition: Property the State has opened for expressive activity by all or part of the public.Designated Public Forum Test: Restrictions must be1) content-neutral, 2) narrowly tailored to serve a
significant governmental interest, and 3) leave open alternative channels of communication
A public college opens up its campus quad to free speech demonstrations but places the following limitations on speakers:
Cannot create a disturbance, Cannot interfere with campus activities, Cannot engage in religious worship or instruction.
NO - Court struck the 3rd restriction because once the college created a forum, it could not limit expression to secular content.
Public Forum:Traditional public forum: A place where the public generally has unconditional access and which has been held in trust for public use and has been used for purposes of assembly, communicating thoughts between citizens, and discussing public questions. Examples :
Streets Sidewalks * Parks
*Note: If forum is a sidewalk, it does not matter what public entity owns it.
Public Forum:
Public Forum Test: Government may impose reasonable restrictions on the time, place, or manner of protected speech, provided they are
1) content neutral, 2) narrowly tailored to serve a significant
governmental interest, 3) leave open ample alternative
channels of communication.
Public Forum: Content Neutrality
1) The regulation must be justified without reference to content of the speech.
Ctr. for Bio-Ethical Reform, Inc. v. Los Angeles County Sheriff D..., 533 F.3d 780 (9th Cir. 2008).
ACLU v. City of Las Vegas, 466 F.3d 784 (9th Cir. 2006).
Tip: In the Ninth Circuit, the prohibition on content discrimination is enforced
very stringently, and usually shows up in the context of
exemptions.
Ex: City wants to ban all signs except their list of favored uses. This is a good way to show the content-based nature of a restriction.
Public Forum: Narrowly Tailored
2) The regulation of speech must be narrowly tailored to achieve a significant government interest
•Narrowly tailored: Does the regulation prohibit more speech
than necessary? Restrictions which disregard less restrictive and more precise means are not narrowly tailored
ACLU v. City of Las Vegas, 466 F.3d 784, 797 (9th Cir. 2006)
Project 80's v. Pocatello, 942 F.2d 635 (9th Cir. 1991).
McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm'n, 514 U.S. 334 (1995).
Public Forum: Significant Governmental Interest
2) The regulation of speech must be narrowly tailored to achieve a significant government interest
•Significant government interest: – aesthetics,– public safety, – avoiding voter fraud, – ensuring access to clinics, – orderly flow of traffic,– protecting property rights, etc.
Public Forum: Alternatives3) The regulation of speech must leave open
ample alternative channels of communication
“If an ordinance effectively prevents a speaker from reaching his intended audience, it fails to
leave open ample alternative means of communication.” Edwards v. City of Coeur D'Alene (9th Cir. 2001).
Private Property:
There is no right to trespass on private property, not open to
the public, to deliver message.
But…California Law may treat privately owned property, open to the public, as a public forum.
Permit Requirements
When might I need a Permit?
Sole use of the sidewalk Event in a park Group of more than 50 people are
participating at once Use of sound amplification devices
Evaluating permitting schemes(1) No overly broad licensing discretion to
a government official.
(2) Time, place, and manner restrictions must be content neutral.
(3) Narrowly tailored to serve significant governmental interest, and
(4) Leave open ample alternatives for communication. Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement, 505 U.S. 123 (1992)
Grounds for Denial
Must set forth the grounds for denying the permit narrowly and specifically--Shuttlesworth v. Birmingham, 394 U.S. 147 (1969)
Must have evidence to support denial--Desert Outdoor Advertising v. City of Moreno Valley, (9th Cir. 1996).
No unfettered discretion to set cost--Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement, 505 U.S. 123 (1992)
Permissible Discretion
Note that giving discretion to an official may be allowed, if it is limited by specifically articulated purposes, such as- • coordinating multiple uses, • preventing unlawful uses, and• protecting public safety.
Long Beach Area Peace Network v. City of Long Beach, 522 F.3d 1010 (9th Cir. 2008).
