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Introducing Investigative Interviewing into the New Zealand Police. Creating a Culture Change Detective Inspector Ross Grantham Strategic Adviser: Investigative Interviewing. Investigative Interviewing New Zealand Style. The Review 2004 – 2007. Identify international best practice - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Investigative InterviewingPlanning & Preparation, Engage & Explain, Account, Closure, Evaluation
Introducing Investigative Interviewing into
the New Zealand Police
Creating a Culture Change
Detective Inspector Ross GranthamStrategic Adviser: Investigative Interviewing
Investigative InterviewingPlanning & Preparation, Engage & Explain, Account, Closure, Evaluation
Investigative Interviewing New Zealand Style
Investigative InterviewingPlanning & Preparation, Engage & Explain, Account, Closure, Evaluation
The Review 2004 – 2007
• Identify international best practice
• Benchmark the current position in New Zealand
• Make recommendations on a way forward
Investigative InterviewingPlanning & Preparation, Engage & Explain, Account, Closure, Evaluation
Benchmarking Current Situation
• National survey of sworn staff: witnesses better than suspects, want more skills
• Assessment of suspect and witness interviews: suspects better than witnesses, not performing as well as we could
• Practitioner focus groups: lack of supervision and knowledge
Investigative InterviewingPlanning & Preparation, Engage & Explain, Account, Closure, Evaluation
Benchmarking Current Situation
• Survey of police and crown prosecutors and judges: fair and patient but lack direction and do not challenge
• Review of case law: issues around fairness and special consideration
• Consultation other government agencies: similar position to Police
Investigative InterviewingPlanning & Preparation, Engage & Explain, Account, Closure, Evaluation
Benchmarking Current Situation
• Consultation internal parties• Review of training and assessment• Assessment of policy and documentation• Findings:
– No national ownership/governance– No national standards and limited guidance on good
practice– Limited training and practice– Limited assessment
Investigative InterviewingPlanning & Preparation, Engage & Explain, Account, Closure, Evaluation
Recommendations
• National ownership
• Overarching strategy & policy
• Ethical principles
• Internationally affirmed interviewing model (PEACE)
• Recognition of elements necessary to produce effective interviewers
• National standards
• Comprehensive national training framework, structure and programme
• Quality assurance regime
• Technology and facilities
Investigative InterviewingPlanning & Preparation, Engage & Explain, Account, Closure, Evaluation
Strategy and governance
• Development of an overarching strategy• Business Owner: National Crime Manager• Steering Group: key stakeholders• Investigative Interviewing Unit
Investigative InterviewingPlanning & Preparation, Engage & Explain, Account, Closure, Evaluation
Ethical Principles
• Focus on complete, accurate and reliable information
• Move away from confession• Importance of fairness and keeping an
open mind• Certain types of witnesses and suspects
require special consideration
Investigative InterviewingPlanning & Preparation, Engage & Explain, Account, Closure, Evaluation
Best Practice
• Identify Good Practice• PEACE interview framework• Interviewing Models – Free Recall, Conversation
Management, Enhanced Cognitive Interview• Document Good Practice: accessible to all staff –
Electronic Police Manual• Develop National Standards • Promulgated through training, workplace learning
and assessment and accreditation
Investigative InterviewingPlanning & Preparation, Engage & Explain, Account, Closure, Evaluation
Training Framework
• Level 4: Interview AdvisorsAdvising, managing and co-ordinating
• Level 3: Specialist InterviewersSpecialist interviewing capacity
• Level 2: Advanced interviewersInvestigators of serious crime
• Level 1: Foundation interviewers All investigators – operational staff and
recruits
Investigative InterviewingPlanning & Preparation, Engage & Explain, Account, Closure, Evaluation
Key Training Elements
Effective interviewing comes about throughofficers being exposed to a regime thatincludes:
• understanding theory including psychology and how memory works
• a range practical techniques• significant opportunities for practice• a wide range of interviewing experiences with ongoing
monitoring and feedback from supervisors• workplace and formal assessment
Investigative InterviewingPlanning & Preparation, Engage & Explain, Account, Closure, Evaluation
Level 3: Specialist Adult Witness
• Introduction of ability to use visual record as evidence in chief (Evidence Act 2006)
• Improvements needed with adult sexual assault victims
• Initiated with UK experts now our own experts
• Fast-track select group through to Level 3• Developing our own expertise
Investigative InterviewingPlanning & Preparation, Engage & Explain, Account, Closure, Evaluation
Co-ordination and delivery of training
• Dedicated trainers at the Royal NZ Police College – recruits, Level 2-4
• District roll-out for back-capture 6,500 frontline staff
• Target influencers: Sergeants, Field Training Officers and Workplace Assessors
• Level 2 and 3 candidates• Initiated with UK experts• Growing our own expertise
Investigative InterviewingPlanning & Preparation, Engage & Explain, Account, Closure, Evaluation
Competency Framework
• National Standards• Ongoing supervisor monitoring & feedback • Workplace learning and assessment:
– Verification – Accreditation– Adjudication– National Register
• Performance appraisal linked to pay increments• National Assessment Centre
Investigative InterviewingPlanning & Preparation, Engage & Explain, Account, Closure, Evaluation
Communications
• Communications strategy ensuring the right people get the right information at the right time:– Road show - sell I.I. to District Management Teams– A successful pilot in one of the countries busiest stations– I.I. begins to sell itself, staff are lining up to undergo the training –
satisfied customers– Availability of myself and team to assist frontline investigators– Intranet site with Good Practice Materials, preformatted statements for
producing interviews as evidence in chief and much more
Investigative InterviewingPlanning & Preparation, Engage & Explain, Account, Closure, Evaluation
Has a change in culture been achieved?
