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Intro to Trees: SW Ohio’s Old Growth Forests
Outline
• Our Geologic History• Eastern Deciduous Forests
– Forest Layers – Forest Types– Old Growth
• Features of the Krippendorf Forest– Horticultural Legacy– Defining Species
• Challenges to our forest today– Invasive Species
A Forest over A Sea
Geologic History
• Bedrock Formation– Ordovician Seas – 450,000,000 ya– Sedimentary – Limestone & Shale
• Tectonic Plates– North American Plate moves north
• Uplift – Cincinnati Arch• Lexington Peneplane • Pleistocene Glaciation
– 2,000,000 ya
Glacial Periods in SW Ohio
• Pre-Illinoian Glacier– About 1,000,000 ya
• Illinoian Glacier– 250,000 ya
• Wisconsian Glacier– 70,000-19,500 ya
Note: Kansan Glacier ( 2M ya) did not reach SW Ohio
Glacial Deposits
• Glacial Till– Sand, gravel, soil, erratics carried by glacier
• Glacial Outwash– Carried by melt waters– Sorted by size when deposited
Ohio SoilsDivided mainly into
those topsoils resultant from
glacial activity and those not impacted
Ohio Surface Water Primarily small streams low to
mid-gradient rivers and
oxbows. Few natural lakes.
Cincinnati Bioregion4 Ecoregions
Defined by:– Geology– Topography – Climate– Hydrology– Soil type– Vegetation– Wildlife– Land Use
Pre-Wisconsinan Drift Plains Eco-region
-Illinoian deposits-Drift – material of glacial
origin (till, lake sediments, gravel, sand, loess)
-generally flat landscape-poor drainage (due to young
age)-Swamp Forest – Pin Oaks
Loess – wind blown glacial silt
Ohio Vegetation
Ohio
1803
Ohio
1903
Ohio
2003
Forest Layers• Canopy• Understory
– Sub-Canopy
– Shrub Layer
• Forest Floor– Herbs and
Vines
Forest Types
Beech-Maple
Mixed Mesophytic (Mesic)
Oak-Hickory
Bottomland Hardwood
Beech-Maple Forest
• Beech-Maple forests once covered much of Ohio, including parts of Hamilton and Clermont counties.
• Abundance of beech and (sugar) maple trees (in some cases up to 90% of the trees are of these two species).
Beech-Maple Forest
Mixed Mesophytic (Mesic) Forest
• on well-drained soil, usually a loam.
• a high species diversity of trees and other plants
• generally appear lush.
• Most of the Eastern Deciduous Forest can be described as Mesic.
Mixed Mesophytic (Mesic) Forest
Oak-Hickory Forest
A forest of nut producing trees: various species of oak, hickory, formerly chestnut (now surviving only as understory sprouts).
• Understory of flowering dogwood, sassafras, hackberry, hawthorn.
• The shrub layer is distinct, dominated by species characteristic of acidic soils; blueberries, huckleberries, and laurels. Some shrubs are evergreen.
Oak-Hickory Forest
Bottomland Hardwood Forest
• Also known as Riverine Forests - moist sites along rivers and floodplains. Spring flooding may be an annual occurrence
• Box Elder, Sycamore, Cottonwoods, Silver and Red Maple occur.
• Some invasion by oak, hickory forest species.
• Open spaces allow herb growth in though cover may be minimal throughout a large portion of the year.
Bottomland Hardwood Forest
Forest Succession• Field or forest opening• Colonization by herbaceous plants• Early successional shrubs & trees
– Shrub spp– Red Cedar & Black Locust
• Deciduous trees– Mid successional– Young Forest– Mature Forest
• Old Growth Forest
Old Growth Forest
• Many old trees – greater than 150 years
• All age classes• Standing deadwood• Prevalence of fallen trees• High species diversity -
in all forest layers• Deep top soil with rich
humus layer• No signs of human influence
Forest Layers• Canopy• Understory
– Sub-Canopy
– Shrub Layer
• Herbs and Vines
Sub-canopy
• Paw Paw
• Dogwood
• Buckeye
• Sassafras
• Redbud
Paw Paw
Dogwood
Buckeye
Sassafras
Redbud
Shrub Layer
• Spicebush
• Service Berry
• Bladdernut
• Leatherwood
• Buttonbush
Spicebush
Service Berry
Bladdernut
Leatherwood
Buttonbush
Common invasive species
• Amur Honeysuckle• Lesser Celandine • Garlic Mustard • Multiflora Rose• Wisteria• Purple Loosestrife• Autumn Olive• Burning Bush (euonymus)• Wintercreeper (euonymus)• English Ivy• Asian Bittersweet
Amur Honeysuckle
Garlic MustardLesser Celandine
Autumn Olive
Burning Bush (Euonymus)
Wintercreeper (Euonymus) English Ivy
Asian Bittersweet