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Introduction: Global change
1/23
Introduction: Tree growth
AD 1850 AD 1992Black spruce
Forest limit---------------
0 kmNorway spruce
2 km
4 kmEuropean larch
Forest limit---------------
6 km
Lavoie & Payette, 19848 km
Rolland et al., 19982/23
Introduction: Previous studies
Wilmking et al.
Lopatin, Lopatin
Leonelli et al.
KlinkaHan
Reich
Monserud Hogg
p , pHanNigh
Rolland et alPinto et al.
Rolland et al.
Penuelas et al.Jump
Payette PiovesanSeynave et al.
p
Tree growth climate change3/23
Introduction: Media interest
4/23
Introduction: Definition of site index
Aspen (Chen et al 1998)Aspen (Chen et al., 1998)
Height growth (Site index) versus radial growth,
C t t ti t t d d ti it (f t t)Common measurement to estimate stand productivity (forest management),
Height growth related to diameter and volume of a tree,
5/23Available in forest inventory of the provinces i.e. BC, QC, NB…..
Introduction
Particularity
Large amount of tree species (14 = 60% tall and medium sized (≥ 9 m height) trees of BC),
y
Different geographic ranges,
Study area: larger and higher number of sampling plots.y g g p g p
Hypotheses
I: climate change improves height growth for the entire species,
II: height growth pattern differs with:g g pa) species geographic range,b) Species ontogeny i.e. shade tolerance, leaf form i.e. broadleaf vs needlesc) geographic locations (latitude, longitude, elevation).
6/23
Material and methods
BEC Plot (ecologically uniform, moderately dense, without major disturbance),
Samplings
Site index Plot (largest DBH, dominant or co-dominant, no suppressed or visible disease, full crown),
Site description (Bioclim. zones, coordinates, topography, soil description, age, Total height, site index),
Site index @ age 50 yrs (SI),
Climate change : Anomaly Maximum Temperature TMAX (May-August)
BEC plot (314 m2)
Climate change : Anomaly Maximum Temperature TMAX (May August) Palmer Drought Severity Index PDSI (May-August),
Site index plot (100 m2)
2
3
2
3
TMA
X (o C
)
-1
0
1
2
PD
SI
-1
0
1
2
Establishment180018401880 19201960 2000
-3
-2
Establishment1800 1840 1880 1920 1960 2000
-3
-2
7/23
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA; http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/recons.html)
Material and methods
8/23Study area (3027 sampling plots). Raindrop = PDSI location
Material and methods
Mean annual Mean annual
Biogeoclimatic zones
ea a ua
Temperature (°C)
ea a ua
Precipitation (mm)
Boreal White and Black Spruce -2.9-2 330-570
Sub-Boreal Spruce 1.7-5 440-900
Sub-Boreal Pine Spruce 0.3-2.7 335-580
Engelmann Spruce-Subalpine Fir -2-2 400->2000g p p
Mountain Spruce 0.5-4.7 380-900
BunchGrass 5.8-9.2 242-328
Ponderosa Pine 4.8-10 280-500
Interior Douglas-Fir 1.6-9.5 300->1000
Interior Cedar-Hemlock 2-8.7 500-1200
Coastal Western Hemlock 5.2-10.5 1000-4400
Meidinger and Pojar 1991
9/23
Material and methods: Studied tree species (GROUP I)
10/23
Material and methods: Studied tree species (GROUP II)
11/23
Material and methods: Studied tree species (GROUP III)
12/23
Material and methods: Studied tree species (GROUP IV)
13/23
Material and methods: Studied tree species (GROUP II and IV)
14/23
Results: Increase height growth with climate change (H1)
Table 1. Simple correlation between site index, climate change and establishment years. Whit l i di t i ifi t l t 0 05
Species ranges Species TMAX PDSI EstablishmentSubalpine fir 0.052 0.100 0.102
White colour indicates significant value at α = 0.05.
