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7/30/2019 Intro to Democracy 2008
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Democracy, Part IDefinitions and Directions
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Defining Democracy:
Your own ideasWhat are theessential
characteristics ofdemocracy?
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Sources:
Robert Dahl, Polyarchy(1971) and On Democracy(1998)
Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in
the late Twentieth Century(1991) Arend Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy(1999)
Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of DemocraticTransition and Consolidation(1996)
Freedom Housewww.freedomhouse.org The Economist Intelligence Units Democracy Index
http://www.freedomhouse.org/http://www.freedomhouse.org/7/30/2019 Intro to Democracy 2008
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General Point #1:Democracy is getting
more popular
1900 no democracies (by standard of
universal suffrage for competitivemultiparty elections).
1950 22 democracies
2002 121/192 countries classified aselectoral democracies.
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Map of worlds political systems,
1900
L. blue=limited democracy pink=absolute monarchy;purple=constitutional monarchy gray & green =colonial authorityorange=empire
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Map of worlds political systems,
2000
Dark Blue=democracy; light blue=limited democracy; yellow=authoritarian regime; red=totalitarian;purple=hereditary monarchy
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The Economist Intelligence Units Democracy Index 2007:the lighter the color, the more democratic the place
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Caveats:
Not all democracies are equally free
89 Free countries
55 Partly Freecountries
48 Not Free countries(Source: Freedom
House, 2003)
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General Point #2:Mass democracy is
modernDistinctions between earlier
and later democracies:
1. direct democracy (vselected representatives)
2. exclusion (vs inclusion)
3. civil and political rights?
Greek voters, picture from National
Geographic, 1944
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Ways of Defining Democracy
what it SHOULD be (normative)
(government by, of, for the people)
institutional characteristics -- by itsPROCEDURES (approach favored by CP)
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What is a democracy?
One basic definition:
A system in which the most powerfuldecisionmakers are selected through fairand periodic voting procedures in whichcandidates freely compete for votes, and
in which virtually all people have the rightto vote.
(Samuel Huntington)
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But is this enough?8 essential components of a full
(liberal) democracy: the right to vote the right to be elected/eligibility for public office
the right of political leaders to compete for supportand votes free and fair elections freedom of association freedom of expression alternative sources of information institutions that make government policies actually
depend on votes and other forms of (voter) preference
(Robert Dahl)
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Levels of democracy (based on
degrees of democracy): Full (liberal)
democracy
Electoral democracy,semi-democracy,pseudo-democracy,
Illiberal democracy
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Democracy, Part II:
Institutional Variations
The 80s Kids: Fromleft to right, MargaretThatcher, RonaldReagan, Francois
Mitterand, HelmutSchmidt. Source:http://www.digischool.nl/kleioscoop/mitterand.htm
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Variation #1:degree of territorial & political
centralization
Federal System vsUnitary System
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Federal system:
Decentralized authority
sovereignty constitutionally split between
at least two territorial levels units at each level can act independently
of the others in some areas.
Citizens have political obligations to two(or more) authorities
Examples: U.S., Canada, Germany
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Unitary System:
Authority & sovereignty centralized in oneplace (the capital)
Policies largely set by the center No (or weak) intermediary layer between
local and central government
Local govt subservient to central govt Examples: Turkey, France, Britain
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What are the pros and cons of
federal and unitary systems?
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Variation #2:Powers and processes of
leadershipPresidential VS parliamentary
systems
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a. Title & power of head of state
Presidential system:
head of govt always called the president is
elected for a prescribed period and generally cannotbe dismissed unless guilty of severe wrongdoing.
Parliamentary system:
head of the government usually (but not always)
called the Prime Minister. His/her cabinet responsibleto the legislature (Parliament); can be dismissed
through a vote of no confidence.
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b. How head of state is chosen
In Presidential System, presidents are
popularly elected by populace
In a Parliamentary system, head of state(president) selected by the legislature. Head of government (prime minister) usually
is the leader of the ruling party.
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How the people voted in Chiapas
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c. Status of the head of state
In a presidential system, president
appoints the cabinet and they are
considered subservient to him.
