Skoberne, P. 2000Nature conservation in Slovenia - Standing Commitee. Report : T-PVS (2000) 67: 1-31. Strasbourg, Council of Europe. Convention on the conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats - Standing commitee.

Keywords: 8SI/Bern Convention/biodiversity/characteristics/conservation/convention/ecosystem/ habitat/information/legal status/legislation/Malme/nature/nature conservation/nature protection/ organization/policy/protection/Slovenia/species/status/threats/wildlife

Abstract: Presentation of the current status of nature conservation in Slovenia: Part I: Background Information: 1. Main Natural Characteristics of Slovenia, 2. Status of Biodiversity at Species level, 3. Status of Biodiversity at Ecosystem level, 4. Threats to & Loss of Biodiversity, 5. Legislation & Policy, 6. Organisation of Nature Conservation; Part II: Bern Convention and Slovenia: 7. Historical Background, 8. Technical Background (incl. species list), 9. Implementation of the Bern Convention in Slovenia, 10. Responsible bodies and useful addresses.

Strasbourg, 14 November 2000 T-PVS (2000) 67 [tpvs2000\tpvs67e_2000]

CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF EUROPEAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL HABITATS

Standing Committee

NATURE CONSERVATION IN SLOVENIA

Document established by Mr Peter SKOBERNE

Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning Nature Protection Authority

T-PVS (2000) 67 - 2 -

PART I - BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1. Main Natural Characteristics of Slovenia

Republic of Slovenia covers 20,273 sq. km with a population of 2,020,00 inhabitants (1992), the population density is about 100/sq. km. Slovenija is situated in the southeastern part of the Alps and on the most nothern part of the Balkan Penninsula, bordering Italy in the west, Austria in the north, Hungary in the east and Croatia in the south.

Slovenia encompasses four biogeographical systems - Mediterranean, Pannonian, Alpine and Dinaric. An significant biological and landscape diversity within a relatively small territory is one of the main characteristics of Slovenia. It is greatly supported by different types of climate, geological structure, varied relief and great differences in altitude (from 0 - 2864 m, 600 m being the average). From west to east the climate is changing from mediterannean to continental, which is demonstrated by the annual amount of precipitation (2,000 - 3,000 mm in the Alps in the west, 700 mm in the east of the country).

It can be summarised that Slovenia has a significant value in biodiversity which is due to the following characteristics: v It has rich biological and landscape diversity on small surface area; v It shows high diversity and endemism in troglobiontic species; v It is a corridor area and an ecotone between Dinaric mountains and the Alps; the Pannonian plain

and Mediterranean basin; v It covers a relatively large forest ecosystem complex with vital populations of big mammals

(brown bear, lynx, wolf); v It maintains natural and semi-natural ecosystems in relatively good ecological conditions; v It covers diverse pedoclimatic characteristics.

Map 1: Simplified presentation of bio-geographic regions of Slovenia: the Alps (North), the Dinaric mountains (South), the Pannonian plain (East) and the Mediterranean basin (South-West). Source: Geographic Institute (ZRC-SAZU)

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- 3 - T-PVS (2000) 67 Table 1: Main Natural Characteristics of Slovenia Natural phenomenon Main characteristics Bio-geographic regions: - the Alps (30%), the Dinaric Mountains (30%), the Mediterranean

Basin (10%), the Pannonian Plain (30%) all in 20,254 sq km give a country an ecotone character

Relief and geology: - predominantly mountainous, altitude from 0 to 2864 metres, - 1/6 of the territory is Quaternary deposition - geotectonic faults, orogenesis (alpine, dinaric, pannonian); - about 44 per cent carbonate bed-rock, mainly karstified areas (over 7,000 caves are registered),

Hydrological characteristics

- two drainage systems: 2/3 to the Black Sea, 1/3 to the Mediterranean Sea - five catchment areas: the Soca, Sava, Drava and Mura rivers, and the Slovenian Littoral - relatively large area with no surface streams

Vegetation cover - 53 per cent of the territory covered by forests - 36 per cent of the territory agricultural land

Flora - about 3,200 vascular plants - 22 narrow endemics with predominant distribution in Slovenia

Fauna - about 13,000-15,000 species known (50,000 to up-to 120,000 estimated) - about 400 endemic animal species (especially cave animals)

Source: Convention Biological Diversity - National Report of the Republic of Slovenia, Ministry of the Environment and Physical Planning, State Authority for Nature Conservation, 1997. 2. Status of Biodiversity at Species level

Although data are still incomplete, some recent studies show that Slovenia, covering a small surface area, is extremely rich in species diversity. Currently, number of known species in Slovenia is only half of the estimated number of species expected to live in this territory (Table 2). Table 2: Estimated data on biodiversity in the world and in Slovenia, after Mršic, 1997 and corrected by Sket, 1997.

Taxonomic Group 1 Species on the Earth 2

Slovenia terrestrial 3

Slovenia sea 4

Degree of knowledge 5

Endemic species & subspecies 6

Bacteria + Archebacteria

4.670 X X 1 0

(Cyanobacteria)7 308 8 3 X "Phycobionta" 29.900 1.050 178 3 X "Mycota" 64.1208 3.000 X 2 X "Lichenes" 20.000 600 X 2 0 Bryophyta 22.960 755 0 4 0 Pteridophyta 9.650 75 0 4 0 Spermatophyta 250.000 3.100 X 4 22 "Protozoa" 31.900 9 45 1 5 Porifera 6.000 4 55 3 0 (+ 1) Cnidaria 15.000 7 82 3 0 Kamptozoa 150 0 3 1 0 Plathelminthes 15.000 280 30 2 13 (+ 1) Nemathelminthes 24.600 165 10 1 89

T-PVS (2000) 67 - 4 -

Taxonomic Group 1 Species on the Earth 2

Slovenia terrestrial 3

Slovenia sea 4

Degree of knowledge 5

Endemic species & subspecies 6

Nemertina 950 1 1 1 0 Mollusca 50.000 720 95 3 55 Sipunculida 320 0 3 2 0 Annelida 18.740 180 470 2 37 Tardigrada 530 50 X 2 0 Onychophora 70 0 0 - 0 Arachnida 73.730 975 X 2 49 (+ 4) Pycnogonida 1.000 0 X 1 0 Crustacea 55.360 300 305 3 40 (+ 30) Myriapoda 13.160 240 0 3 89 Insecta 850.000 10.130 X 2 >100 (+ 100) Echinodermata 6.700 0 35 4 0 Bryozoa 5.000 8 X 1 0 Tunicata 3.000 0 55 3 0 Chaetognatha 110 0 7 3 0 Cyclostomata 75 3 1 3 0 Pisces 21.650 95 105 4 0 Amphibia 4.015 20 0 4 0 (+ 1) Reptilia 5.955 22 3 3 0 Aves 9.090 360 0 4 0 Mammalia 4.215 75 4 4 0 Total about 1,800,000 about 19,530 1.495

Key: 1 Taxonomic groups belong to different levels, some names are made up (names in quotation marks), the

small groups which are not present in Slovenia are omitted. 2 Data mainly after Minelli, 1993. 3-6 Data mainly after Mršic, 1997, included are published data and animals in collections - not directly comparable with (2). 3 Includes land and inland waters.

5 Knowledge: 1 - insufficient (lack of data), 2 - sufficient (data on about 50% of species present), 3 - good (data on 50%-90% of species), 4 very good or excellent (more then 90% expected species known and described).

(0) Means that these species do not exist in Slovenia. (X) Means that there data are lacking.

7 Cyanobacteria belong to Bacteria. 8 The estimated number of species is according to WCMC up to 1.5 million. 9 Data are vague and figures not reliable.

Source: Convention Biological Diversity - National Report of the Republic of Slovenia, Ministry of the Environment and Physical Planning, State Authority for Nature Conservation, 1997.

Endemic species are of particular conservation value. 66 taxa of endemic plants occur in Slovenia (Wraber, 1996), 22 of them are predominantly in the Slovenian territory (Mrsic, 1997), including Hladnikia pastinacifolia, Gentiana froelichii, Primula carniolica, Campanula zoysii, Moehringia villosa. Hypogean taxa are extremely valuable for biodiversity and need to be conserved. For instance, more than 170 taxa leaving in interstitial and cave water systems in Slovenia show that relatively this area has the richest stygobiotic fauna in the world (Sket, 1995). Many of the species are endemic, some covering a markedly restricted range ('narrow endemics'). Proteus anguinus, for example, is a subterranean dinaric endemic species discovered in Slovenia, yet well known at the global level (Bern Convention species).

Threatened species are presented in chapter Threats To & Loss of Biodiversity.

- 5 - T-PVS (2000) 67 3. Status of Biodiversity at Ecosystem level 3.1 Forests

Forests cover almost 1.1 million hectares or about 54 % of the territory of Slovenia (Map 2), which makes Slovenia the third most forested country in Europe (after Finland and Sweden).

Map 2: The area covered with forests is about 54 per cent of the surface area. Source: Geografski institut ZRC SAZU

Originally, mixed forests prevailed and some 70 tree species are indigenous to the Slovenian territory (Brus & Kraigher, 1996). Our forests also increased in the area they cover, from 47 per cent in 1961 to 54 per cent in 1990. While high coverage with forests in 1960s was a result of forestry practices, its increase in surface area since then has mainly been due to the spreading of forests in marginal agricultural land and traditionally sustainable forest management. As a result, 85 per cent of the forests regenerate naturally supporting conservation of native populations of tree species and enhancing genetic diversity. Moreover, in the last 50 years biomass increased for 100 cubic metres per hectare (Golob, per. comm.). Species composition in 87 per cent of the Slovenian forests is close to the potential distribution. Nine per cent of all forests has a significantly modified species composition and 4 per cent of all forests are completely modified by humans (Smolej et al., 1997).

The highly diverse ecological conditions have supported a high biodiversity at the ecosystem, species and gene levels. Common beech is the most naturally widespread tree species in Slovenia. It presents 29 per cent of the current growing stock in the country. Out of the seven native oaks, three species are on the boundary of their distribution and thus occurring in few numbers.

