Introduction - Mansosp.mans.edu.eg/elbeltagi/IEN314P Ch1.pdf · Completion of this stage represents about 30% of the design completion for the project Project Life Cycle Project Life

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IntroductionIntroduction

13/10/2016 Emad Elbeltagi 2

Project CharacteristicsProject CharacteristicsWhat a Project?What a Project? “Unique process consisting of a set of coordinated and

controlled activities with start and finish dates, undertaken to achieve an objective conforming to specific requirements, including constraints of time, cost, quality and resources”

A Project is a planned set of activities

A Project has a scope

A Project has time, cost, quality and resource constraints

“Unique process consisting of a set of coordinated and controlled activities with start and finish dates, undertaken to achieve an objective conforming to specific requirements, including constraints of time, cost, quality and resources”

A Project is a planned set of activities

A Project has a scope

A Project has time, cost, quality and resource constraints

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Project CharacteristicsProject CharacteristicsWhat a Project?What a Project? A project is “a temporary endeavor undertaken to

accomplish a unique product or service” (PMBOK® Guide)

projects Attributes unique purpose

temporary

require resources, often from various areas

should have a primary sponsor and/or customer

Involve uncertainty

A project is “a temporary endeavor undertaken to accomplish a unique product or service” (PMBOK® Guide)

projects Attributes unique purpose

temporary

require resources, often from various areas

should have a primary sponsor and/or customer

Involve uncertainty


Project CharacteristicsProject CharacteristicsProject CharacteristicsProject Characteristics Defined goal or objective stated by the owner and accomplished by

the project team Specific tasks to be performed Defined beginning and end Resources being consumed. The 4 Ms (Manpower, Machinery,

Materials, and Money,) As the project progresses, the project team learns more about the

project

Defined goal or objective stated by the owner and accomplished by the project team

Specific tasks to be performed Defined beginning and end Resources being consumed. The 4 Ms (Manpower, Machinery,

Materials, and Money,) As the project progresses, the project team learns more about the

project

TimeInformation

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Project CharacteristicsProject CharacteristicsExamples of ProjectsExamples of Projects Developing a new product or service

Effecting a change in structure, staffing, or style of an organization

Writing a book

Designing a new transportation vehicle

Constructing a building or facility

Running a campaign for political office

Implementing a new business procedure or process

Developing a new product or service

Effecting a change in structure, staffing, or style of an organization

Writing a book

Designing a new transportation vehicle

Constructing a building or facility

Running a campaign for political office

Implementing a new business procedure or process


Project Life CycleProject Life CycleProject Life CycleProject Life Cycle

From the owner’s Perspective From the owner’s Perspective

The project life cycle may be viewed as a process through which a project is implemented from beginning to end

The project life cycle may be viewed as a process through which a project is implemented from beginning to end

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Preconstruction Procurement Construction Closeout

Preconstruction Procurement Construction Closeout

Project Life CycleProject Life CycleProject Life Cycle (Project stages)Project Life Cycle (Project stages)

As the construction progresses, the cost increases while the influence decreases

As the construction progresses, the cost increases while the influence decreases


Conceptual planning Very important for the owner (e.g., big store chains) During this stage the owner hires key consultants including the

designer and project manager, selects the project site, and establish a conceptual estimate, schedule, and program

The owner must gather as much reliable information as possible about the project

The most important decision is to proceed with the project or not

Conceptual planning Very important for the owner (e.g., big store chains) During this stage the owner hires key consultants including the

designer and project manager, selects the project site, and establish a conceptual estimate, schedule, and program

The owner must gather as much reliable information as possible about the project

The most important decision is to proceed with the project or not

Project Life CycleProject Life CycleProject Life Cycle (1. Pre-construction)Project Life Cycle (1. Pre-construction)

1. Conceptual planning 2. Schematic Design3. Design Development 4.Contract Documents1. Conceptual planning 2. Schematic Design3. Design Development 4.Contract Documents

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Schematic Design During this phase, the project team investigates alternate design

solutions, materials and systems. Apply Value Engineering Completion of this stage represents about 30% of the design

completion for the project

Schematic Design During this phase, the project team investigates alternate design

solutions, materials and systems. Apply Value Engineering Completion of this stage represents about 30% of the design

completion for the project




Design Development Designing the main systems and components of the project. Good communication between owner, designer, and construction

manager is critical during this stage because selections during this design stage affect project appearance, construction and cost.

