Intro OF Database.ppt

8/14/2019 Intro OF Database.ppt

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CopyrightOracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

I

Introduction


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I-2 CopyrightOracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should beable to do the following:

Discuss the theoretical and physical aspectsof a relational database

Describe the Oracle implementation of theRDBMS and ORDBMS

Describe how SQL and PL/SQL are used in

the Oracle product set

Describe the use and benefits of PL/SQL


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System Development Life Cycle

Strategy

and

AnalysisDesign

Build

and

Document

Transition

Production


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Data Storage on Different Media

Electronic

spreadsheetFiling cabinet

Database

SALGRADE

GRADE LOSAL HISAL--------- --------- ---------

1 700 1200

2 1201 1400

3 1401 2000

4 2001 3000

5 3001 9999

DEPT

DEPTNO DNAME LOC

--------- -------------- ----------

10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK

20 RESEARCH DALLAS

30 SALES CHICAGO

40 OPERATIONS BOSTON


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Relational Database Concept

Dr. E. F. Codd proposed the relational modelfor database systems in 1970.

It is the basis for the relational database

management system (RDBMS). The relational model consists of the following:

Collection of objects or relations

Set of operators to act on the relations Data integrity for accuracy and consistency


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Definition of a

Relational Database

A relational database is a collection ofrelations or two-dimensional tables.

Database

DEPTNO DNAME LOC


20 RESEARCH DALLAS

30 SALES CHICAGO


Table Name: DEPT

EMPNO ENAME JOB

DEPTNO

7839 KING PRESIDENT

10

7698 BLAKE MANAGER 30

7782 CLARK MANAGER

10

7566 JONES MANAGER 20

Table Name: EMP


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Data Models

Model of

systemin clients

mind

Entity model of

clients model

Table model

of entity model

Tables on disk

Server


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Create an entity relationship diagram frombusiness specifications or narratives

Scenario

. . . Assign one or more employees to adepartment . . .

. . . Some departments do not yet haveassigned employees . . .

Entity Relationship Model

EMPLOYEE

#* number

* name

o job title

DEPARTMENT

#* number

* name

o location

assigned to

composed of


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Entity Relationship

Modeling ConventionsEntitySoft box

Singular, unique name

Uppercase

Synonym in parentheses

Attribute

Singular name

Lowercase

Mandatory marked with *

Optional marked with o

Unique Identifier (UID)

Primary marked with #

Secondary marked with (#)

EMPLOYEE

#* number

* name

o job title

DEPARTMENT

#* number

* name

o location

assigned to

composed of


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Relational Database Terminology

1

2 3 4

5

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

------------- ------------ --------------------- -------- ---------------- ----------- -------------- -----------

7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10

7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30

7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10

7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20

7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30

7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30

7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30

7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30

7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30

7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 207369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20

7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 09-DEC-82 3000 20

7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 12-JAN-83 1100 20

7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10

6


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Relating Multiple Tables

Each row of data in a table is uniquelyidentified by a primary key (PK).

Table Name: EMP Table Name: DEPT

Primary key Primary key

You can logically relate data from

multiple tables using foreign keys (FK).

Foreign key

EMPNO ENAME JOB

DEPTNO

7839 KING PRESIDENT

10

7698 BLAKE MANAGER 30

7782 CLARK MANAGER

10

7566 JONES MANAGER 20

DEPTNO DNAME LOC


20 RESEARCH DALLAS

30 SALES CHICAGO



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Relational Database Properties

A relational database

Can be accessed and modified byexecuting structured query language(SQL) statements

Contains a collection of tables with nophysical pointers

Uses a set of operators


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Communicating with a RDBMS

Using SQL

Database

SQL> SELECT loc

2 FROM dept;

SQL statement

is entered Statement is sent to

database

LOC

-------------

NEW YORK

DALLAS

CHICAGO

BOSTON

Data is displayed


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Relational Database

Management System

User tables Data

dictionary

Server


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Oracle8: Object Relational

Database Management System User-defined data types and objects

Fully compatible with relational

database Support of multimedia and large objects

High-quality database server features


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Defining an Object

An object

Is a person, place, or thing

Knows things about itself and performs

actions Has an identity

I am a clock. I know

my t ime zone, and I

can disp lay t ime.


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Using an Object Model

Objects model a problem to solve. The model is stated in terms of the

interactions between objects.

Object models closely resemble the realworld.

Customers Business

Buy

Sell


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Characteristics of Object Systems

Present information in object form

Classify objects into object types

Inherit attributes and code

Hide data, code, and attributes

Interact with other objects

Recognize different objects without

analysis Interpret the same command in

different ways


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Oracle Complete Solution

SQL PL/SQL

Oracle7/8

Applications

HRFinancials

Manufacturing

... Oracle Designer

Oracle Developer

Data tables

Data

dictionaryDatabase

SQL* Plus

Discoverer


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SQL StatementsSELECT

INSERT

UPDATE

DELETE

CREATE

ALTERDROP

RENAME

TRUNCATE

COMMIT

ROLLBACK

SAVEPOINT

GRANT

REVOKE

Data retrieval

Data manipulation language (DML)

Data definition language (DDL)

Transaction control

Data control language (DCL)


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About PL/SQL

PL/SQL is an extension to SQL withdesign features of programminglanguages.

Data manipulation and querystatements of SQL are included withinprocedural units of code.


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PL/SQL Environment

PL/SQL

block

PL/SQL engine

Oracle Server

Procedural

Statement

Executor

PL/SQL

SQL

SQL Statement Executor

PL/SQL

block


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Tables Used in the Course

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO--------- ---------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------

7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10

7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30

7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10

7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20

7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30

7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 307844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30

7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30

7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30

7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20

7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20

7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 09-DEC-82 3000 20

7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 12-JAN-83 1100 207934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10

EMP

DEPT

DEPTNO DNAME LOC

--------- -------------- ----------


20 RESEARCH DALLAS

30 SALES CHICAGO40 OPERATIONS BOSTON

GRADE LOSAL HISAL

--------- --------- ---------

1 700 12002 1201 1400

3 1401 2000

4 2001 3000

5 3001 9999

SALGRADE


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Summary

Relational databases are composed ofrelations, managed by relationaloperations, and governed by dataintegrity constraints.

The Oracle Server allows you to storeand manage information by using theSQL language and PL/SQL engine.

PL/SQL is an extension to SQL withdesign features of programminglanguages.

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Intro OF Database.ppt