Intro to Intro to OceanographyOceanography

How does it differ from Marine Biology?

Study of the ocean, its surroundings, and life within it.

Marine bio studies marine organisms’ anatomy, physiology, behavior; more individualistic.

1.Pacific2.Atlantic3.Indian4.Arctic5.Southern or

Antarctic Ocean

The five principal oceans

Indian

Southern or Antarctic

Artic

Pacific

Atlantic

Ocean Area (square miles) Average Depth (ft) Deepest depth (ft)

Pacific Ocean

64,186,000 15,215 Mariana Trench, 36,200 ft deep

Atlantic Ocean

33,420,000 12,881 Puerto Rico Trench, 28,231 ft deep

Indian Ocean

28,350,000 13,002 Java Trench, 25,344 ft deep

Southern Ocean

7,848,300 sq. miles (20.327 million sq km )

13,100 - 16,400 ft deep (4,000 to 5,000 meters)

the southern end of the South Sandwich Trench, 23,736 ft (7,235 m) deep

Arctic Ocean

5,106,000 3,953 Eurasia Basin, 17,881 ft deep

Comparison of Oceans Size

The Seven Seas?

Physical OceanographyPhysical Oceanography

How and why ocean currents flow, air-sea interactions such as the generation of waves by wind.

                                                                       

Chemical OceanographyChemical Oceanography

Composition of sea water and the processing controlling and altering its

composition, including marine pollution

Organisms that live in the ocean and their relationship to the environment

                                                      

Biological OceanographyBiological Oceanography

Study of rock structure in the ocean basin, properties of rocks such as

magnetism, occurrence of earthquakes.

Geological OceanographyGeological Oceanography

Design and installation of oceanographic instrumentation and vehicles

Ocean EngineeringOcean Engineering

NOAA Weather Buoy/ Tsunami

Global/Local MonitoringGlobal/Local Monitoring

Chlorophyll

Disciplinary Connections

BIOLOGY

BIOCHEMISTRY

OCEANOGRAPHYPHYSICS

GEOLOGY

CHEMISTRY

GEOPHYSICS

BIOPHYSICS

GEOCHEMISTRY

Average depth of ocean- 4000m

Average temperature- 39oF (3.9oC)

Age of ocean- 4 billion years old

Covers 71% of the Earth’s surface

Amazon River

Average salinity- 35 o/oo

Dead Sea

Jordan

Israel

Dead Sea

Tallest Mountain: Hawaii's Mauna Kea rises 10,203 m (33,476 ft) from base to peak. Everest is only 8,848m.

Deepest spot- Marianas Trench (10,912m)

1960- Walsh & Piccard

Marianas Trench10,912 m

Mt Everest 8,863 m

http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/environment/habitats-environment/habitats-oceans-env/cameron-how-deep/

Millions of Years Before Present

Age of the ocean basin: 200 my old

It formally began in the 1800’s.

Previously, it was thought that the deep ocean had no life below 550 m(Edward Forbes- Azoic Theory).

http://home.t-online.de/home/h.umland/sextant.gif

Prior to then:

1500 B.C., Phoenicians were skilled sailors and traded goods

Migration Routes of Polynesia

An early stick chart from Micronesia shows the waves and currents around the islands which are represented by shells.

Voyage of Columbus (1492) and Magellan (1519)

Cook (1700’s)- sailed twice around the world

1st European to visit Hawaii

Cook

Humboldt (1800’s)- German naturalist, contributions in geophysics, meteorology, and oceanography

Voyage of the HMS BeagleVoyage of the HMS Beagle

Darwin (1831):

•Subsidence theory of coral reef formation (atolls) & origin of species

Ben Franklin (1770’s)- mapped the Gulf Stream

                                         

1996

1786

• collected thousands of biological and sea bottom samples

• traveled in every ocean except arctic• cruise directed by Charles Wyville Thompson• 362 stations, 715 new genera, 5000 new

species• discovered Mariana

Trench and Mindarniad (34,000 ft deep)

Voyage of the HMS Challenger (1872-1876)

Voyage of the HMS Challenger (1872-1876)

HMS Challenger's Chemical Laboratory

Deep sea Collections

Late 19th century – early 20th century:

•Founding a number of important marine laboratories, including coastal labs and open ocean labs.

                         

Founded 1903

Founded 1930

                                                  1888

Meteor Expedition (1925)- introduced modern optical and electronic equipment (echo sounder)

Recent:

Glomar Challenger (1968)- drilling for deep sea sediments

Rachel Louise Carson (1907-1964)

                      

    

Marine biologist at U.S. Bureau of Fisheries & Fish & Wildlife Service

Jacque Cousteau (1910-1997) Navy officer, explorer, film maker, inventor of scuba (1947)

"From birth, man carries the weight of gravity on his shoulders. He is bolted to the earth. But man has only to sink beneath the surface and he is free.”

Bob Ballard (1942-)Navy officer, explorer, film maker

Inquiry1. The 4 major disciplines of oceanography are

_____.2. The tallest mtn in the world is____.3. The ave. depth of the ocean is ____.4. What are modern and ancient ways to

navigate?5. Who discovered the Marianas trench and how

was it done?6. Who traveled to it’s depths?7. What was Rachael Carson known for?