This stage takes the project from 30% design to 60% design

Design Development Designing the main systems and components of the project. Good communication between owner, designer, and construction

manager is critical during this stage because selections during this design stage affect project appearance, construction and cost.

This stage takes the project from 30% design to 60% design



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Contract Documents Final preparation of the documents necessary for the bid package

such as the drawings, specifications, general conditions, and bill of quantities

All documents need to be closely reviewed by the construction manager and appropriate owner personnel to decrease conflicts, and changes

With the contract documents are almost complete; a detailed and complete cost estimate for the project can be done Designing the main systems and components of the project

Contract Documents Final preparation of the documents necessary for the bid package

such as the drawings, specifications, general conditions, and bill of quantities

All documents need to be closely reviewed by the construction manager and appropriate owner personnel to decrease conflicts, and changes

With the contract documents are almost complete; a detailed and complete cost estimate for the project can be done Designing the main systems and components of the project




Also called Bidding and award phase The project formally transits from design into construction This stage begins with a public advertisement for all interested

bidders or an invitation for specific bidders In fast-track projects, this phase overlaps with the design phase If the project is phased, each work package will be advertised and

bid out individually It is very important stage to select highly qualified contractors. It

is not wise to select the under-bid contractors

Also called Bidding and award phase The project formally transits from design into construction This stage begins with a public advertisement for all interested

bidders or an invitation for specific bidders In fast-track projects, this phase overlaps with the design phase If the project is phased, each work package will be advertised and

bid out individually It is very important stage to select highly qualified contractors. It

is not wise to select the under-bid contractors

Project Life CycleProject Life CycleProject Life Cycle (2. Procurement)Project Life Cycle (2. Procurement)

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The actual physical construction of the project This stage takes the project from procurement through the final

completion It is the time where the bulk of the owner’s funds will be spent It is the outcome of all previous stages (i.e., good preparation

means smooth construction) The consultant will be deployed for contract administration and

construction supervision Changes during construction may hinder the progress of the

project

The actual physical construction of the project This stage takes the project from procurement through the final

completion It is the time where the bulk of the owner’s funds will be spent It is the outcome of all previous stages (i.e., good preparation

means smooth construction) The consultant will be deployed for contract administration and

construction supervision Changes during construction may hinder the progress of the

project

Project Life CycleProject Life CycleProject Life Cycle (3. Construction)Project Life Cycle (3. Construction)


Transition from design and construction to the actual use of the constructed facility

In this stage, the management team must provide documentation, shop drawings, as-built drawings, and operation manuals to the owner organization (as-built drawings are the original contract drawings adjusted to reflect all the changes that occurred)

Assessment of the project team’s performance is crucial in this stage for avoiding mistakes in the future.

Actual activity costs and durations should be recorded and compared with that was planned. This will serve as the basis for the estimating and scheduling of future projects

Transition from design and construction to the actual use of the constructed facility

In this stage, the management team must provide documentation, shop drawings, as-built drawings, and operation manuals to the owner organization (as-built drawings are the original contract drawings adjusted to reflect all the changes that occurred)

Assessment of the project team’s performance is crucial in this stage for avoiding mistakes in the future.

Actual activity costs and durations should be recorded and compared with that was planned. This will serve as the basis for the estimating and scheduling of future projects

Project Life CycleProject Life CycleProject Life Cycle (4. Closeout)Project Life Cycle (4. Closeout)

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Most designers and contractors tend to focus their efforts within specialty areas

Most designers and contractors tend to focus their efforts within specialty areas

Types of ProjectsTypes of ProjectsTypes of Construction ProjectsTypes of Construction Projects

Four Categories are identified:1. Residential Housing 2. Building Construction3. Industrial 4. Infrastructure

Four Categories are identified:1. Residential Housing 2. Building Construction3. Industrial 4. Infrastructure

This classification is based on: The way the projects are funded The technologies involved The way the owner, designer, and builder interact

This classification is based on: The way the projects are funded The technologies involved The way the owner, designer, and builder interact



1. Residential Housing 2. Building Construction3. Industrial 4. Infrastructure1. Residential Housing 2. Building Construction3. Industrial 4. Infrastructure