Most forests are utilised in more or less sustainable way, however, there are some smaller areas with virgin character (as for instance since 1892 protected forest in Rajhenavski Rog). 3.2 Scrub and grassland ecosystems

Scrublands and grasslands represent a very diverse group of ecosystems in Slovenia. Scrublands prevail as the intermediate phase of the succession development. Scrublands which are a permanent phase include for example dwarf pine and green alder stands as well as willow tree stands on gravels along rivers. Natural grasslands are not very common (temporarily flooded grasslands and alpine grasslands) in Slovenia, however, from biodiversity viewpoint dry, extensively cultivated grasslands mostly on shallow carbonate bedrock are very interesting. The area of these grasslands is decreasing due to abandoning of agriculture on one hand and its intensification on the other. Only trends have

T-PVS (2000) 67 - 6 - been identified so far, while numerical data are not available. Wetland grasslands and reed stands are located partly in water and partly in wetland areas, therefore they are highly endangered due to melioration activities - nevertheless, they are a very important ecosystem for numerous endangered plant and animal species.

3.3 Mountain ecosystems

Mountain ecosystems are relatively well preserved and significant in terms of nature conservation but the number of visitors is increasing as well as the number of disturbing activities (increased air traffic, unregulated mountain biking, overcrowded mountain tracks and huts), especially in areas near to Triglav, the highest mountain of Julian Alps.

3.4 Cave ecosystems

Due to prevailing carbonate bedrock (53 %), appropriate climate and amount of precipitation, karst phenomena are developed in Slovenia. Trieste-Komen karst region attracted attention of researchers early in history since it was located close to important railway route. Therefore, they described karst phenomena and named some of them according to Slovene expressions (classical Kras = Karst).

Caves are a very specific and vulnerable ecosystem. Especially in water caves relatively large number of animal species live, many of which are endemic because of their isolation.

Since ancient times caves have been valued for their beauty and mysteriousness, however, they are also very convenient for dumping waste. Even today, people tend to forget about the vulnerability of karst caves as well as karst as a whole. Over 7000 caves have been registered in the cadastre of caves (Map 3). On Kanin alpine karst plateau's there are areas with over 80 caves per square kilometre.

The number of caves with recorded dumped waste or other damage raises concern; 694 caves - which is more then 10 % of all registered caves - are included in this category.

Map 3: Distribution of caves in Slovenia Source: Kataster jam JZS (Cave cadaster of Slovenian Caving Society)

Although all kinds of waste are usually dumped into caves and especially pitfalls which in many places still serve as village dumpsites, household waste prevails. Pitfalls in the vicinity of villages and roads are the most threatened. Following incomplete survey results 694 caves are polluted or devastated.

- 7 - T-PVS (2000) 67 3.5 Wetlands

Inland waters: rivers and lakes - waters and water ecosystems are considered very vulnerable, diverse, and at the same time highly endangered. They are endangered due to deterioration of water quality and changes in water regimes (dams, small hydro power plants, inadequate construction and melioration schemes, etc.).

Wetlands: bogs, peat bogs, fens, swamps, swamp meadows, floodplain meadows, etc. are included in this category. The group of these ecosystems is endangered mostly due to changes in hydrology, related in most cases to urbanisation, agricultural production or construction of infrastructure.

Coast and sea: from the biological diversity viewpoint the most interesting part of Slovene littoral are salt habitats (Secovlje and Strunjan salt pans, Skocjan zatok), flysh cliffs and isolated limestone promontories (the cliff in the Dragonja valley). In recent years, the pressure on land in Slovene coastal area is increasing, therefore all more or less preserved areas are highly endangered (tourism, nautical tourism, etc.).

3.6 Agricultural ecosystems and cultural landscape

At present, 36 per cent of Slovenian territory is agricultural land, of which 70 per cent belongs to the upland and mountain farms. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food classified most of this land as "less favoured areas" not being suitable for intensive agricultural production (1992), however, it still needs to be considered important for maintenance of biodiversity. According to the structure of land use in 1996, arable land represented less than 30 per cent, orchards and vineyards almost 7 per cent, meadows over 42 per cent and pastures 21 per cent of all agricultural land (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food, 1997).

Structure and biodiversity of a landscape largely depend on socio-economic conditions, one of key sectors being agriculture.

Agricultural activity largely affects landscape appearance, i.e. distribution of landscape elements and their structure. Changes in agricultural policy and introduction of market economy are reflected in abandoning marginal agricultural land and intensification the production on agricultural land of higher quality. These processes cause changes in the appearance of karst and alpine pastures.

Additional peculiarity of Slovene landscape is its fine fragmentation which gives the landscape very interesting appearance, however, it is inconvenient for modern farming. Therefore, the commasation is necessary which is also reflected in landscape.

In the past there was a great agricultural pressure on wetlands and floodplains (i.e. regulation and melioration in the Vipava and Pesnica valleys). In recent years an interest for melioration of larger areas has declined, while smaller areas remain to be endangered.

Disorder in spatial policy (illegal construction, architecturally inappropriate types of buildings) has also extremely negative impact on landscape.

Damage on trees as well as considerable changes in forest soil appear during timber cutting and logging (especially on erodible terrains) and during the construction of forest roads.

Landscape diversity is a result of natural characteristics and long history of human colonisation and various land-use in the territory of Slovenia. Its main attribute is a small mosaic structure and changing appearance on short distances. Farming adopted to the natural conditions by application of different methods and thus became the main factor in development of Slovenian countryside which contributed considerably to the changing face of the Slovenian landscape.

The main bio-regions are shown also in the diversity of Slovenian landscapes, yet the transition between the Alps and the other regions is particularly outlined as "the pre-alpine landscapes" (Marusic et all., 1995). Within these regions micro-factors build up the mosaic of small characteristics and diverse landscape structures.

4. Threats To & Loss of Biodiversity

Economic growth based on industrial, urban and agricultural development contributed to pollution of surface and ground water, soil and air and to decrease in biological and landscape diversity. While critical loads in air and soil pollution could be restricted to industrial and urban or intensive agricultural areas (i.e. Ljubljana, Celje and Maribor basins and Pannonian plain), water pollution is

T-PVS (2000) 67 - 8 - more widely spread and is critical in the lower reaches of many water courses (Ministry of the Environment and Spatial planning, 1996). As a result, the main threats to biodiversity are: v changes in agriculture practices (technology, intensification; abandonment of less favoured areas

for agriculture, use of new cultivars and hybrids, promotion of mono-culture); v introduction of agriculture practices in the wilderness areas (virgin forest area of Kocevje); v infrastructure development (motorway construction); v drainage of wetlands (land reclamation for economic development); v uncontrolled urbanisation; v lack of control measures and non-compliance with legal measures; v lack of public awareness; v introduction of alien and invasive species to and between regions within the country; v air and water pollution.

The most critical direct consequences on biodiversity occur at the ecosystem, species and gene levels and include: v ecosystem and habitat fragmentation (due to development); v ecosystem degradation / deterioration and habitat loss (due to pollution); v disturbance of wildlife in natural areas (due to infrastructure development in remote mountain and

forest areas); v genetic pollution and species loss; v genetic erosion

Decline in plant and animal species has been shown by application of the IUCN categories of threatened species. Slovenian flora consisting of some 3,200 known taxa of vascular plants (3266 listed according Martincic et all., 1999), 330 of which are included in the national Red Data List (Wraber & Skoberne, 1989). Of these threatened species 30 are ranked extinct (Ex), 34 endangered (E), 77 vulnerable (V), 189 rare (R) as presented in chart 1.

Chart 1: Threatened vascular plants in Slovenia according to IUCN categories (1972)

Of the 423 recorded vertebrate taxa of Slovenian wild fauna (Vidic, 1992) 238 are threatened (Ex-

19, E-56, V-116, R-47 - chart 2). Amphibians are the most endangered group. Data on invertebrates are incomplete and available data are restricted to some groups only (Table 3).

- 9 - T-PVS (2000) 67 Table 3: Threatened species in Slovenia ranked by the IUCN categories (Vidic, 1992).

Group Known Species in Slovenia

IUCN category

Ex E V R Total Mammalia 79 8 4 26 5 43 Aves 360 5 21 53 35 114 Reptilia 25 1 8 11 2 22 Amphibia 20 1 18 1 20 Pisces - freshwater 95 4 23 8 4 39 Pisces - marine 105 Bryophyta 775 - - - - - Musci 598 10 46 83 74 213 Fungi - - - - - - Lichenes 600 2 4 50 16 72 Pterydoph.&Sperm. 3266 30 34 77 189 330 Source: Convention Biological Diversity - National Report of the Republic of Slovenia, Ministry of the Environment and Physical Planning, State Authority for Nature Conservation, 1997.

In spite of the increase in surface area, the quality of forests has been jeopardised due to air pollution as well as promotion of monoculture stands of conifers. Further more, some forestry practices did affect forest ecosystems due to the way forest roads were constructed and exploitation carried out.

Agricultural development caused tremendous changes in the agricultural areas. The impacts have mainly occurred after the WWII and are twofold: v Direct loss of biodiversity by land reclamation, particularly since 1960s agriculture development

has increased and gradually, agriculture reclaimed areas in the floodplains. Water courses were straightened, canals built and riparian vegetation cleared and large areas ploughed for monocultural crops. Many habitats were lost, mainly wetlands and accordingly the wetland dependent species became endangered (Beltram, 1992). On the Slovenian Red Data Lists of plant and animal species the wetland dependent species prevail (e.g. Fritillaria meleagris, Utricularia intermedia, Pedicularis palustris, Orchis palustris, Pilularia globulifera, Hydrocotyle vulgaris). Between 1973 and 1991 over 70,000 hectares of lowlands were drained (Maticic, 1986, 1993).

v Indirect loss of biodiversity by supporting intensive crop and livestock production (including increase in chemical use, mechanisation of production, specialisation of farmers into monocultural production) and thus increasing levels of water and soil pollution, in particular on the one hand, as well as causing hindrance to production of autochthonous races of plants and animals. As a result of past and current economic development, analysis of the state of Slovenian natural

and semi-natural habitats shows that the most threatened habitat types are: v wetlands, coastal and marine ecosystems; v rivers; v dry grasslands; v cave waters (with particular reference to hypogean fauna); v mountain ecosystems. While fauna of karst ecosystems (including caves) are mainly threatened through water pollution

and tourism development, wetlands are mostly altered due to intensification of agriculture in the last decades, and currently dry grasslands are under threat due to increasing interest in livestock production (uncontrolled grazing, fertilisers) on the one hand and abandonment of economically less attractive areas on the other (vegetation succession). Coastal and marine ecosystems are declining due to industrial and urban pressures, rivers and adjacent wetlands through soil and water pollution and

T-PVS (2000) 67 - 10 - construction works. Mountain ecosystems are threatened through tourism development and long-distance air pollution.

