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UNIVERSETotality of everything that exists, including all physical matter and
energy, the planets, stars, galaxies, and content of intergalactic space
Universe
Galaxies
super macro Solar system ASTRONOMI
Planets
Earth ------------ SAINS KEBUMIAN
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Macro world Population SAINS HAYATI
Organisms
Organs
Tissues
Micro world Cells
Molecules
UNIVERSE
COMMUNITY
POPULATION
ORGANISMSOrgansTissues Cells,
Molecules
Penciptaan obyek
sbg hasil
manifestasi budaya
BIOSPHERE (Ecosystems)
EARTH: Atmosphere, Lithosphere, hydrosphere
GALAXY, PLANETS,
STARS
Awareness
Knowledge
Attitude
SkillsParticipation
SUSTAINABLEENVIRONMENT
HUMAN(ACTIVITIES)
BIDANG AS, BUMI, SR:
1. Pengantar, galaksi & kosmologi
2. Bintang
3. Tatasurya
4. Dinamika bumi & Siklus batuan
5. Siklus air & siklus atmosfer
6. Arts, Crafts, Design and The Environment
7. Understanding the impacts of lifestyles, behaviors and built environment to the earth
UTS / UA
BIDANG SAINS HAYATI:
1. Pengantar & konsep ekosistem
2. Konsep ekosistem , & koneksinya dengan kehidupanmanusia
3. Komunitas, biodiversity danEvolusi
4. Se, molekul dan faktorhereditas
5. Populasi manusia & Isulingkungan
6. Dampak kegiatan manusia thdkualitas lingkungan
7. Masyarakat dan Pembangunan berkelanjutan berwawasanlingkungan
UTS /UA
the earth’s life-support system
A system made up of a community of animals, plants and microorganisms interrelated together with its physical and chemical environment
Chapter 19
Great Idea:Ecosystems are ecological systems, interdependent
communities of living things that recycle matter while energy flows through in a given area, their physical
surroundings (environments).
ECO-SYSTEM
SYSTEM - ECOLOGY System - interaction (living & non-living) System - interconnection System - networking System - symbiosis System - nature
Konteks dalam 4 dimensi (ruang & waktu), mencakupinformasi tentang: komponen/struktur penyusun, proses, fungsi, nilai sosio-ekonomi-ekologi (direct & indirect).
Ecology
Science of Natural living systems
Ecosystems
Biotic and abiotic interaction, interconnection systems
Community
Producers, consumers, decomposers
Every Ecosystem consists of both living and nonliving parts
Energy flows through ecosystems
Matter is recycled by ecosystems
Every organism occupies an ecological niche
Stable ecosystems achieve a balance among their populations
Ecosystems are dynamic, not permanent, but change over time
Abiotic
Chemical and physical environment
Biotic
Living organisms
Ecological community
All in area interacting each other
Food Web Interactions of organisms
Trophic Levels Photosynthetic plants
Herbivores
Carnivores
Decomposers
Most energy is lost as heat 10% is transferred
17
Most energy in most ecosystems is stored in the bodies of primary producers. Only about 10 percent of the energy at one energy level passes to the next highest trophic level.
Homeostasis
Balance among populations
Resources are limited
Some variation in population sizes
Overall relatively constant distribution
It is virtually impossible to change on aspect of a complex system without affecting other parts of the systems, often in as-yet unpredictable ways.
Examples:
Everglades Restoration in Florida
Lake Victoria in Africa
Lake Victoria Largest freshwater lake in Africa
Introduced species Nile perch (Ikan duri) Aggressive predator
Algae blooms
Snail populations carry disease
Roasting fish Decimated (Membunuh) forests
Increase in erosion
Invasive species attacking Lake VictoriaAfrica
These images show water hyacinth infestation and control of such invasive species
• 1995: Image shows several water-hyacinth-choked bays (yellow arrows)
• 2001: A visible reduction of water hyacinth on Lake Victoria
Solid Waste Nothing is ever thrown
away
Landfills Decay slowed
enormously
Response Recycling
Large depositories
% different kind of trash
Ozone Molecule of 3 oxygen
atoms
Absorbs ultraviolet radiation
The Ozone Layer Detection Aircraft sampling
Measure spectral lines from molecule
Stratosphere Highest concentration
The Ozone Hole Concentration of ozone
reduced Yearly occurrence over
Antarctica
Linked to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Breaks apart O3 molecule
Dealing with the Threat to the Ozone Layer Reduction of CFCs
Burning introduces chemicals Nitrogen oxides Sulfur compounds Hydrocarbons
Effects Air pollution Production of bad ozone
Acid rain
Reduction Reduce emissions Power plants Vehicles
Greenhouse Effect Traps heat on earth
Global Warming Climate change
3 main points CO2 is a greenhouse
gas
Burning fossil fuels increases CO2
Average global temperature has significantly increased 1990s warmest decade
Measurements in 1958 read 316 ppm and increased to 370 ppm today
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 54.26
Increased CO2 levels Responsible for temperature increase?
World’s Oceans CO2 exchange with atmosphere Current circulation
Solar energy output Varies over time
Impact Warming of Northern Hemisphere Ecological impacts Meteorological impacts
Solutions Kyoto accord
Understanding shoreline movement allows us to avoid avoid settlement in vulnerable locations (SOPAC, 2007).
2004
1984
Source: Dr. Arthur Webb