Residential housing Include: homes, apartments, and low and high-rise buildings Funded by individual owners for their own use or by developers for

profit They use fairly low technologies and requires little investment Large number of small designers, builders, and suppliers 1/3 of construction spending is on residential construction The builder or the owner can design

Residential housing Include: homes, apartments, and low and high-rise buildings Funded by individual owners for their own use or by developers for

profit They use fairly low technologies and requires little investment Large number of small designers, builders, and suppliers 1/3 of construction spending is on residential construction The builder or the owner can design

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1. Residential Housing 2. Building Construction3. Industrial 4. Infrastructure1. Residential Housing 2. Building Construction3. Industrial 4. Infrastructure

Non-residential Building Construction Office buildings, large apartment buildings, malls, theaters,….. It depends on the economy of a specific region Most of these projects are privately funded Designed by architect and engineer, and built by general

contractor These buildings use technical support more than that in residential

buildings

Non-residential Building Construction Office buildings, large apartment buildings, malls, theaters,….. It depends on the economy of a specific region Most of these projects are privately funded Designed by architect and engineer, and built by general

contractor These buildings use technical support more than that in residential

buildings



1. Residential Housing 2. Buildings Construction3. Industrial 4. Infrastructure1. Residential Housing 2. Buildings Construction3. Industrial 4. Infrastructure

Industrial Examples include: factories, petroleum refineries….. It is defined more by the production activities within the facility In capitalism countries, most of these facilities are privately

funded Only few designers and builders are qualified to bid in these

projects These projects are the most technical of all

Industrial Examples include: factories, petroleum refineries….. It is defined more by the production activities within the facility In capitalism countries, most of these facilities are privately

funded Only few designers and builders are qualified to bid in these

projects These projects are the most technical of all

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1. Residential Housing 2. Buildings Construction3. Industrial 4. Infrastructure1. Residential Housing 2. Buildings Construction3. Industrial 4. Infrastructure

Infrastructure and Heavy Construction Examples: roadways, bridges, water and sewer systems Designed by civil engineers and built by heavy construction

contractors Publicly funded and affected by the government policy Long in duration Less sensitive to the ups and downs of the economy Heavy use of equipments Build Operate Transferee (BOT)

Infrastructure and Heavy Construction Examples: roadways, bridges, water and sewer systems Designed by civil engineers and built by heavy construction

contractors Publicly funded and affected by the government policy Long in duration Less sensitive to the ups and downs of the economy Heavy use of equipments Build Operate Transferee (BOT)


Different classifications and many participants are involved in a construction project

Different classifications and many participants are involved in a construction project

Projects ParticipantsProjects ParticipantsProject ParticipantsProject Participants

Main Project Participants1. The Owner 2. Design Professionals3. Construction Professionals 4. Project Manager

Main Project Participants1. The Owner 2. Design Professionals3. Construction Professionals 4. Project Manager

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Projects ParticipantsProjects ParticipantsThe OwnerThe Owner

1. The Owner 2. Design Professionals3. Construction Professionals 4. Project Manager1. The Owner 2. Design Professionals3. Construction Professionals 4. Project Manager

The Owner or the Client Is the person or organization that will pay the bills

Owner Organizations Public (e.g., government agencies)

Private: individual, corporations, partnership

The Owner or the Client Is the person or organization that will pay the bills

Owner Organizations Public (e.g., government agencies)

Private: individual, corporations, partnership


Projects ParticipantsProjects ParticipantsThe OwnerThe Owner


Responsibilities What the project will include (scope and objectives)

When the project can begin and when must end (schedule)

How much can spend (budget)

Formation Large companies have divisions to set up these tasks

Small business can hire project manager, consultants, etc…..

Responsibilities What the project will include (scope and objectives)

When the project can begin and when must end (schedule)

How much can spend (budget)

Formation Large companies have divisions to set up these tasks

Small business can hire project manager, consultants, etc…..

