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Formation of Earth
• The Nebular Hypothesis – bodies in our solar
system evolved from an enormous rotating cloud called the solar nebula.
– mostly hydrogen and helium, with some heavier elements.
Differentiation
• As Earth cooled, layers formed through a process called differentiation.
• Denser elements (iron and nickel) sunk to Earth’s core.
• Lighter material migrated outward forming the mantle and crust.
Solid Earth•Core
–mostly iron and nickel–densest part of Earth–inner core solid
•Mantle–mostly iron and magnesium–liquid
•Crust–mostly silicon and oxygen–rigid outer layer
Hydrosphere1. Ocean (the most prominent
feature of the hydrosphere)
a. Nearly 71% of Earth’s surface
b. About 97% of the earth’s water
2. Fresh water
a. glaciers
b. rivers and lakes
c. groundwater
Atmosphere1. Gaseous envelope surrounding Earth
a. life-giving gasesb. protects organisms from intense heat and radiation from the sun
Course Overview
• Lithosphere- Geology
• Water- Oceanography
• Atmosphere- Meteorology
• Space- Astronomy
Branches of Geology
• Paleontology
Branches of Geology
• Glaciology
Branches of Geology
• Seismology
Branches of Geology
• Mineralogy
Branches of Geology
• Sedimentology