In a parliamentary system, the prime
minister serves as one among equals
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d. selection of the cabinet
In Presidential system, cabinet appointedseparately by president
In a Parliamentary system, cabinet drawnin part from legislature
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e. Length of term in office
In a presidential system, legislators andpresidents serve fixed terms
In a parliamentary system, legislators andpresidents serve a maximum time in office
but a ruling party can call early elections ifit wants to
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Notes:
it is common in parliamentary systems to have apresident or monarch who is the CEREMONIALhead of state, and a PM who is in charge of the
government Examples of Parliamentary systems: Britain,
Turkey, South Africa, Germany
Examples of Presidential systems: U.S., most ofSouth America
Many countries have mixed systems, i.e.France
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Turkeychief of state:President AbdullahGul
head of government:PrimeMinister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN(since 14 March 2003)
cabinet:Nominated by PrimeMinister, confirmed by President
elections:prime minister selectedfrom majority party, confirmed bypresident . President elected by
parliament.Turkish Prime Minister Erdogan, 2003
Examples: Presidential orParliamentary?
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Example: Brazil
chief of state:PresidentLuiz Inacio LULA DASILVA (since 1 January
2003) note - the president is
both the chief of stateand head of government
elections:president andvice president elected onthe same ticket bypopular vote for four-yearterms
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United Kingdom chief of state: Queen
ELIZABETH II
head of government:Prime Minister Gordon
Brown cabinet: Cabinet of
Ministers appointed bythe prime minister
elections: monarchy is
hereditary; followinglegislative elections, theleader of the majorityparty or the leader of themajority coalition is
usually the prime minister
Gordon Brown, British PM (photofrom the Birmingham Post)
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parliamentary system:
pros and cons? + Strengthens parties
over individuals
+ Encourages policy-based voting ratherthan voting based onindividual charisma or$$
+ Fusing of legislative& exec. branches canpromote efficiency
- Gives the public lesschoice over leadership
- Flexible electionterms can = lessstability
- Fusing of executive
& legislative branchescan concentrate toomuch power in oneplace
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Presidential system:
pros and cons? + Gives the people more
choice over leadership
+ strong government-
president more insulatedand can act with daring
+ higher levels ofgovernmentaccountability
+ Greater stability
+ Clear separation ofpowers
- Power of presidency canbe abused
- Can encourage deadlock
between legislature &executive
- Encourages charisma,$$, rather than substance& policies
- Set terms= rigidity (badleaders cant be easilyremoved)
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Institutional variation #3:
Electoral systems
(how voting works:
who gets elected, and how)
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Electoral systems: 2 main types
1- Plurality System (Winner-take-all system) Single member districts; whoever gets the most votes
wins the seat
used by about 54% of worlds countries
2- Proportional Representation (PR system) Multi-member districts; # of reps. determined by %
of vote
Used by about 35% of worlds countries, by most ofwestern Europe
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Plurality Systems
Single-member electoral districts (usually)
Also called winner-take-all
Simplest & most common form: First Past thePost : winning candidate is the one who gainsmore votes than any other candidate, but notnecessarily a majority of votes.
Alternative: Ranked Choice/Instant Runoff Voting Encourages 2-party systems
Examples: U.S., U.K, Canada, Rwanda
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Proportional Representation(PR)
Multi-member electoral districts Seats in legislature divided by % of votes.
Most common type: List system: parties selectcandidates, who goes to legislature depends on
what % that party gets preferential voting- voters rank preferences
on party list
encourages multi-party system
Min. threshold (barrier): parties have to get acertain % of votes to enter legislature
Examples: Belgium, South Africa, Spain, Norway,Turkey, Brazil
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Sample ballot
from Sonoma Co.,USA (Pluralitysystem)
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Sample ballot
from S. Africasnationalelections, 1994(PR system)Source: aceproject.org
Example: Turkey
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Example: TurkeyHow power is distributed
Central government Sets rules & policies
Appoints officials
Government spending
In Turkey, 15% offunds to localgovernment
In Europe, 50%
Municipal funding base
In Turkey, 75% of cityrevenue from centralgovt.