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Projects ParticipantsProjects ParticipantsDesign ProfessionalsDesign Professionals


Design Professional Examples are: architects, engineers, consultants

Depending on the owner size, they can be part of the owner’s organization or hired

In some cases, the design professional & construction contractor together form a design-build company

Design Professional Examples are: architects, engineers, consultants

Depending on the owner size, they can be part of the owner’s organization or hired

In some cases, the design professional & construction contractor together form a design-build company




Design Professional Responsibilities Assist the owner in developing the project scope, budget, and

schedule

Prepare construction documents for bidding and construction

Architect Is an individual who plan and design buildings. Sometimes they

define and provide the whole envelope of the whole project

Design Professional Responsibilities Assist the owner in developing the project scope, budget, and

schedule

Prepare construction documents for bidding and construction

Architect Is an individual who plan and design buildings. Sometimes they

define and provide the whole envelope of the whole project

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Engineer An individual or a firm who perform specialized work associated

with the design or construction

They usually classified as civil, mechanical, electrical

Engineering-Construction Firm An organization that combines both architect/engineering and

construction

Has the capability of performing of what called design-build

Engineer An individual or a firm who perform specialized work associated

with the design or construction

They usually classified as civil, mechanical, electrical

Engineering-Construction Firm An organization that combines both architect/engineering and

construction

Has the capability of performing of what called design-build


Projects ParticipantsProjects ParticipantsConstruction ProfessionalsConstruction Professionals


Construction Professional Named as the contractor

Responsible for physical construction of the project

In traditional system where the owner, design, and contractors are separate, the contractor named a prime contractor

The prime contractor may divide the work among sub-contractors

Construction Professional Named as the contractor

Responsible for physical construction of the project

In traditional system where the owner, design, and contractors are separate, the contractor named a prime contractor

The prime contractor may divide the work among sub-contractors

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Projects ParticipantsProjects ParticipantsConstruction ProfessionalsConstruction Professionals


Prime contractor

Civil Mechanical Electrical

Plumbing Elevators

Owner

Contract

Contract

Contract

First Sub-contractor

Second Sub-contractor


Projects ParticipantsProjects ParticipantsProject ManagerProject Manager


Project Manager A project manager is the person responsible for leading a

project from its inception to execution

This includes planning, execution and managing the people,

resources and scope of the project

Project Manager A project manager is the person responsible for leading a

project from its inception to execution

This includes planning, execution and managing the people,

resources and scope of the project

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Project Manager Named by the owner

Responsible for the overall coordination of the project

Clear definitions of the goals of the project.

Investigate alternative solutions for the problems.

Develop a detailed plan to make the selected program reality.

Implement the plan and control the project

Project Manager Named by the owner

Responsible for the overall coordination of the project

Clear definitions of the goals of the project.

Investigate alternative solutions for the problems.

Develop a detailed plan to make the selected program reality.

Implement the plan and control the project




A Good Project Manager Proactive not reactive

Adequately plans the project

Decisive

Good Communicator

Manages by data and facts not uniformed optimism

A Good Project Manager Proactive not reactive

Adequately plans the project

Decisive

Good Communicator

Manages by data and facts not uniformed optimism

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A Good Project Manager Leads by example

Has sound Judgement

Motivator

Diplomatic

Can Delegate

A Good Project Manager Leads by example

Has sound Judgement

Motivator

Diplomatic

Can Delegate


Stakeholder(s): “A person or group of people who have an interest in the success of an organization and the environment in which the organization operates”

Stakeholders are people or organizations: With an interest in the project Who can affect a project Who may be affected by a project

Stakeholder(s): “A person or group of people who have an interest in the success of an organization and the environment in which the organization operates”

Stakeholders are people or organizations: With an interest in the project Who can affect a project Who may be affected by a project

Project StakeholdersProject StakeholdersProject StakeholdersProject Stakeholders

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Funding Body Customers Suppliers End Users Shareholders Lobbies Government Agencies Neighbours Community

Funding Body Customers Suppliers End Users Shareholders Lobbies Government Agencies Neighbours Community

Project StakeholdersProject StakeholdersTypical StakeholdersTypical Stakeholders


Project StakeholdersProject StakeholdersStakeholders ContextStakeholders Context

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Identify them, classify them, build a picture of how they feel towards your project and why

Monitor and constantly update your awareness Use this knowledge to create and maintain:

Your Communications Plan Your Risk Management Plan Your Overall Project Plan

Identify them, classify them, build a picture of how they feel towards your project and why

Monitor and constantly update your awareness Use this knowledge to create and maintain:

Your Communications Plan Your Risk Management Plan Your Overall Project Plan

Project StakeholdersProject StakeholdersWhy do Stakeholders Need to be Managed?Why do Stakeholders Need to be Managed?