Group I
pLodgepole pine 0.107 0.166 0.184
Paper birch 0.158 0.003 0.289
Trembling aspen 0.313 0.037 0.239
Group II
Western hemlock1 0.223 0.010 0.214
Western red cedar1 0.431 0.086 0.215
Douglas fir 0.095 0.193 0.258Group II
Engelmann spruce 0.124 0.101 0.251
Ponderosa pine 0.319 0.201 0.433
Western larch 0.104 -0.302 0.219
Bl k 0 452 0 351 0 509Group III
Black spruce 0.452 0.351 0.509
White spruce 0.298 0.250 0.301Pacific silver fir 0.264 0.439 0.440Western hemlock2 --0.146 0.187 0.226
Group IVWestern hemlock 0.146 0.187 0.226
Western red cedar2 0.420 0.371 0.318
Sitka spruce 0.257 0.749 0.665
Total 0.301 0.242 0.366
15/231 Interior range.2 Coastal range.
Results: Increase height growth with range, ontogeny and locations (H2)
1620242832
dex
(m)
1620242832
dex
(m)
048
1216
18001840
18801920
1960
495051
Site
ind
stabli
shmen
t
048
1216
18001840
18801920
1960
52545658
Site
ind
stabli
shmen
t
16/23
1800484950
Est
Latitude (N)
180048505254
Est
Latitude (N)
Results: Increase height growth with range, ontogeny and locations (H2)
24303642
dex
(m)
18243036
dex
(m)
06
121824
18801900
19201940
1960
129130131
Site
ind
Estab
lishm
ent
06
1218
18001840
18801920
1960
120124128132
Site
ind
Estab
lishm
ent
17/23
1880128129130
EsLongitude (W)
1800112116120124
EsLongitude (W)
Results: Increase height growth with range, ontogeny and locations (H2)
162024283236
inde
x (m
)
162024283236
inde
x (m
)
121620242832
ndex
(m)
048
12
18801900
19201940
1960
04008001200
Site
i
Estab
lishm
ent
Elevatio
048
12
18001840
18801920
1960
040080012001600
Site
i
Estab
lishm
ent
Elevatio
048
12
18001840
18801920
1960
040080012001600
Site
i
Estab
lishm
ent
Elevatio
18/23
evation (m)evation (m)
evation (m)
Results: Increase height growth with range, ontogeny and locations (H2)(°
C) 1
2
3
Cold
TMA
X (
-3
-2
-1
0
Warm 10
12x
(m)
Cold period of establishment : 1800-1870Warm period of establishment: ≥ 1920
Years1800 1840 1880 1920 1960 20003
6
8
of S
ite in
dex
0
2
4
Incr
ease
0
Sub
alpi
ne fi
rge
pole
pin
eP
aper
birc
hbl
ing
aspe
n
man
n sp
ruce
Dou
glas
fir
dero
sa p
ine
lack
spr
uce
Whi
te s
pruc
e
cific
silv
er fi
rer
n he
mlo
ckS
itka
spru
ce
Tota
l
SLo
dg PTr
emb
Eng
elm
Pon
d B W
Pac
Wes
te SPHG = a1*latitude + a2*longitude + a3*elevation + a4*slope + a5*aspect + a6*establishment + ε (0.09 > R2 > 0.65)
19/23
1 2 g 3 4 p 5 p 6 ( )
Conclusion: Tree growth & recent global warming
Shade tolerance
Microclimate
Geographic location
Microclimate
Non climatic range
Ecological amplitude (groups)
Leaf form
Soil properties
20/23
Conclusion: Postglacial hypothesis?
21/23
Perspectives
243036
x (m
)
25303540
x (m
)
06
121824
18401880
19201960
128132
Site
inde
x
ablis
hmen
t
05
10152025
19001920
19401960
130131
Site
inde
x
ablis
hmen
t
22/23
18001840
112116120124128132
Estab
Longitude (W)
18801900
126127128129130131
Estab
Longitude (W)
Perspectives
8
12
16
ndex
(m)
0
4
18001840
18801920
1960
545556575859
Site
in
Estab
lishm
ent
LatitudLatitude (N)
2832
) 2832
m)
048
12162024
18801920
1960Site
inde
x (m
blish
ment
048
12162024
18401880
19201960
Site
inde
x (m
blish
ment
23/23
0
1840
1880
112116120124128
Establi
Longitude (W)
18001840
48495051Es
tabl
Latitude (N)
Han Chen, supervisor
Gordon Nigh, co-author (Ministry of Forest, BC)
Shirley Mah (Ministry of Forest, BC)
Tomislav Sapic
Annie Desrochers