Many threats to biodiversity are due to sectoral policy directions of economic sectors. Forestry, agriculture and tourism are the key sectors when conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in Slovenia are considered. Additionally, Slovenia is the smallest of the countries with economies in transition. To date, close to 80 per cent of forests (until 1990, 62 per cent, according to the Forest Development Programme, 1995) and 89 per cent of agricultural land (in 1990, 83 per cent) are privately owned (Statistical Yearbook, 1995). 5. Legislation & Policy 5.1 National legislation in the field of nature conservation

As first protection acts concerning particular forests or plants are dating back to the end of 19th century, more comprehensive legislation was adopted after WWII.

First results of the changing policies from classical nature conservation approach towards more integrative appeared in the early 1990s in the Environmental Protection Act (1993), which was followed by environmental by-laws mainly on air quality standards. The Forest Act was also issued in 1993, while all other related legislation is still in preparation.

This environmental framework legislation passed in 1993, was to create a regulatory system for both, environmental protection and nature conservation. A special Nature Conservation Act, adopted in 1999 established legal basis for integration of nature conservation principles into other sectors as foresees the Nature Conservation Strategy. To make this law fully operative, about 40 by-laws have to be prepared and adopted on ministerial or governmental level.

5.2 Biodiversity related legislation and programmes

The Forest Act (1993) and Forest Development Programme of Slovenia (1995) do take into account the CBD principles. These two documents are in the process of implementation but are suppressed by the general political changes and institutional restructuring. The Forest Act supports a policy which includes nature conservation principles. In addition to prohibition of clear-cuts it also prohibits planting monoculture stands. While planning is a prerequisite for sustainable use of forest resources, indirect-use values of forest ecosystems are considered equally important as timber exploitation which is a direct-use value. Provisions are applied to private and state owned forests alike. By incorporating such provisions the law gives a good example of integration of sustainability principles into sectoral implementation legislation.

In addition to the Forest Act, which also regulates the management of forest genetic resources the Act on Plant Protection was adopted in 1994, while all regulations on seed testing, seed stands and seedlings developed since the 1960s. The Act on Seeds and Seedlings was adopted in 1973. Currently it has been revised according to the relevant Directives of the European Commission as well as including the OECD scheme. A Decree on financing and co-financing investments in forests (1994) and the Forest Development Programme for Slovenia (1996) are also relevant to biodiversity conservation and use providing some practical guidelines for the purpose (Kraigher, 1997).

Agricultural Law (1996) and the Agriculture Development Programme (1993) are both development and consumption oriented and need a considerable change in order to incorporate CBD principles and goals. Altogether, Slovenian agriculture has still to consider how to incorporate the biodiversity principles into its implementation policy.

The Slovenian Programme for Plant Gene Banks intends to promote sustainable use of germplasm through its plan of action and Slovenian agricultural strategy is considering sustainable agriculture as an inevitable part of Slovenian agriculture.

The tourism development strategy was drafted in early 1990s. The Resolution on Strategic Aims in Tourism Development (1995) stresses on the importance of biodiversity rich areas, yet it still has to include CBD principles.

- 11 - T-PVS (2000) 67 5.3 International treaties and activities: 5.3.1 Treaties

Slovenia ratified all biodiversity related international treaties: v Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage

Convention, 1972): In Slovenia, there is one World Heritage Convention site listed in 1986, the Skocjan Caves. In 1996, the surface area of 413 hectares was designated a regional park and the management authority was established;

v Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention, 1971): Two wetlands, Secoveljske soline (1993) and Skocjanske jame (1999) are listed as Ramsar sites;

v Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean (Barcelona Convention, 1976);

v Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES, 1973);

v Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS, 1979); v Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention,

1979). The European Landscape Convention is in Parliamentar procedure for signing and ratification.

5.3.2 Activities

In the field of nature conservation Slovenia is taking an active role in different international organisations (e.g. UNESCO, UNEP, IUCN, Council of Europe) and processes (e.g. chairing the Council of Pan-European Biodiversity and Landscape Diversity Strategy, Sophia Biodiversity Initiative).

Aproximation process to the European Union has a high priority at national level. The goal is to harmonise national legislation to the Aquis Communitaire of the European Community and to be able to implement it. In the field of nature conservation efforts are concentrated in implementation of NATURA 2000 Network and controlling the wild life trade. Emerald network of the Bern Convention is one of very useful tools we are using in the process of identification of potential Areas of Community Interest, wheraes EIONET information structure is used to interlink all partners in the process.

5.4 In-Situ Conservation

According to the existing legislation system of the protected areas the following management categories are included:

National Park - IUCN equivalent: II or II/V Regional Park - IUCN equivalent: V or V/II Landscape Park - IUCN equivalent: V Strict Nature Reserve - IUCN equivalent: I Nature Reserve - IUCN equivalent: IV Nature Monument - IUCN equivalent: III

About 8 per cent of the national territory is under special protection (Table 4). Out of all these protected areas or sites only the Triglav National Park, the Regional Park Skocjanske jame and the Regional Park Kozjansko have management authorities.

T-PVS (2000) 67 - 12 - Table 4: Number of different types of protected areas in Slovenia Nature Conservation Category IUCN Number of

Sites Area in hectares

National protection National Park (NP) I I / V 1 83,807 Regional Park (RP) V/III 2 20,013 Landscape Parks (LP) V 34 56,180 Nature Reserves (NR) I, IV 49 * Nature Monuments (NM) I I I 623 ** Total 710 140,400

International protection The World Heritage Convention The Ramsar Convention

1 2

413

1248 * Complete data lacking ** No data.

In 1995, the Slovenian parliament endorsed a programme for designation of protected areas in

Slovenia which provided basis for a new concept of protected areas. Consequently, in 1996 a proposal was prepared which introduced changes to the National land-use plan. According to this proposal up to 30 per cent of the Slovenian territory will be included in different protected areas management categories. Since 1995, international donors are financing projects and preparation of management plans for the three largest protected areas to be established. Currently, the management plan for the Triglav National Park is in preparation. Parallel to these activities studies on particular issues are carried out.

Protected areas very often coincide with agriculturally less favoured areas where framers can get financial support for maintaining biodiversity and applying traditional farming methods. The support can be provided for either maintenance of certain conditions in areas rich in biodiversity or for maintenance of traditional landscape diversity. Assistance can be in different forms and financial support is usually as subventions (in PAs), incentives (sustainable - traditional use) or compensation (damage caused by wildlife). For example, in 1995, support was provided for traditional mowing in

- 13 - T-PVS (2000) 67 the Triglav National Park as well as for set-aside area in the Eastern part of the country in the breeding area of grey herons. In 1997, subventions were meant for maintenance of dry grasslands in the karst areas. 6. Organisation of Nature Conservation 6.1 Governmental level

Slovenian Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning is responsible for nature conservation issues. Its administrative and technical advisory body is the State Nature Protection Authority consisting of three sub-sectors (nature conservation, environment, water management). Seven regional Institutes for conservation of natural and cultural heritage act as technical supervisory bodies at local level.

A special environmental board within the Slovenian Parliament is dealing with environment, nature conservation and infrastructure. In 1997, Slovenia government established the Council for Sustainable Development.

At the local level, communities have responsibilities in nature conservation issues, as well. 6.2 Scientific research

The Nature research institutes in Slovenia or independent scientists are currently carrying out several projects on basic research related to biodiversity and are supported by the Slovenian Ministry of Science and Technology. The results of these projects can contribute to increase in knowledge on biological diversity and can be applicable for nature conservation purposes.

6.3 Non-governmental organisations

NGOs form an important agent in implementation of the CBD. Their main advantage is direct implementation at local level, thus assistance in rising public awareness of biodiversity. Co-operation and integration of relevant NGOs started only recently and needs to be strengthen.

The most prominent NGO is the Natural History Society of Slovenia (Prirodoslovno drustvo Slovenije - PDS), with the longest tradition of activities in the field of nature conservation and with first private foundation (Slovenski sklad za naravo - SSN). The Slovenian Ornithological Society (Drustvo za opazovanje in proucevanje pticev Slovenije - DOPPS) and the Union of Societies for Environmental Protection (Zveza drustev za varstvo okolja) should also be mentioned. The importance of the Slovenian office of the Regional Environment Centre (REC) is growing. In addition to its regular activities, REC acts as a point in Slovenia where numerous and different NGO’s come together. New NGOs are emerging and some developing into powerful organisations which influence public opinion and act as a control mechanism in decision making.

PART II - BERN CONVENTION AND SLOVENIA 7. Bern Convention and Slovenia - Historical Background

Slovenia took part in Council of Europe activities in the field of nature conservation already in eighties, mostly on expert level, despite as a federal unit of SFR Jugoslavia Slovenia had no formal legal status.

After independance in 1991 Slovenia was invited to participate in Council of Europe bodies as an observer, on 2nd March 1992 Slovenia was accepted by Council of Europe as a member with special status and since 14th May 1993 as a regular member.

In the field of nature conservation Slovenia actively participated in different political bodies, committees of experts and activities, such as: Steering Committee for the Protection and Management of the Environment and Natural Habitats (CDPE) and its successor Committee for the Activities of the Council of Europe in the field of biological and landscape diversity (CO-DBP), experts groups for

T-PVS (2000) 67 - 14 - plants, large carnivors, Pan-European Ecological Network, Pan-European Biological and Landscape Diversity Strategy (preparations, implementation), Naturopa Center, Emerald pilot project, etc.

