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7/27/2019 Intro to Computer Graphics - Wk1
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BBIT 4101 COMPUTERGRAPHICS
Computer Graphics
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In this lecture,
Introductions
Course Objective
we explore what computer graphics is about Brief historical introduction
Survey some application areas
Objectives
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Intro
BIT 4101 Computer Graphics
Instructor: Jeremiah Mugambi
Email: [email protected]
Lecture: 1st Floor Room 14 (Time 5:30- 8:30 pm)
Notes: sent via email every week
Class rules: Attendance Time
Partipation, CATs and Assignments
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Prerequisites
Data Structure and Algorithms
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Reading Materials
Hearn,Baker - Computer Graphics - C Version 2ndEd
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Course Outline
Provided (Hard Copy)
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What is Computer graphic
Introduction
Fundamentals of computer graphics
Why Computer Graphics ?
History Applications
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Computer Graphics:
Computer Graphics: Computer graphics isconcerned with producing images andanimations (or sequences of images) using a
computer. This includes the hardware andsoftware systems used to make these images. Thetask of producing photo-realistic images is anextremely complex one, but this is a field that is in
great demand because of the nearly limitlessvariety of applications.
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Computer graphics deals with all aspects of creatingimages with a computer
Hardware
Software
Applications
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The Basics
Computer graphics: generating 2D images of a3D world represented in a computer.
Main tasks:
modeling: (shape) creating and representing thegeometry of objects in the 3D world
rendering: (light, perspective) generating 2D images ofthe objects
animation: (movement) describing how objects changein time
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History
The field of computer graphics has grown enormously
over the past 1020 years, and many software systems havebeen developed for generating computer graphics
of various sorts. This can include systems for producing 3-dimensional models of the scene to be drawn, the
rendering software for drawing the images, and theassociated user-interface software and hardware.
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Why Study Computer Graphics?
Graphics is cool I like to see what Im doing
I like to show people what Im doing
Graphics is interesting Involves simulation, AI, algorithms, architecture
Ill never get an Oscar for my acting
But maybe Ill get one for my CG special effects
Graphics is fun
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Applications
Everyday Use Computer Aided Design (CAD) & Industrial design Entertainment: Cinema, Games , Movie, TV special
effects, Video games
Computer Art ; Communication Training & Education Visualization: Scientific visualization , Medical visualization
Visualize complex software systems Cartography and GIS (Geographic Information Systems) Graphical User Interfaces: & everyday Use - Microsofts OS 7 & 8
use graphics Simulation & Graphics visualizations;
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Components of Computer Graphics
Rendering:
applying physically based procedures to generate
(photorealistic) images from scenes (using lighting
and shading) Viewing:
displaying images from various viewpoints on
various devices
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Where did this image come from?
What hardware/software did we need to produce it?
An Example
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Application: The object is an artists impressionof the sun for an animation
Software: used for modeling and rendering
Hardware: PC with graphics card for modelingand rendering
An Answer
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Basic Graphics System
Input devices
Output device
Image formed in FB
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Can be used either as a line-drawing device(calligraphic) or to display contents of frame
buffer (raster mode)
CRT
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Computer graphics goes back to the earliest days ofcomputing
Strip charts
Pen plotters
Simple displays using A/D converters to go from computer tocalligraphic CRT
Cost of refresh for CRT too high Computers slow, expensive, unreliable
Computer Graphics: 1950-1960
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Wireframe graphics
Draw only lines
Sketchpad
Display Processors Storage tube
Computer Graphics: 1960-1970
wireframe representation
of sun object
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Introduced by Ivan
Recognized the potential of man-machine interaction
Loop
Display something
User moves light pen
Computer generates new display
Sutherland also created many of the now common algorithmsfor computer graphics
Sketchpad
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Rather than have the host computer try to refreshdisplay use a special purpose computer called adisplay processor (DPU)
Graphics stored in display list (display file) ondisplay processor
Host compiles display list and sends to DPU
Display Processor
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Raster Graphics
Beginning of graphics standards IFIPS
GKS: European effort
Becomes ISO 2D standard
Core: North American effort
3D but fails to become ISO standard
Workstations and PCs
Computer Graphics: 1970-1980
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Image produced as an array (the raster) of pictureelements (pixels) in theframe buffer
Raster Graphics
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Allows us to go from lines and wire frame images tofilled polygons
Raster Graphics
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Although we no longer make the distinction betweenworkstations and PCs, historically they evolved fromdifferent roots
Early workstations characterized by
Networked connection: client-server model
High-level of interactivity
Early PCs included frame buffer as part of user memory
Easy to change contents and create images
PCs and Workstations
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Realism comes to computer graphics
Computer Graphics: 1980-1990
smooth shading environment
mapping
bump mapping
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Special purpose hardware Silicon Graphics geometry engine
VLSI implementation of graphics pipeline
Industry-based standards PHIGS
RenderMan
Networked graphics: X Window System
Human-Computer Interface (HCI)
Computer Graphics: 1980-1990
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OpenGL API
Completely computer-generated feature-lengthmovies (Toy Story) are successful
New hardware capabilities Texture mapping
Blending
Accumulation, stencil buffers
Computer Graphics: 1990-2000
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Photorealism
Graphics cards for PCs dominate market Nvidia, ATI, 3DLabs
Game boxes and game players determine direction ofmarket
Computer graphics routine in movie industry: Maya,Lightwave
Programmable pipelines
Computer Graphics: 2000-
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List the modern hardware used in ComputerGraphics today and the features that make themsuitable for CG
List the Modern Softwares for CG and thecapabilities they offer
What are some challenges inherent in CG to date?
Exercise