INTRO TO WESTERN EUROPE

Continent of Peninsulas

4 MAJOR LANDFORMS

NORTHWEST HIGHLANDS-low mtns & hills SCOTTISH HIGHLANDS KJOLEN MTNS. “OLD”, ERODED MTNS; GLACIERS Fjords: narrow inlets of the sea

between high rocky cliffs Caused by glaciers Many lakes created

2nd landform

Northern European PlainRuns from France to the UralsMany rivers and major citiesMost important farming and

industrial areaMost densely populatedCreated by glaciers

3rd main landform region

Central Uplands Hills, plateaus, low mountains Coal and manufacturing areas Jura Mtns—France/Switzerland Massif Central-France

4TH MAJOR LANDFORM Alpine System-volcanic mtns. Appennines—Italy Carpathians Pyrenees—France/Spain border Still active volcanoes/earthquakes

Italy, Greece, Iceland

CLIMATEOF EUROPE 3 MAJOR INFLUENCES 1-ATLANTIC OCEAN—North Atlantic Drift

Affect?

2-MOUNTAINS—ALPS SEPARATE HUMID CONTINENTAL FROM MEDITERRANEAN Affect?

3-SOUTHERN COASTAL AREAS

3 MAIN CLIMATE TYPES

1-Marine West Coast Where? Pattern?

2-Humic ContinentalWhere?Pattern?

Climate Types

3-Mediterranean Where? Pattern? Why?

VEGETATION 4 MAIN BIOMES 1-TEMPERATE FOREST

2-MEDITERRANEAN SCRUB FOREST

3-BOREAL-- 4-TUNDRA—FAR NORTH PROBLEMS:

WATER FEATURES 4 KEY FACTS 1-IRREGULAR COASTLINES—HARBORS

Most important—North Sea—trade/fishing/oil Baltic Sea-freezes in winter

2-NAVIGABLE RIVERS + CANALS Rhine—most important Starts in Alps-----to North Sea Danube—2nd most important Starts in S. Germany-----Black Sea

3-HEAVILY POLLUTED/OVERUSED FOR TRADE 4-Bosporus Strait—water border between

Europe & Asia

RESOURCES 1-FORESTS—MOST ARE GONE EXCEPT

FINLAND & SWEDEN PROBLEMS— SOLUTIONS:

2-SOIL—OVERUSED; BUT HIGH TECH FARMS ARE VERY PRODUCTIVE

Loess— Alluvial Soil- Northern European Plain ½ of land used for farming Types of crops--

Resources Continued 3-FISHING North Sea and North Atlantic

4-ENERGY & MINERALS A-coal— Germany, Britain & Poland B-Oil & Natural Gas

North Sea

ENERGY & MINERALS1-COAL Germany, Britain & Poland 2-OIL & NATURAL GAS

North Sea Britain & Norway

3-HYDROELECTRICITYWhere?

4-OTHER ITEMSSweden—iron ore (Kiruna)Italy--marble

MICROSTATES

UNIQUE TO EUROPE TINY NATIONS USUALLY

SURROUNDED BY ANOTHER NATION

EXAMPLES: MONACO, VATICAN CITY, ANDORRA ETC.

*POSTAGE STAMPS & TOURISM

HISTORY OF EUROPE

WAR & CONQUEST GREEK EMPIRE 900 TO 300 B.C.

1ST IDEAS OF GOVERNMENT ART/BUILDINGS LARGE ARMIES TO EXPAND

HISTORY CONTINUED

ROMAN EMPIRE 200 B.C. TO 500 A.D. ITALY, ISRAEL, NORTH AFRICA ART/ BUILDINGS LARGE NAVY/ARMY GODS/GODDESSES

HISTORY-3 MIDDLE AGES 500-1500 A.D.

LITTLE KINGDOMS WAR, FAMINE, DISEASE “BLACK PLAGUE”

1500 A.D. ITALY MOST IMPORTANT EUROPEAN NATION

2 KEY CITIES—VENICE & GENOA EXPLORE & COLONIZE

START OF IMPERIALISM WHY TAKE OVER OTHER NATIONS?

LATE 1500’S FRANCE, SPAIN, PORTUGAL & ENGLAND

1600’S-FRANCE CONTROL WESTERN & CENTRAL EUROPE

1700-BRITAIN DEFEATS FRANCE & SPAIN IN WAR

BECOMES LARGEST POWER INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

NEED RESOURCES, LABOR & MARKETS

IMPERIALISM PART 2

1871-GERMANY BECOMES A LARGE POWER IN EUROPE

ALLIANCE SYSTEM SECRET AGREEMENTS TO HELP EACH

OTHER IN CASE OF AN ATTACK

BALANCE OF POWER

WORLD WAR I-1914-1918 GERMANY & AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE

VS. BRITAIN/FRANCE/RUSSIA REASONS FOR FIGHTING:

Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of A-H empire by a Serb (Russian ally)

Alliances force nations to help out Increased military means all conflict leads to

war Winners—Britain/France/ US Losers-Germany/A-H empire (fell apart)

After WWI Unstable governments Take land away from Germany Economic problems—no work, no trade,

no food War debt of $30 bil Money is worthless

GREAT DEPRESSION

Rise of dictators—Hitler, Mussolini because of nationalism

WORLD WAR 2 1939-45

Germany invades Poland Germany takes land back in Czech,

Austria etc. Axis Powers—Germany, Italy &

Japan Allied Powers-US, France, Britan,

USSR Holocaust

After WW2—1945+DIVISION OF GERMANY

WESTDemocraticRicherRebuilt by

US/Britain

EAST Communist Controlled by

USSR poorer

COLD WAR 1945-89 ARMS RACE SPACE RACE NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Military agreement Stop spread of

communism MARSHALL PLAN

Economic agreements Rebuild Western

Europe

WARSAW PACT Military agreement Spread communism USSR/Eastern

European nations

COMECON Economic agreement

to rebuild Eastern Europe