Republic of Slovenia signed Bern Convention on 20th October 1998 in Strasbourg, text was

ratified by the Parliament on 15th June 1999 (Ur. l. RS 55/99, Mednarodne pogodbe, st. 17), instruments of ratification were handed to the General Secretar of the Council of Europe on 29th September 1999. The Convention entered in force by 1st January 2000. 8. Bern Convention and Slovenia - Technical Background 8.1 Species List

From Emerald software we used database TAXONOMY.MDB and set a querry to select species that occur in Slovenia. Beside Annex I, II and III species corresponding document (TPVS (95) 15 rev) and Resolution No. 6 were taken into account. New fields were added: HBTTAXSI - Slovenian vernacular names PROT_SI - protection status in Slovenia R - at State level O - at local level IUCN_SI - IUCN categories in Slovenia Smaller changes of the list are still possible. PLANTS

SPECNAME HBTTAXSI ANNEX I

TPVS(95) 15 rev

RESOL. 6

PROT SI

IUCN SI

Apium repens plazeca zelena -1 Aquilegia bertolonii bertolonijeva orlica -1 -1 -1 Botrychium matricariifolium

kamilicastolistna mladomesecina

-1 R

Botrychium multifidum deljena mladomesecina

-1 R

Botrychium simplex enostavna mladomesecina

-1 -1 -1 Ex

Bromus grossus mnogocvetna stoklasa

-1 -1 -1

Caldesia parnassifolia srcastolistna kaldezija

-1 -1 -1

Cymodocea nodosa kolencasta cimodoceja

-1

Cypripedium calceolus lepi ceveljc -1 -1 -1 R - Eleocharis carniolica kranjska sita -1 -1 -1 Eryngium alpinum alpska možina -1 -1 R R Euphrasia marchesettii

Marchesettijeva smetlika

-1 -1 -1 K

Fritillaria montana gorska logarica -1 O Genista holopetala celovencni relicnik -1 -1 -1 V Lindernia procumbens polegla lindernija -1 K Liparis loeselii Loeselova

grezovka -1 -1 -1 E

Marsilea quadrifolia štiriperesna marzilka

-1 -1 -1 V

Moehringia tommasinii

Tommasinijeva popkoresa

-1 -1 -1 R

Physoplexis comosa šopasti repušnik -1

- 15 - T-PVS (2000) 67

SPECNAME HBTTAXSI ANNEX I

TPVS(95) 15 rev

RESOL. 6

PROT SI

IUCN SI

Posidonia oceanica morska pozidonija -1 R Pulsatilla grandis velikonocnica -1 R E Salvinia natans plavcek -1 V Spiranthes aestivalis poletna škrbica -1 E Trapa natans vodni orešek -1 V Typha minima najmanjši rogoz -1 R Typha shuttleworthii schuttleworthov

rogoz -1 R

Zostera marina prava morska trava -1 AMPHIBIANS

SPECNAME HBTTAXSI TPVS(95) 15rev

RESOL6 ANNX II

ANNEX III

PROT SI

IUCN SI

Bombina bombina nižinski urh -1 -1 -1 0 Yes (R)I Bombina variegata hribski urh 0 -1 -1 0 Yes (V)I Bufo bufo navadna krastaca 0 0 0 -1 Yes (V)I Bufo viridis zelena krastaca 0 0 -1 0 Yes (V)I Hyla arborea zelena rega 0 0 -1 0 Yes (V)I Pelobates fuscus navadna cesnovka 0 0 -1 0 Yes Proteus anguinus moceril -1 -1 -1 0 Yes V Rana arvalis barska žaba 0 0 -1 0 Yes (V)I Rana dalmatina rosnica, sivka 0 0 -1 0 Yes (V)I Rana esculenta zelena žaba 0 0 0 -1 Yes (V)I Rana latastei laška žaba -1 -1 -1 0 Yes R Rana lessonae pisana žaba 0 0 0 -1 Yes (V)I Rana ridibunda debeloglavka 0 0 0 -1 Yes (V)I Rana temporaria sekulja, rjava žaba 0 0 0 -1 Yes (V)I Salamandra atra planinski mocerad 0 0 -1 0 Yes Salamandra salamandra

navadni mocerad 0 0 0 -1 No

Triturus alpestris triglavski in navadni planinski pupek

0 0 0 -1 Yes Ex

Triturus carnifex veliki pupek 0 -1 -1 0 Yes (V)I Triturus vulgaris robati, južni in mali

pupek 0 0 0 -1 Yes (V)I

REPTILES

SPECNAME HBTTAXSI TPVS(95) 15rev

RESOL 6

ANNX II

ANNX III

PROT SI

IUCN SI

Algyroides nigropunctatus

crnopikcasta kušcarica

0 0 -1 0 Yes V

Anguis fragilis navadni slepec 0 0 0 0 Yes Caretta caretta glavata kareta -1 -1 -1 0 Yes E Chelonia mydas orjaška crepaha 0 -1 -1 0 Yes E Coluber gemonensis belica 0 0 0 0 Yes E Coluber viridiflavus crnica 0 0 -1 0 Yes V Coronella austriaca smokulja 0 0 -1 0 Yes Dermochelys coriacea orjaška usnjaca 0 0 -1 0 Yes E Elaphe longissima navadni gož 0 0 -1 0 Yes V

T-PVS (2000) 67 - 16 -

SPECNAME HBTTAXSI TPVS(95) 15rev

RESOL 6

ANNX II

ANNX III

PROT SI

IUCN SI

Elaphe quatuorlineata progasti gož -1 -1 -1 0 Yes E Emys orbicularis mocvirska

sklednica -1 -1 -1 0 Yes E

Hemidactylus turcicus polprstnik, turški gekon

0 0 0 0 * I

Lacerta agilis siva kušcarica (martincek)

0 0 -1 0 Yes V

Lacerta horvathi Horvatova kušcarica

0 0 -1 0 Yes R

Lacerta viridis navadni zelenec 0 0 -1 0 Yes V Lacerta vivipara živorodna

kušcarica 0 0 0 0 Yes

Malpolon monspessulanus

južnoevropska zrva

0 0 0 0 Yes E

Natrix natrix belouška 0 0 0 0 Yes V Natrix tessellata kobranka 0 0 -1 0 Yes V Ophisaurus apodus žoltoplaz, blavor 0 0 -1 0 No I Podarcis melisellensis nabrežna, kraška

kušcarica 0 0 -1 0 Yes V

Podarcis muralis pozidna kušcarica 0 0 -1 0 Yes V Podarcis sicula primorska

kušcarica 0 0 -1 0 Yes V

Tarentola mauritanica pozidni gekon 0 0 0 0 * Telescopus fallax macjeoka kaca 0 0 -1 0 Yes E Testudo graeca mavrska kornjaca -1 -1 -1 0 * Testudo hermanni grška kornjaca -1 -1 -1 0 * Vipera ammodytes modras 0 0 -1 0 Yes V Vipera aspis rilcasti gad 0 0 0 0 Yes Ex Vipera berus gad 0 0 0 0 Yes O FISHES

SPECNAME HBTTAXSI TPVS(95) 15rev

RESOL 6

ANNX II

ANNIIII

PROT SI

IUCN SI

Abramis ballerus kosalj 0 0 0 0 Yes I Abramis sapa crnooka 0 0 0 0 Yes Ex? Acipenser ruthenus keciga 0 0 0 0 Yes Ex Alburnoides bipunctatus primorska

belica 0 0 0 0 Yes

Alosa fallax cepa 0 -1 0 -1 No I Aspius aspius bolen 0 -1 0 0 No E Barbus meridionalis pohra, mrenic 0 -1 0 -1 No Barbus plebejus grba 0 -1 0 -1 No Blennius fluviatilis smrkavica 0 0 0 0 Yes K Chalcalburnus chalcoides pegunica 0 0 0 0 Yes I Chondrostoma genei primorska

podust 0 -1 0 0 Yes Ex

Chondrostoma nasus podust 0 0 0 0 No V Chondrostoma soetta saveta 0 -1 0 0 No Ex Cobitis elongata velika nežica 0 0 0 0 Yes K Cobitis taenia nežica 0 -1 0 0 Yes K Cottus gobio kapelj, glavac 0 -1 0 0 Yes V

- 17 - T-PVS (2000) 67

SPECNAME HBTTAXSI TPVS(95) 15rev

RESOL 6

ANNX II

ANNIIII

PROT SI

IUCN SI

Gobio uranoscopus zvezdogled 0 -1 0 0 Yes R Gymnocephalus baloni grbasti okun 0 0 0 0 Yes E Gymnocephalus schraetzer smrkež 0 -1 0 -1 Yes E Hucho hucho sulec 0 -1 0 -1 No E Lampetra planeri potocni piškur 0 -1 0 0 Yes E Lethenteron zanandreai laški piškur 0 -1 0 -1 Yes E Leucaspius delineatus belica 0 0 0 0 Yes R Leuciscus souffia blistavec 0 -1 0 0 Yes E Misgurnus fossilis debelousti cipelj 0 -1 0 0 No K Padogobius martensi potocni glavoc 0 0 0 0 Yes Pelecus cultratus sabljarka 0 0 0 0 Yes I Petromyzon marinus morski piškur 0 -1 0 0 Yes E Rhodeus sericeus amarus pezdirk 0 -1 0 0 Yes E Rutilus pigus platnica 0 -1 0 0 No V Rutilus rubilio mazenica 0 -1 0 0 Yes I Salmo marmoratus soška postrv 0 -1 0 0 No E Silurus glanis som 0 0 0 0 No V Thymallus thymallus lipan 0 0 0 -1 No V Umbra krameri velika sencica 0 0 0 0 Yes R Zingel streber upiravec 0 -1 0 0 Yes E Zingel zingel cep 0 0 0 -1 Yes E BIRDS

SPECNAME HBTTAXSI TPVS(95) 15rev

RESOL 6

ANNEX II

ANNEX III

PROT SI

IUCN SI

Accipiter brevipes balkanski skobec -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Accipiter gentilis kragulj 0 0 -1 0 Yes V Accipiter nisus navadni skobec 0 0 -1 0 Yes V Acrocephalus arundinaceus

rakar 0 0 -1 0 Yes V

Acrocephalus melanopogon

tamariskovka -1 -1 -1 0 Yes R

Acrocephalus paludicola

povodna trstnica -1 -1 -1 0 Yes

Acrocephalus palustris mocvirska trstnica

0 0 -1 0 Yes

Acrocephalus schoenobaenus

bicja trstnica 0 0 -1 0 Yes V

Acrocephalus scirpaceus

srpicna trstnica 0 0 -1 0 Yes V

Actitis hypoleucos mali martinec 0 0 -1 0 Yes V Aegithalos caudatus sinica

dolgorepka 0 0 0 -1 Yes

Aegolius funereus koconogi cuk -1 -1 -1 0 Yes V Aegypius monachus rjavi jastreb -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Alauda arvensis poljski škrjanec 0 0 0 -1 Yes V Alca torda mala njorka 0 0 0 -1 Yes Alcedo atthis vodomec -1 -1 -1 0 Yes E Alectoris graeca navadna kotorna 0 0 0 -1 Yes E Alectoris graeca saxatilis