National Government
(Ankara)
81 Provinces
(centrally appointed
governor)
3, 215 Municipalities
(elected mayor & municipal councils)
35,000 villages
Investment plans
Road maintenance
Social & cultural
services
Caring for cemeteries
waste disposal
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Turkey: Top leadership
Prime Minister (usually) from majority party Officially appointed by the President of
the Republic from among themembers of the Turkish GrandNational Assembly.
(cabinet) ministers nominated by the
Prime Minister and appointed by theTurkish Grand National Assembly The Prime Minister, as Chairman of the
Council of Ministers, shall ensurecooperation among the ministers, andsupervise the implementation ofthe governments general policy.
The members of the Council of Ministersare jointly responsible for theimplementation of this policy.
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The PMs duties:
1)To provide cooperation among ministries, to supervise the execution
of government general policy, to take necessary measures with a view toproviding public services as listed in the constitution and laws,
To develop the principles required for an efficient administration of state affairs, tosupervise the implementation of the government program as well as thedevelopment of annual plans,
3) To examine acts, regulations and recommendations on decisions in terms ofcompliance with the constitution and other regulations, and to maintain relations with
the legislation organ, 4) To set and improve the principles on the preparation of regulations, to ensure
the codification and publication of active regulations,
5) To provide efficiency in administration, simplification of administrativeprocesses and procedures, to follow developments in state organization systems,
6) To set principles for a more efficient system of supervision and inspection in thestate organization, and to carry out supervision and inspection if deemed necessary,
7) To collect, evaluate and regulate important documents for Turkish Nation and State,
to set up archive laboratories, to present archive documents to scientists and scientificactivities,
8) To take necessary measures for an efficient crisis management at the time ofnatural disasters, migration and other important events threatening national security,and to ensure efficient coordination among public establishments in the crisismanagement.
Source: http://www.basbakanlik.gov.tr
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Turkey: The president
ARTICLE 101.The President of the Republic shall be elected for a
term of office of seven years by the TurkishGrand National Assembly from among itsown members who are over 40 years of age andwho have completed their higher education orfrom among Turkish citizens who fulfill these
requirements and are eligible to be deputies.
The President-elect, if a member of a party, shallsever his relations with his party and his status asa member of the Turkish Grand National Assemblyshall cease.
ARTICLE 102. The President of the Republic shallbe elected by a two-thirds majority of the totalnumber of members of the Turkish Grand NationalAssembly and by secret ballot.
http://www.abdullahgul.gen.tr/EN/Video.asp
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Turkey: How Votes are Counted
550 seats in Parliament
85 electoral districts
Districts have from 2-26
representatives in theParliament
PR List System (ClosedList)
10 percent threshhold
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Who won which provinces in Turkey,
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p y,2002 and 2007 compared
France
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France 577 deputies in the National Assembly
577 legislative districts
single-district, plurality system (2 rounds of voting) Candidates that win more than 50% in the first round win seat
If no one does, 2nd round: the candidate that wins the mostvotes wins the seat
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Pros & Cons of Plurality Systems:
+ gives voters clearchoice
+ maintains closegeographic linkbetween voters andelected officials
+ creates effectivegovernment -- clearmajority party andunified opposition
- Not veryrepresentative; many
votes wasted
- Excludes smaller &minority parties fromrepresentation
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Pros & Cons of PR systems:
+ highlyrepresentative: all ornearly all votes
count
+ encouragesdiversity & range of
perspectives + Greater voter
turnout
- Can lead tofragmentation &ineffective govt.
-List PR, inparticular, canweaken link betweenvoters & elected
officials (officials moreloyal to party thanvoters)
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Note:Many countries used mixed-PR systems: some sort ofmixture between plurality &
PR systems!
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Examples: Mexico
500-person Chamber of Deputies
Elections every three years
Parallel voting: 300 deputies elected in single-seat constituencies by first-past-the-postplurality
Other 200 elected through PR voting with open-
party lists country is divided into 5 constituencies