Specific Pro-Life Activities and
Potential Problems
Pro-life ActivitiesLeafleting
Picketing
ChalkingSidewalk Counseling
Life Chains and Vigils
Potential Problems
Be aware of potentially applicable ordinances, such as –– sign ordinances, – permit requirements, – noise restrictions,– obstruction laws, – bubble zones.
Look for the common constitutional pitfalls of each type of law.
Sign ordinances
laws limiting size, type,
and number of signs
mostly apply to commercial or election signs
cannot discriminate on basis of content
Obstruction and Loitering Laws
CAUTION: Be aware of obstruction and anti-loitering laws whenever engaged in activities on public property. Cities have a significant interest in maintaining free flow of traffic (pedestrian or motor). Look out for ordinances that give sole discretion to police to decide what constitutes a violation. Harassment and threats of arrest are common
Noise Restrictions
laws limiting the level
of noise in certain
areas and regulating
the use of sound
amplification devices
California State Laws
Obstructing passage to health care facility – California Penal Code § 602.11 (a)
Trespass – California Penal Code § 602
Interference with business activity – CPC §602.1
FACE – California Penal Code § 423.2
Vandalism – California Penal Code § 594
Local Ordinances
San Marcos Anti-loitering/Trespass
Glendora Mobile Billboard Advertising Prohibition
Laguna Beach Sidewalk Obstruction Law
How to find the law
• Google search for “city” municipal code or “state” criminal code
• www.law.cornell.edu/states
•Categories under which applicable ordinances may fall: “public peace,” “miscellaneous,” “public welfare,” “crimes against property,” “access to clinic,” “reproductive health care facility,” “streets,” “sidewalks,” “signs”
Bubble Zone Laws or “Mother
May I” Laws
Bubble Laws
What is a Bubble Law - State statutes and local ordinances that prohibit speech activities within so many feet of abortion clinics.
First arose in Colorado; now exist in Massachusetts, Oakland, San Francisco, Chicago, Pittsburg, and other cities.
The general rule applied to all speech restrictions should be applied to bubble/buffer zones. Bay Area Peace Navy v. United States, 914 F.2d 1224 (9th Cir. 1990). However, bubble zones around abortion clinics are consistently upheld against constitutional challenge, as in Hill v. Colorado, 530 U.S. 703 (2000).
Bubble Laws
Compare Edwards v. City of Santa Barbara, 150 F.3d 1213 (9th Cir. 1998) and Hill v. Colorado, 530 U.S. 703 (2000).
- Brown v. City of Pittsburgh, 586 F.3d 263, 279 (3rd Cir. 2009).
- McCullen v. Coakley, 571 F.3d 167 (1st Cir. 2009) (cert. denied McCullen v. Coakley, 130 S.Ct. 1881, 2010 U.S. LEXIS 2664 (U.S., Mar. 22, 2010)).
The evolution of the Floating Bubble Zone
The Oakland Bubble Law ~ The Hoye Cases
In 2008, Rev. Hoye was arrested for allegedly violating the Oakland bubble law In 2009, Rev. Hoye was convicted and jailed for his peaceful actions
On appeal, his conviction was unanimously overturned for a variety of prejudicial errors that occurred during the trial. People v. Hoye, App. Div. No. 4961 (Super. Ct. No. 541279) (Alameda County, August 25, 2010)
The Hoye Criminal Case:
The Hoye Civil Case:
Hoye filed a federal lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of the Oakland bubble ordinance
The Court ruled that the law contained a viewpoint discriminatory provision
In January 2008, Hoye filed suit again raising several new grounds, most notably the fact that the City exempted clinic escorts from the reach of the law
The court upheld the law, Hoye appealed to the Ninth Circuit
The Hoye Civil Case:
Last July, the Ninth Circuit reversed.
The two most significant holdings were:
1) The City’s enforcement policy was unconstitutionally content-based
2) The escorts’ conduct of blocking Rev. Hoye from communicating his message from 8 feet away could be considered a special problem rendering the Ordinance unconstitutional as applied to Hoye.
Defending the Free Speech
Rights of
Pro-Life Advocates