0 -1 0 0 Yes

T-PVS (2000) 67 - 18 -

SPECNAME HBTTAXSI TPVS(95) 15rev

RESOL 6

ANNEX II

ANNEX III

PROT SI

IUCN SI

Alectoris rufa španska kotorna 0 0 0 -1 Yes Anas acuta dolgorepa raca 0 0 0 -1 Yes Anas clypeata žlicarica 0 0 0 -1 Yes R Anas crecca kreheljc 0 0 0 -1 Yes Anas penelope žvižgavka 0 0 0 -1 Yes Anas platyrhynchos mlakarica 0 0 0 -1 No Anas querquedula reglja 0 0 0 -1 Yes R Anas strepera konopnica 0 0 0 -1 Yes Anser albifrons belocela gos 0 0 0 -1 Yes Anser anser siva gos 0 0 0 -1 Yes Anser brachyrhynchus kratkokljuna gos 0 0 0 -1 Yes Anser fabalis njivska gos 0 0 0 -1 Yes Anthus campestris rjava cipa -1 -1 -1 0 Yes R Anthus cervinus rdecegrla cipa 0 0 -1 0 Yes Anthus pratensis mala cipa 0 0 -1 0 Yes E Anthus spinoletta cipa vriskarica 0 0 -1 0 Yes Apus apus crni hudournik 0 0 0 -1 Yes Apus melba planinski

hudournik 0 0 -1 0 Yes V

Aquila chrysaetos planinski orel -1 -1 -1 0 Yes E Aquila clanga veliki klinkac -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Aquila heliaca kraljevi orel -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Aquila pomarina mali klinkac -1 -1 -1 0 Yes R Ardea cinerea siva caplja 0 0 0 -1 Yes V Ardea purpurea rjava caplja -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Ardeola ralloides copasta caplja -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Arenaria interpres navadni

kamenjar 0 0 -1 0 Yes

Asio flammeus mocvirska uharica

-1 -1 -1 0 Yes

Asio otus mala uharica 0 0 -1 0 Yes Athene noctua navadni cuk 0 0 -1 0 Yes V Aythya ferina sivka 0 0 0 -1 Yes R Aythya fuligula copasta crnica 0 0 0 -1 Yes V Aythya marila rjavka 0 0 0 -1 Yes Aythya nyroca kostanjevka 0 -1 0 -1 Yes R Bombycilla garrulus pegam 0 0 -1 0 Yes Bonasa bonasia gozdni jereb 0 -1 0 -1 Yes V Botaurus stellaris velika bobnarica -1 -1 -1 0 Yes K Branta bernicla grivasta gos 0 0 0 -1 Yes Branta canadensis kanadska gos 0 0 0 -1 Yes Branta leucopsis belolicna gos -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Bubo bubo velika uharica -1 -1 -1 0 Yes V Bucephala clangula navadni zvonec 0 0 0 -1 Yes Burhinus oedicnemus prilivka -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Ex? Buteo buteo navadna kanja 0 0 -1 0 Yes V Buteo lagopus koconoga kanja 0 0 -1 0 Yes Buteo rufinus rjasta kanja -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Calandrella brachydactyla

kratkoprsti škrjanec

-1 -1 -1 0 Yes

Calcarius lapponicus laponski 0 0 -1 0 Yes

- 19 - T-PVS (2000) 67

SPECNAME HBTTAXSI TPVS(95) 15rev

RESOL 6

ANNEX II

ANNEX III

PROT SI

IUCN SI

ostroglež Calidris alba pešcenec 0 0 -1 0 Yes Calidris alpina spremenljivi

prodnik 0 0 -1 0 Yes

Calidris canutus veliki prodnik 0 0 0 -1 Yes Calidris ferruginea srpokljuni

prodnik 0 0 -1 0 Yes

Calidris minuta mali prodnik 0 0 -1 0 Yes Calidris temminckii Temnikov

prodnik 0 0 -1 0 Yes

Caprimulgus europaeus

navadna podhujka

-1 -1 -1 0 Yes V

Carduelis cannabina navadni repnik 0 0 -1 0 Yes Carduelis carduelis lišcek 0 0 -1 0 Yes Carduelis chloris zelenec 0 0 -1 0 Yes Carduelis flammea navadni

brezovcek 0 0 -1 0 Yes

Carduelis flavirostris severni repnik 0 0 -1 0 Yes Carduelis spinus cižek 0 0 -1 0 Yes Carpodacus erythrinus rdeci kalin 0 0 -1 0 Yes I Cepphus grylle crna njorka 0 0 0 -1 Yes Certhia brachydactyla kratkoprsti

plezalcek 0 0 -1 0 Yes

Certhia familiaris dolgoprsti plezalcek

0 0 -1 0 Yes

Cettia cetti svilnica 0 0 -1 0 Yes V Charadrius alexandrinus

beloceli deževnik

0 0 -1 0 Yes E

Charadrius dubius mali deževnik 0 0 -1 0 Yes V Charadrius hiaticula komatni

deževnik 0 0 -1 0 Yes

Charadrius morinellus dular -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Chlamydotis undulata ovratnicarka -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Chlidonias hybridus belolicna cigra -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Chlidonias leucopterus

beloperuta cigra -1 -1 -1 0 Yes

Chlidonias niger crna cigra -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Ciconia ciconia bela štorklja -1 -1 -1 0 Yes V Ciconia nigra crna štorklja -1 -1 -1 0 Yes E Cinclus cinclus povodni kos 0 0 -1 0 Yes Circaetus gallicus orel kacar -1 -1 -1 0 Yes R Circus aeruginosus rjavi lunj -1 -1 -1 0 Yes K Circus cyaneus pepelasti lunj -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Circus macrourus stepski lunj -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Circus pygargus mocvirski lunj -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Ex? Cisticola juncidis brškinka 0 0 -1 0 Yes V Clamator glandarius copasta kukavica 0 0 -1 0 Yes Clangula hyemalis zimska raca 0 0 0 -1 Yes Coccothraustes coccothraustes

dlesk 0 0 -1 0 Yes

Columba livia skalni golob 0 0 0 -1 Yes V

T-PVS (2000) 67 - 20 -

SPECNAME HBTTAXSI TPVS(95) 15rev

RESOL 6

ANNEX II

ANNEX III

PROT SI

IUCN SI

Columba oenas duplar 0 0 0 -1 Yes V Columba palumbus grivar 0 0 0 0 Yes Coracias garrulus zlatovranka -1 -1 -1 0 Yes E Corvus corax krokar 0 0 0 -1 Yes O Corvus corone crna vrana 0 0 0 0 Yes R Corvus frugilegus poljska vrana 0 0 0 0 Yes I Corvus monedula kavka 0 0 0 0 Yes Coturnix coturnix prepelica 0 0 0 -1 Yes E Crex crex kosec -1 -1 -1 0 Yes E Cuculus canorus navadna

kukavica 0 0 0 -1 Yes

Cursorius cursor pušcavski tekalec

-1 -1 -1 0 Yes

Cygnus cygnus labod pevec -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Cygnus olor labod grbec 0 0 0 -1 Yes Delichon urbica mestna lastovka 0 0 -1 0 Yes Dendrocopos leucotos belohrbti detel -1 -1 -1 0 Yes R Dendrocopos major veliki detel 0 0 -1 0 Yes Dendrocopos medius srednji detel -1 -1 -1 0 Yes V Dendrocopos minor mali detel 0 0 -1 0 Yes V Dendrocopos syriacus sirijski detel -1 -1 -1 0 Yes R Dryocopus martius crna žolna -1 -1 -1 0 Yes V Egretta alba velika bela

caplja -1 -1 -1 0 Yes

Egretta garzetta mala bela caplja -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Emberiza cia skalni strnad 0 0 -1 0 Yes Emberiza cirlus plotni strnad 0 0 -1 0 Yes Emberiza citrinella rumeni strnad 0 0 -1 0 Yes Emberiza hortulana vrtni strnad 0 -1 0 -1 Yes E Emberiza melanocephala

crnoglavi strnad 0 0 -1 0 Yes E

Emberiza pusilla mali strnad 0 0 -1 0 Yes Erithacus rubecula tašcica 0 0 -1 0 Yes Falco columbarius sokolic -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Falco eleonorae sredozemski

sokol -1 -1 -1 0 Yes

Falco naumanni južna postovka -1 -1 -1 0 Yes E Falco peregrinus sokol selec -1 -1 -1 0 Yes E Falco subbuteo sokol škrjancar 0 0 -1 0 Yes V Falco tinnunculus navadna

postovka 0 0 -1 0 Yes V

Falco vespertinus rdecenoga postovka

-1 -1 -1 0 Yes

Ficedula albicollis belovrati muhar -1 -1 -1 0 Yes V Ficedula hypoleuca crnoglavi muhar 0 0 -1 0 Yes Ficedula parva mali muhar -1 -1 -1 0 Yes R Fringilla coelebs šcinkavec 0 0 0 -1 Yes Fringilla montifringilla

pinoža 0 0 0 -1 Yes

Fulica atra crna liska 0 0 0 -1 Yes Fulmarus glacialis ledni viharnik 0 0 0 -1 Yes

