Introducción a las Macro-moléculas

8/14/2019 Introduccin a las Macro-molculas

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Valencia de los elementos encontrados en molculas orgnicas


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Figure 4.5

(a) Length

Ethane 1-Butene

(c) Double bond position

2-ButenePropane

(b) Branching (d) Presence of rings

Butane 2-Methylpropane

(isobutane)Cyclohexane Benzene


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Ismeros geomtricos

TransCis


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Enantiomeros- esteroismeros-ismeros pticos


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Figure 4.8

Drug

Ibuprofen

Albuterol

Condition

Effective

Enantiomer

Ineffective

Enantiomer

Pain;

inflammation

Asthma

S-Ibuprofen R-Ibuprofen

R-Albuterol S-Albuterol


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Grupos funcionales


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Figure 4.9-a

STRUCTURE

CHEMICALGROUP Hydroxyl

NAME OF

COMPOUND

EXAMPLE

Ethanol

Alcohols (Their specific names

usually end in -ol.)

(may be written HO)

Carbonyl

Ketones if the carbonyl group is

within a carbon skeleton

Aldehydes if the carbonyl group

is at the end of the carbon skeleton

Carboxyl

Acetic acidAcetone

Propanal

Carboxylic acids, or organic acids

FUNCTIONALPROPERTIES Is polar as a result of theelectrons spending more time

near the electronegative oxygen

atom.

Can form hydrogen bonds with

water molecules, helping dissolve

organic compounds such as

sugars.

A ketone and an aldehyde may bestructural isomers with different

properties, as is the case for

acetone and propanal.

Ketone and aldehyde groups are

also found in sugars, giving rise

to two major groups of sugars:

ketoses (containing ketone

groups) and aldoses (containing

aldehyde groups).

Found in cells in the ionized form

with a charge of 1 and called acarboxylate ion.

Nonionized Ionized

Acts as an acid; can donate anH+because the covalent bond

between oxygen and hydrogen

is so polar:


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Figure 4.9-b

Amino Sulfhydryl Phosphate Methyl

Methylated compoundsOrganic phosphates

(may bewritten HS)

ThiolsAmines

Glycine Cysteine

Acts as a base; can

pick up an H+ from the

surrounding solution

(water, in living

organisms):

Nonionized Ionized

Found in cells in the

ionized form with a

charge of 1+.

Two sulfhydryl groups can

react, forming a covalent

bond. This cross-linking

helps stabilize protein

structure.

Cross-linking of cysteines

in hair proteins maintains

the curliness or straightness

of hair. Straight hair can be

permanently curled by

shaping it around curlers

and then breaking and

re-forming the cross-linking

bonds.

Contributes negative charge to

the molecule of which it is a part

(2when at the end of a molecule,

as above; 1when located

internally in a chain of

phosphates). Molecules containing phosphate

groups have the potential to react

with water, releasing energy.

Arrangement of methyl

groups in male and femalesex hormones affects their

shape and function.

Addition of a methyl group

to DNA, or to molecules

bound to DNA, affects the

expression of genes.

Glycerol phosphate 5-Methyl cytidine


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Importancia de los grupos funcionales: Hormonas del sexo


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Reacciones qumicas de importancia biolgica

Fi 5 3


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Fig. 5-3

Dihydroxyacetone

RibuloseFructose

Glyceraldehyde

RiboseGlucose Galactose

Hexoses (C6H12O6)Pentoses (C5H10O5)Trioses (C3H6O3)


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Fig 5 4


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Fig. 5-4

(a) Linear and ring forms (b) Abbreviated ring structure


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Fig 5 5


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Galactosa + Glucosa= Lactosa

Fig. 5-5

(b) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose

Glucose Fructose Sucrose

MaltoseGlucoseGlucose

(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose

14glycosidic

linkage

12glycosidic

linkage

Disacridos


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(b) Glycogen: an animal polysaccharide

Starch

GlycogenAmylose

Chloroplast

(a) Starch: a plant polysaccharide

Amylopectin

Mitochondria Glycogen granules

0.5 m1 m

Polisacridos de almacn


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Polisacridos


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Quitina

Fig. 5-10


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Fig. 5 10

The structureof the chitin

monomer.(a) (b) (c)Chitin forms the

exoskeleton of

arthropods.Chitin is used to makea strong and flexible

surgical thread.