• 6,300 of the 6,500 frontline staff have received the foundation training – a change in culture is occurring
• Assessment and Accreditation intrinsic to the programmes success is slow
• Investigators appreciate the I.I. more and the CIB are beginning to utilise the L3 ECI much more
• As investigators begin to develop their skills they are seeking further (L2) training and looking to L3 Suspect Training
• Investigators regularly talk about I.I. no longer is it about getting a cough (confession) or just taking a statement
• Acceptance of research
Investigative InterviewingPlanning & Preparation, Engage & Explain, Account, Closure, Evaluation
How is I.I. Progressing?• We have an I.I. strategy with national standards
and structure supported by training staff and facilities
• We have the bulk of frontline staff with at the very least a foundation knowledge of I.I.
• A growing pool of investigators who wish to improve their skills and experience as interviewers
• We have the CIB appreciating the value of well conducted L3 witness interviews the demand increasing as well as the interviewers experience and expertise
• L2 I.I. is now being trained and our skill base for advanced interviewers is developing
Investigative InterviewingPlanning & Preparation, Engage & Explain, Account, Closure, Evaluation
Obstacles• Initially resistance to the five day training programme –
discretionary not mandated training• Ensuring consistent training across the country – L2 is only
trained by our trainers L1 was district based• Lack of understanding of the assessment and accreditation
requirement – as identified by our recently completed process evaluation – need for greater supervisor influence
• Finance – VHS to DVD migration, interview room upgrades, software and hardware developments
• Lack of understanding from CIB managers of the L3 I.I. techniques – similarly for Crown Solicitors and Judiciary
• Managements demand on my time/role• Transcription
Investigative InterviewingPlanning & Preparation, Engage & Explain, Account, Closure, Evaluation
Successes• Our overall commitment to I.I. and how far we have
come since November 2007• My small but fantastic team who have created I.I. in
NZ and who through their work champion I.I. every day, I am particularly proud of them
• A sound L3 training, assessment, accreditation and peer review process
• Our developing interviewing skill sets with some exceptionally good L3 interviews which are now beginning to filter through the courts
• Selling I.I. to police and now to Crown Solicitor’s and the District Court Judiciary
• Involvement with research
Investigative InterviewingPlanning & Preparation, Engage & Explain, Account, Closure, Evaluation
Our Influence Internally and Externally
• Internally is detailed above
• Externally we have been approached by 43 agencies wanting us to teach them I.I.
• Regularly we are asked to present on I.I. – Innocence Project of NZ, Legal Groups/Business Groups and even Medical Practitioners
Investigative InterviewingPlanning & Preparation, Engage & Explain, Account, Closure, Evaluation
Where To From Here• Complete the culture change to I.I.• An evaluation in about 18 months time replicating the initial
review conducted by Mary Schollum so we have an accurate view on what we have achieved and what we have to do to be a World class police Service based on the core of policing, I.I.
• Develop our L3 Suspect Training programme and implement it • Identify suitable I.I. Advisors and have them trained• Bring Child Evidential Interviewing under our team and develop
a assessment and accreditation process supported by 6 monthly peer reviews
• Advance our technology to support I.I. with down streaming, a national virtual transcription service and centralised assessment centre to ensure consistent accreditation standards
• Voice recognition software• More Research
Investigative InterviewingPlanning & Preparation, Engage & Explain, Account, Closure, Evaluation
Storage and back up systemDisaster recovery
Workstation
Server
Database &Reporting
Keyboard
Interface with Police Systems:Word pre formatted forms self population
Audio and video compressionSpeech recognition scheduling
Meta data and diagnostic services
IDispatch
Software interface allowing the selection ofmenu items for receipt of Electronic HistoryReport (these would either be printed orsent back through the system into the serverfor scheduling and delivery to users accountor email address
Meta data entry for use on:Police FormsFile Creation (Casemanagement)Bar code creation (exhibitmanagement)
Data StreamingUnique IP address
District Reporting
Executive Reporting
Efficiency Analysis
Resource Deployment
Review
Remote monitoring of interviewsPC based investigative review (interviews)Email receipt of compressed working copy
Digital Interview Unit
Police Wide AreaNetwork
Technology Implementation cont.
Investigative InterviewingPlanning & Preparation, Engage & Explain, Account, Closure, Evaluation
Transcription
WorkloadAllocation
Receipt at VirtualTyping Pool
Work andPriority
Allocated
Decision PointResource Available
3 Tier data transfer Live Sectional Cast Bottom feeding
NO
Queued andMonitored
Check
Archive Paper
Decision Point
YES NO
Continue to ArchiveRefer to Act
Add toArchive
Schedule
ReviewEvidential
Requirements
ArchiveElectronic
Decision Point
YES NO
Continue to ArchiveRefer to Act
Add toArchive
Schedule
ReviewEvidential
Requirements
Review
Finalisation
Server
YES
Return to O/C
DocumentationCreation and
placed indatabase
Investigative InterviewingPlanning & Preparation, Engage & Explain, Account, Closure, Evaluation
THANK YOU WE APPRECIATE YOUR HELP
• Mary Schollum• Prof. Ray Bull• Dr. Becky Milne• Gary Shaw (MBE)• Dr. Rachel Zajac• Prof. Maryanne Garry• Dr. Matthew Gearrie• Dr Ian Lambie• Superintendent Andy Griffith• Prof. Ron Fisher• And all Professionals, Academics and Researchers who have
added to the wealth of information on Memory, and Investigative Interviewing