- 21 - T-PVS (2000) 67

SPECNAME HBTTAXSI TPVS(95) 15rev

RESOL 6

ANNEX II

ANNEX III

PROT SI

IUCN SI

Galerida cristata copasti škrjanec 0 0 0 -1 Yes V Gallinago gallinago kozica 0 0 0 -1 Yes V Gallinago media coketa 0 -1 -1 0 Yes Gallinula chloropus zelenonoga

tukalica 0 0 0 -1 Yes

Garrulus glandarius šoja 0 0 0 0 No Gavia arctica polarni slapnik -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Gavia immer ledni slapnik -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Gavia stellata rdecegrli slapnik -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Gelochelidon nilotica crnonoga cigra -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Glareola pratincola rjava komatna

tekica -1 -1 -1 0 Yes

Glaucidium passerinum

mali skovik -1 -1 -1 0 Yes V

Grus grus navadni žerjav -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Gypaetus barbatus brkati ser -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Gyps fulvus beloglavi jastreb -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Ex Haematopus ostralegus

morska sraka 0 0 0 -1 Yes

Haliaeetus albicilla belorepec -1 -1 -1 0 Yes R Hieraaetus pennatus mali orel -1 -1 -1 0 Yes K Himantopus himantopus

polojnik -1 -1 -1 0 Yes R

Hippolais icterina navadni vrtnik 0 0 -1 0 Yes Hippolais polyglotta kratkoperuti

vrtnik 0 0 -1 0 Yes

Hirundo daurica rdeca lastovka 0 0 -1 0 Yes R Hirundo rustica kmecka lastovka 0 0 -1 0 Yes Ixobrychus minutus mala bobnarica -1 -1 -1 0 Yes V Jynx torquilla vijeglavka 0 0 -1 0 Yes V Lagopus mutus belka 0 0 0 -1 Yes V Lagopus mutus helveticus

0 -1 0 0 Yes

Lanius collurio rjavi srakoper -1 -1 -1 0 Yes V Lanius excubitor veliki srakoper 0 0 -1 0 Yes Lanius minor crnoceli

srakoper -1 -1 -1 0 Yes R

Lanius senator rjavoglavi srakoper

0 0 -1 0 Yes E

Larus argentatus srebrni galeb 0 0 0 0 Yes Larus cachinnans rumenonogi

galeb 0 0 0 -1 Yes R

Larus canus sivi galeb 0 0 0 -1 Yes Larus fuscus rumenonogi

galeb 0 0 0 0 Yes

Larus genei zalivski galeb -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Larus hyperboreus ledni galeb 0 0 0 -1 Yes Larus marinus morski galeb 0 0 0 0 Yes Larus melanocephalus crnoglavi galeb -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Larus minutus mali galeb 0 0 -1 0 Yes Larus ridibundus recni galeb 0 0 0 -1 Yes

T-PVS (2000) 67 - 22 -

SPECNAME HBTTAXSI TPVS(95) 15rev

RESOL 6

ANNEX II

ANNEX III

PROT SI

IUCN SI

Limicola falcinellus ploskokljunec 0 0 -1 0 Yes Limosa lapponica progastorepi

kljunac 0 -1 0 -1 Yes

Limosa limosa crnorepi kljunac 0 0 0 -1 Yes Locustella fluviatilis recni kobilicar 0 0 -1 0 Yes V Locustella luscinioides trstni cvrcalec 0 0 -1 0 Yes R Locustella naevia navadni

kobilicar 0 0 -1 0 Yes R

Loxia curvirostra mali krivokljun 0 0 -1 0 Yes Loxia pytyopsittacus veliki krivokljun 0 0 -1 0 Yes Lullula arborea hribski škrjanec 0 -1 0 -1 Yes V Luscinia luscinia veliki slavec 0 0 -1 0 Yes Luscinia megarhynchos

mali slavec 0 0 -1 0 Yes

Luscinia svecica modra tašcica -1 -1 -1 0 Yes K Lymnocryptes minimus puklež 0 0 0 -1 Yes Melanitta fusca beloliska 0 0 0 -1 Yes Melanitta nigra crna raca 0 0 0 -1 Yes Melanocorypha calandra

laški škrjanec -1 -1 -1 0 Yes

Mergus albellus mali žagar -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Mergus merganser veliki žagar 0 0 0 -1 Yes R Mergus serrator srednji žagar 0 0 0 -1 Yes Merops apiaster cebelar 0 0 -1 0 Yes E Miliaria calandra veliki strnad 0 0 0 -1 Yes E Milvus migrans crni škarnjek -1 -1 -1 0 Yes R Milvus milvus rjavi škarnjek -1 -1 -1 0 Yes K Monticola saxatilis slegur 0 0 -1 0 Yes I Monticola solitarius pušcavec 0 0 -1 0 Yes R Montifringilla nivalis snežni vrabec 0 0 -1 0 Yes Motacilla alba bela pastirica 0 0 -1 0 Yes Motacilla cinerea siva pastirica 0 0 -1 0 Yes Motacilla flava rumena pastirica 0 0 -1 0 Yes V Muscicapa striata sivi muhar 0 0 -1 0 Yes Neophron percnopterus

egiptovski jastreb

-1 -1 -1 0 Yes

Netta rufina tatarska žvižgavka

0 0 0 -1 Yes

Nucifraga caryocatactes

krekovt 0 0 -1 0 Yes

Numenius arquata veliki škruh 0 0 0 -1 Yes E Numenius phaeopus mali škruh 0 0 0 -1 Yes Numenius tenuirostris tenkokljuni

škruh -1 -1 -1 0 Yes

Nyctea scandiaca snežna sova -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Nycticorax nycticorax kvakac -1 -1 -1 0 Yes R Oenanthe hispanica španski kupcar 0 0 -1 0 Yes Ex? Oenanthe oenanthe navadni kupcar 0 0 -1 0 Yes Oriolus oriolus kobilar 0 0 -1 0 Yes Otis tarda velika droplja -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Otus scops veliki skovik 0 0 -1 0 Yes V

- 23 - T-PVS (2000) 67

SPECNAME HBTTAXSI TPVS(95) 15rev

RESOL 6

ANNEX II

ANNEX III

PROT SI

IUCN SI

Pandion haliaetus ribji orel -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Panurus biarmicus brkata sinica 0 0 -1 0 Yes Parus ater menišcek 0 0 -1 0 Yes Parus caeruleus plavcek 0 0 -1 0 Yes Parus cristatus copasta sinica 0 0 -1 0 Yes Parus lugubris žalobna sinica 0 0 -1 0 Yes R Parus major velika sinica 0 0 -1 0 Yes Parus palustris mocvirska sinica 0 0 -1 0 Yes Passer domesticus domaci vrabec 0 0 0 0 Yes Passer hispaniolensis španski vrabec 0 0 0 -1 Yes Passer montanus gorska sinica 0 0 0 -1 Yes Passer montanus poljski vrabec 0 0 0 -1 Yes Pelecanus onocrotalus rožnati pelikan -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Perdix perdix jerebica 0 0 0 -1 Yes E Perdix perdix italica 0 -1 0 0 No Pernis apivorus sršenar -1 -1 -1 0 Yes E Petronia petronia skalni vrabec 0 0 -1 0 Yes Phalacrocorax aristotelis

vranjek 0 0 0 -1 Yes

Phalacrocorax aristotelis desmarestii

0 -1 0 0 Yes

Phalacrocorax carbo veliki kormoran 0 0 0 -1 Yes Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis

0 0 0 0 No

Phalacrocorax pygmeus

pritlikavi kormoran

-1 -1 -1 0 Yes

Phalaropus fulicarius ploskokljuni liskonožec

-1 -1 -1 0 Yes

Phalaropus lobatus ozkokljuni liskonožec

-1 -1 -1 0 Yes

Phasianus colchicus fazan 0 0 0 -1 No Philomachus pugnax togotnik 0 -1 0 -1 Yes Phoenicopterus ruber rdeci plamenec -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Phoenicurus ochruros šmarnica 0 0 -1 0 Yes Phoenicurus phoenicurus

pogorelcek 0 0 -1 0 Yes

Phylloscopus bonelli hribska listnica 0 0 -1 0 Yes R Phylloscopus collybita vrbja listnica 0 0 -1 0 Yes Phylloscopus sibilatrix grmovšcica 0 0 -1 0 Yes Phylloscopus sibilatrix mušja listnica 0 0 -1 0 Yes Phylloscopus trochilus kovacek 0 0 -1 0 Yes Pica pica sraka 0 0 0 0 No Picoides tridactylus triprsti detel -1 -1 -1 0 Yes V Picus canus siva žolna -1 -1 -1 0 Yes V Picus viridis zelena žolna 0 0 -1 0 Yes Platalea leucorodia žlicarka -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Plectrophenax nivalis snežni strnad 0 0 -1 0 Yes Plegadis falcinellus plevica -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Pluvialis apricaria navadna

prosenka 0 -1 0 -1 Yes

Pluvialis squatarola crna prosenka 0 0 0 -1 Yes

T-PVS (2000) 67 - 24 -

SPECNAME HBTTAXSI TPVS(95) 15rev

RESOL 6

ANNEX II

ANNEX III

PROT SI

IUCN SI

Podiceps auritus zlatouhi ponirek -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Podiceps cristatus copasti ponirek 0 0 0 -1 Yes Podiceps grisegena sivogrli ponirek 0 0 -1 0 Yes Podiceps nigricollis crnogrli ponirek 0 0 -1 0 Yes Porzana parva mala tukalica -1 -1 -1 0 Yes K Porzana porzana grahasta tukalica -1 -1 -1 0 Yes K Porzana pusilla pritlikava

tukalica -1 -1 -1 0 Yes K

Prunella collaris planinska pevka 0 0 -1 0 Yes Prunella modularis siva pevka 0 0 -1 0 Yes Ptyonoprogne rupestris

skalna lastovka 0 0 -1 0 Yes

Pyrrhula pyrrhula kalin 0 0 0 -1 Yes Rallus aquaticus mokož 0 0 0 -1 Yes V Recurvirostra avosetta sabljarka -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Regulus ignicapillus rdeceglavi

kraljicek 0 0 -1 0 Yes

Regulus regulus rumenoglavi kraljicek

0 0 -1 0 Yes

Remiz pendulinus plašica 0 0 0 -1 Yes V Riparia riparia breguljka 0 0 -1 0 Yes V Rissa tridactyla triprsti galeb 0 0 0 -1 Yes Saxicola rubetra repaljšcica 0 0 -1 0 Yes V Saxicola torquata prosnik 0 0 -1 0 Yes Scolopax rusticola sloka 0 0 0 -1 Yes R Serinus citrinella laška

konopeljšcica 0 0 -1 0 Yes I

Serinus serinus grilcek 0 0 -1 0 Yes Sitta europaea brglez 0 0 -1 0 Yes V Somateria mollissima navadna gaga 0 0 0 -1 Yes Stercorarius parasiticus

bodicasta govnacka

0 0 0 -1 Yes

Stercorarius pomarinus

lopatasta govnacka

0 0 0 -1 Yes

Stercorarius skua velika govnacka 0 0 0 -1 Yes Sterna albifrons mala cigra -1 -1 -1 0 Yes R Sterna caspia kaspijska cigra -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Sterna hirundo navadna cigra -1 -1 -1 0 Yes R Sterna sandvicensis kricava cigra -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Streptopelia decaocto turška grlica 0 0 0 -1 Yes Streptopelia turtur divja grlica 0 0 0 -1 Yes V Strix aluco lesna sova 0 0 -1 0 Yes Strix uralensis uralska sova -1 -1 -1 0 Yes R Sturnus roseus rožasti škorec 0 0 -1 0 Yes Sturnus vulgaris navadni škorec 0 0 0 0 Yes Surnia ulula skobcevka -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Sylvia atricapilla crnoglavka 0 0 -1 0 Yes Sylvia borin vrtna penica 0 0 -1 0 Yes Sylvia cantillans tašcicna penica 0 0 -1 0 Yes I Sylvia communis rjava penica 0 0 -1 0 Yes V Sylvia curruca mlinarcek 0 0 -1 0 Yes