Quitina


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Lpidos

Fatty acid(palmitic acid)

(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a fatGlycerol

Fig. 5-11b


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g

(b) Fat molecule (triacylglycerol)

Ester linkage


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Fig. 5-12a


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g

(a) Saturated fat

Structuralformula of asaturated fat

moleculeStearic acid, a

saturated fattyacid

Fig. 5-12b


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g

(b) Unsaturated fat

Structural formula

of an unsaturated

fat moleculeOleicacid, anunsaturatedfatty acid

c isdouble

bond causes

bending

Fig. 5-13


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(b) Space-filling model(a) (c)Structural formula Phospholipid symbol

Fatty acidsHydrophilicheadHydrophobictails

CholinePhosphateGlycerol

H

ydrophobic

tails

Hydrophilic

head

Fosfolpidos


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Esteroles


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Fig. 5-17a


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Nonpolar

Glycine

(Gly or G)Alanine

(Ala or A)Valine

(Val or V)Leucine

(Leu or L)Isoleucine

(Ile or I)

Methionine(Met or M) Phenylalanine(Phe or F) Tryptophan(Trp or W) Proline(Pro or P)

Fig. 5-17b


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Polar

Asparagine(Asn or N) Glutamine(Gln or Q)Serine(Ser or S) Threonine(Thr or T) Cysteine(Cys or C) Tyrosine(Tyr or Y)

Fig. 5-17c


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Acidic

Arginine(Arg or R) Histidine(His or H)Aspartic acid(Asp or D) Glutamic acid(Glu or E) Lysine(Lys or K)

BasicElectrically

charged

Fig. 5-18


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Peptide

bond

Amino end

(N-terminus)

Peptide

bond

Side chains

Backbone

Carboxyl end

(C-terminus)

(a)

(b)


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Estructura primaria


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Fig. 5-21fHydrophobic


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Polypeptidebackbone

Hydrophobicinteractions andvan der Waalsinteractions

Disulfide bridge

Ionic bond

Hydrogenbond

Estructura terciaria

Fig. 5-21e


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Tertiary Structure Quaternary Structure

Fig. 5-21


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Primary

Structure SecondaryStructure TertiaryStructurepleated sheet

Examples of

amino acidsubunits

+H3N

Amino end

helix

Quaternary

Structure

Fig. 5-21g


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Polypeptidechain Chains

HemeIron

ChainsCollagen Hemoglobin

Fig. 5-23


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Normal protein

Denatured protein

Denaturation

Renaturation

Fig. 5-24


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Hollowcylinder

Cap

Chaperonin(fully assembled)

Polypeptide

Steps of ChaperoninAction:

An unfolded poly-peptide enters thecylinder from one end.

12 3The cap attaches, causing the

cylinder to change shape insuch a way that it creates ahydrophilic environment for

the folding of the polypeptide.

The cap comesoff, and the properlyfolded protein isreleased.

Correctlyfoldedprotein

Chaperonas


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Nucletido:


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Nucletido:

Fosfato+ Pentosa + Base

Fig. 5-27c-2


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Ribose (in RNA)Deoxyribose (in DNA)

Sugars

(c) Nucleoside components: sugars

Fig. 5-27c-1

Nitrogenous bases


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(c) Nucleoside components: nitrogenous bases

Purines

Guanine (G)Adenine (A)

Cytosine (C) Thymine (T, in DNA) Uracil (U, in RNA)

Nitrogenous bases

Pyrimidines

Fig. 5-27ab 5' end


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5'C

3'C

5'C

3'C

3' end

(a) Polynucleotide, or nucleic acid

(b) Nucleotide

Nucleoside

Nitrogenousbase

3'C

5'C

Phosphategroup Sugar

(pentose)

Formacin de un polinucletido


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Complementaridad de las bases nitrogenadas

AT

GC

Pares

Fig. 5-28 3' end5' end


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Sugar-phosphatebackbones

3' end

3' end

3' end

5' end

5' end

5' end

Base pair (joined byhydrogen bonding)

Old strands

Newstrands

Nucleotideabout to be

added to anew strand


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Fig. 5-UN2


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Introducción a las Macro-moléculas