- 25 - T-PVS (2000) 67

SPECNAME HBTTAXSI TPVS(95) 15rev

RESOL 6

ANNEX II

ANNEX III

PROT SI

IUCN SI

Sylvia hortensis svetlooka penica 0 0 -1 0 Yes R Sylvia melanocephala žametna penica 0 0 -1 0 Yes R Sylvia nisoria pisana penica -1 -1 -1 0 Yes E Tachybaptus ruficollis mali ponirek 0 0 -1 0 Yes Tadorna ferruginea rjasta gos -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Tadorna tadorna votlinska gos 0 0 -1 0 Yes Tetrao tetrix ruševec 0 0 0 -1 Yes V Tetrao urogallus divji petelin -1 -1 0 -1 Yes V Tetrax tetrax mala droplja -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Tichodroma muraria skalni plezalcek 0 0 -1 0 Yes I Tringa erythropus crni martinec 0 0 0 -1 Yes Tringa glareola mocvirski

martinec -1 -1 -1 0 Yes R

Tringa nebularia zelenonogi martinec

0 0 0 -1 Yes

Tringa ochropus pikasti martinec 0 0 -1 0 Yes R Tringa stagnatilis jezerski martinec 0 0 -1 0 Yes Tringa totanus rdecenogi

martinec 0 0 0 -1 Yes R

Troglodytes troglodytes

stržek 0 0 -1 0 Yes

Turdus iliacus vinski drozg 0 0 0 -1 Yes Turdus merula kos 0 0 0 -1 Yes Turdus philomelos cikovt 0 0 0 -1 Yes Turdus pilaris brinovka 0 0 0 -1 Yes Turdus torquatus komatar 0 0 -1 0 Yes Turdus viscivorus carar 0 0 0 -1 Yes Tyto alba pegasta sova 0 0 -1 0 Yes E Upupa epops smrdokavra 0 0 -1 0 Yes V Vanellus vanellus priba 0 0 0 -1 Yes MAMMALS

SPECNAME slovensko ime TPVS(95) 15rev

RES. 6

ANNEX II

ANNEX III

PROT SI

IUC SI

Alces alces los 0 0 0 -1 No Ex Barbastella barbastellus

širokouhi (mulasti) netopir

-1 -1 -1 0 Yes V *

Bison bonasus zober 0 0 0 -1 No Ex Canis aureus šakal 0 0 0 0 No Canis lupus volk -1 -1 -1 0 Yes E Capra ibex alpski kozorog 0 0 0 -1 No Capreolus capreolus srna 0 0 0 -1 No Castor fiber bober 0 -1 0 -1 No Ex Cervus elaphus navadni jelen 0 0 0 -1 No Cricetus cricetus veliki hrcek 0 0 -1 0 Yes R Crocidura leucodon poljska rovka 0 0 0 -1 Yes R Crocidura suaveolens vrtna rovka 0 0 0 -1 Yes Eliomys quercinus vrtni polh 0 0 0 -1 No Eptesicus nilssoni severni netopir 0 0 -1 0 Yes V* Eptesicus serotinus pozni 0 0 -1 0 Yes V*

T-PVS (2000) 67 - 26 -

SPECNAME slovensko ime TPVS(95) 15rev

RES. 6

ANNEX II

ANNEX III

PROT SI

IUC SI

(širokokrili) netopir

Erinaceus europaeus rjavoprsi jež 0 0 0 -1 Yes Felis silvestris divja macka 0 0 -1 0 Yes R Glis glis navadni polh 0 0 0 -1 No Lepus timidus planinski zajec 0 0 0 -1 Yes R Lutra lutra vidra -1 -1 -1 0 Yes E Lynx lynx ris 0 -1 0 -1 Yes Ex Marmota marmota alpski svizec 0 0 0 -1 No Martes foina kuna belica 0 0 0 -1 No Martes martes kuna zlatica 0 0 0 -1 No Meles meles navadni jazbec 0 0 0 -1 No Microtus nivalis snežna

voluharica 0 0 0 -1 No

Miniopterus schreibersi

dolgokrili netopir -1 -1 -1 0 Yes E

Monachus monachus sredozemska medvedjica

-1 -1 -1 0 No Ex

Muscardinus avellanarius

podlesek 0 0 0 -1 Yes

Mustela nivalis mala podlasica 0 0 0 -1 Yes Mustela putorius dihur 0 0 0 -1 Yes Myotis bechsteini veliki navadni

netopir -1 -1 -1 0 Yes

Myotis blythii ostrouhi netopir -1 -1 -1 0 Yes V* Myotis brandtii brandtov netopir 0 0 -1 0 Yes Myotis capaccinii dolgonogi

netopir -1 -1 -1 0 Yes V*

Myotis dasycneme mocvirski netopir

-1 -1 -1 0 Yes

Myotis daubentonii obvodni netopir 0 0 -1 0 Yes V* Myotis emarginatus vejicati netopir -1 -1 -1 0 Yes V* Myotis myotis navadni netopir -1 -1 -1 0 Yes V* Myotis mystacinus brkati netopir 0 0 -1 0 Yes V* Myotis nattereri resasti netopir 0 0 -1 0 Yes V* Neomys anomalus mocvirska rovka 0 0 0 -1 Yes V Neomys fodiens podvodna rovka 0 0 0 -1 Yes V Nyctalus lasiopterus veliki mracnik 0 0 -1 0 Yes Ex? Nyctalus leisleri gozdni mracnik 0 0 -1 0 Yes V* Nyctalus noctula navadni mracnik 0 0 -1 0 Yes V* Pipistrellus kuhli belorobi netopir 0 0 -1 0 Yes V* Pipistrellus nathusii nathusijev

netopir 0 0 -1 0 Yes V*

Pipistrellus pipistrellus

mali netopir 0 0 0 -1 Yes V*

Pipistrellus savii savijev netopir 0 0 -1 0 Yes V* Plecotus auritus rjavi uhati

netopir 0 0 -1 0 Yes V*

Plecotus austriacus sivi uhati netopir 0 0 -1 0 Yes V* Rhinolophus blasii Blasijev

podkovnjak -1 -1 -1 0 Yes Ex?

- 27 - T-PVS (2000) 67

SPECNAME slovensko ime TPVS(95) 15rev

RES. 6

ANNEX II

ANNEX III

PROT SI

IUC SI

Rhinolophus euryale južni podkovnjak -1 -1 -1 0 Yes E Rhinolophus ferrumequinum

veliki podkovnjak

-1 -1 -1 0 Yes V*

Rhinolophus hipposideros

mali podkovnjak -1 -1 -1 0 Yes V*

Rupicapra rupicapra gams 0 0 0 -1 No Sciurus vulgaris navadna veverica 0 0 0 -1 Yes Sicista betulina brezova miš 0 0 -1 0 No Sorex alpinus gorska rovka 0 0 0 -1 Yes Sorex araneus gozdna rovka 0 0 0 -1 Yes Sorex minutus mala rovka 0 0 0 -1 Yes Suncus etruscus etrušcanska

rovka 0 0 0 -1 Yes

Tadarida teniotis dolgorepi netopir 0 0 -1 0 No Ursus arctos rjavi medved -1 -1 -1 0 Yes V Vespertilio murinus dvobarvni

(ponocni) netopir 0 0 -1 0 Yes V*

INVERTEBRATES List of invertebrates is not yet finalised. 8.2 List of the Bern Convention (‘Emerald’) habitat types in Slovenia

As Bern Convention is dealing with habitat types conservation, as well, Resolution No. 4 (1996) is listing endangered natural habitats requiring specific habitat conservation measures; this is one of the criteria for identification of Areas of Special Conservation Interest (ASCI), constitutive parts of the Emerald network.

Habitat types from the list in Resolution No. 4 that occur in Slovenia are listed here and reference to Natura 2000 classification is given.

HBHDAX HBCDAX

HBTTAXEN HBTTAXSI NATURA 2000

13.2 Estuaries Izlivi rek, estuariji 1130 31.2 European dry heaths Evropske suhe resave 4030 34.5 Mediterranean xeric grasslands Eumediteranska suha travišca 6220 41.4 Mixed ravine and slope forests Javorovi gozdovi v grapah in

na pobocjih 9180

42.21 Alpine and Carpathian sub-alpine spruce forests

Alpinski smrekovi gozdovi v Alpah

9411

42.22 Inner range montane spruce forests

Montanski smrekovi gozdovi 9412

42.32 Eastern Alpine calcicolous larch and arolla forests

Macesnovi gozdovi na karbonatni podlagi v subalpinskem pasu

9422

42.61 Alpino-Apennine Pinus nigra forests

Južnoalpski gozdovi crnega bora

9531

42.62 Western Balkanic black pine forests

Zahodnobalkanski gozdovi crnega bora

9532

44.3 Middle European stream ash-alder woods

Srednjeevropska crna jelševja in jesenovja

91E0

51.1 Near-natural raised bogs Naravna in naravnim podobna visoka barja

7110

53.3 Fen-sedge beds Nizka barja z navadno reziko 7210

T-PVS (2000) 67 - 28 -

HBHDAX HBCDAX

HBTTAXEN HBTTAXSI NATURA 2000

54.12 Hard water springs Izviri s trdo vodo 7220 54.2 Rich fens Nizka barja 7230 54.5 Transition mires Prehodna barja 7140 54.6 White beak-sedge and mud

bottom communities Združbe bele kljunke in združb blatnega dna

7150

8.3 Reservations In accordance with Article 22, paragraph 1, of the Bern Convention, during the ratification

process the Republic of Slovenia makes a reservation in respect of two species specified in Appendix II. These species are the brown bear (Ursus arctos) and the wolf (Canis lupus). The reason for making this reservation with regard to conditions for the protection of these species, according to Article 6 of the Convention, is that the present level of their population in the Republic of Slovenia permits planned and controlled regulation of their number according to the national legislation.

Population of brown bear is the northwestern part of the Balkan population. There are about 300 – 350 individuals living at the complex forest area in the southern parts of the country (about 5300 sq. km). This area is connected with similar areas in Croatia. From this region there are several corridors towards west, north-west (Alps) and north where bears are mooving in the direction of Austria and Italy.

In the past, especially before 2nd World War the population was much smaller (35 individuals estimated in 1935), so hunt was prohibited till 1966 with exception of special conflict cases (by ministerial permit). Population of the brown bear was raising (160 individuals estimated in 1957) so in 1966 brown bear was included into hunting legislation as a game species. Hunting is possible only under very controlled conditions. Population is regularly monitored by hunting asociations and Forest Service. 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 Estimated population 242 255 324 311 314 363 Cull & accidents 29 35 42 38 30 44 Special permits 1 3 1 2 4 6 Management with the brown bear population

There are registered conflicts with humans, specially farming activities, some bears are killed when crossing motoway or railway on their corridor routes. In the core area, where there is the main population only about 55 % of the damages to the farmes occur, whereas relatively small number of bears (about 20) are causing the rest of the damage in other, more densely populated areas.

However, a special national strategy for managing bear population is in procedure for the governmental adoption. This will be a bases for protecting population at a favourable conservation status and on the same way minimize damages to farming activities. However stronger and better co-ordination of Ministry of Agriculture (responsible for hunting and farming) and Ministry of Environment (responsible for conservation) should be improved.

Greater threat then strictly controlled hunting are changes in the habitat (segmentation of forests by infrastructure, introducing farming activities – resettlements, raising of accesibility of the area for tourists, etc.).

Similar situation is with the wolf. At the end of 19th century wolf was almost exterminated and only connection with Dinaric population prevented extinction. During 2nd World War the population increased but after the war wolf could be killed without any limits, till 1973 killing was even rewarded. In 1990 Hunting Society prohibited hunting and in 1993 wolf was protected as a threatened species and hunting is possible only under stricktly controlled conditions (life for brown bear). 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 Estimated population 19 22 33 37 52 63 illegal hunt 1 1 - - 2 - other reasons - - - - - 1 Estimations of wolf populations 1991-1996

- 29 - T-PVS (2000) 67

As population is still raising, conflicts with farming activities appear and will increase. So regulation of the population seems to be a fact in the future. That was the reason that reservation was made for wolf, inspite at the moment there is no need for regular controlling of the population. As Bern Convention does not provide later possibilities for reservations it was done during the ratification process. 9. Implementation of the Bern Convention in Slovenia 9.1 General frame work

Bern Convention spirit and obligations will be implemented by national legislation, basic law being Nature Conservation Act (1999). Full implementation will be possible as all by-laws will be approved by adequate levels (ministerial, governmental).

Habitats of the Bern Convention species and habitat types will be defined first as ecological important areas (Art. 32 of the NCA), so that they can benefit legal instruments. That will be a basis for selection of ASCI Emerald areas as well as SPA and pSCI of Natura 2000 network. Both processes will be fully co-ordinated.

All activities are planned in accordance to other international obligations, especially CBD and Ramsar Convention, using PEBLDS as a usuful strategic tool.

In order to get more consistent information on species and habitat types distribution better co-operation with scientific institutions, NGO’s and private enterprises as well establishing data standards and enable data flow at national level. 9.2 Action Plans for threatened species

Gradualy action plans for listed species will be prepared following priority criteria: species for which decision for action plans was already taken and national threatened status.

For large carnivores draft strategy and action plan are already prepared but still discussed. 9.3 Potential additions to Annexes

As Slovenia is in a process to accede European Union there is a list of species and habitat types recognised at national level to be of the European importance that Slovenia proposed for addition to the Annexes II, IV & V of the Habitats directive and Annex I of the Bird directive. To enhance coherence between both legal instruments Slovenia will propose same species for addition to Annexes I, II and III of the Bern Convention. The final decision depends on decisions of the European Commission and Member States as well. 9.4 Emerald Network

Slovenia participated in Emerald process from the very begining. In September 1998 Slovenia organized and hosted Seminar on the possible use of the CORINE-

Biotopes information for the setting up of the Emerald Network of areas of special conservation interest at Brdo near Ljubljana.

Council of Europe invited in April 1999 Bulgaria, Russia, Slovenia and Turkey to start a Pilot project.

Pilot project was finished by the end of 1999, the results showed that ASCI areas are complementary to the NATURA 2000 Network, thus making ecological network indeed Pan-European. On the other hand Emerald activities are enhancing all preparatory work (identification of areas, public participation, administrative work, work with data bases and data management, defining specific data fields… ) for Natura 2000. This is of course of high interest for accession countries to the EU.

Details of the pilot project are presented in the document Emerald Network Project in Slovenia (T-PVS/Emerald (2000) 2).

T-PVS (2000) 67 - 30 - 10. Responsible bodies and useful addresses Diplomatic level Ministrstvo za zunanje zadeve (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Gregorciceva 25 SI-1000 Ljubljana Tel.: 00 386 (0) 1/ 478 20 00, fax: 00 386 (0) 1/478 23 40 http://www.sigov.si/mzz/index.html Stalno predstavništvo pri Svetu Evrope (Permanent Mission to the Council of Europe) 40, allée de la Robertsau FR-67000 Strasbourg France Tel.: 00 33 3 88 36 60 25, fax: 00 33 3 88 37 14 44 Implementing Authorities Decision making level and legal service: Ministrstvo za okolje in prostor (Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning) Dunajska 48 SI-1000 Ljubljana Tel.: 00 386 (0) 1/478 74 00, fax: 00 386 (0) 1/478 74 22 Minister: Ivan UMEK (ivan.umek@gov.si) State Under-Secretary: Mladen BERGINC (mladen.berginc@gov.si) Legal Service: Stefanija NOVAK (stefanija.novak@gov.si) Naturopa Center Focal Point: Helena Krivec (helena.krivec@gov.si) http://www.sigov.si/mop/ At this internet page you can accessSlovenian Clearing House Mechanism for CBD is source for useful addresses of research institutions, NGO's, protected areas management authorities and other stakeholders. Technical and administrative level Uprava RS za varstvo narave (Nature Conservation Authority) Vojkova 1B SI-1000 Ljubljana Tel.: 00 386 (0) 1/478 40 00, fax: 00 386 (0) 1/478 40 52 Focal point for Bern Convention: Peter SKOBERNE (peter.skobernevgov.si) http://sigov2.sigov.si/uvn/slo/index.html

- 31 - T-PVS (2000) 67 11. References

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entomolosko drustvo, Ljubljana, pp. 100. CERNE, M. et al. 1996. International Conference and Programme for Plant Genetic Resources -

ICPPGR, Republic of Slovenia, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food, manuscript. KOMPAN, D., A. SALEHAR & A. HOLCMAN (eds.) 1999. Ohranjene slovenske avtohtone domace

zivali. Biotehniska fakulteta, Oddelek za zootehniko, Domzale, pp. 39. KOTARAC, M. 1997. Atlas of the Dragonflies of Slovenia, with the Red Data List. Center za

kartografijo favne in flore, Miklavz na Dravskem polju, pp. 205. MARUSIC et al. 1995. Znacilni krajinski vzorci Slovenije, Ljubljana. MATICIC, B. 1993. Melioracija. Enciklopedija Slovenije Vol.-7. Mladinska knjiga, Ljubljana, pp. 61-

64. MATICIC, B. 1987. Development of Drainage in Slovenia and Yugoslavia and its Prospects in the

Future. Proceedings of the Symposium 25th International Course on Land Drainage, Twenty-Five Years of Drainage Experience, Ed. by J. Vos. Wageningen 24-28 November 1986. The Netherlands, pp. 164-173.

MINISTRSTVO ZA KMETIJSTVO, GOZDARSTVO IN PREHRANO. 1992. Strategija razvoja slovenskega kmetijstva. Ljubljana, pp. 88.

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FOOD. 1997. Slovene Agriculture, Forestry and Food Industry in Figures. Ljubljana, pp. 81.

MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING, STATE AUTHORITY FOR NATURE CONSERVATION. 1999. Convention on Biological Diversity - National Report of the Republic of Slovenia, pp. 71.

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MRSIC, N., 1997. Biotska raznovrstnost v Sloveniji. (Biological Diversity in Slovenia) - Ministrstvo za okolje in prostor, Uprava RS za varstvo narave, Ljubljana, 129 pp.

SKET, B. 1995. Biotic Diversity of Hypogean Habitats in Slovenia and Its Cultural Importance. In: Biodiversity, Proceedings of the International Biodiversity Seminar ECCO XIV. Meeting, held in Gozd Martuljek, Slovenia, June 30 - July 4, 1995, pp. 59-74.

SKET, B., 1997. Enciklopedija Slovenije, Vol.-11 Mladinska knjiga, Ljubljana. TRPIN, D. & B.Vres, 1995. Register flore Slovenije - praprotnice in cvetnice. Zbirka ZRC, Vol.7

ZRC_SAZU, Ljubljana, pp. 143. VIDIC, J., Ed. 1992. Rdeci seznam ogrozenih zivalskih vrst v Sloveniji. Varstvo narave 17(1992),

Ljubljana, pp. 224. WRABER, T. 1996. Rastlinstvo. In: Enciklopedija Slovenije, Vol.-10, Mladinska knjiga, Ljubljana, p.

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