Intro Geo 101

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Northwest Missouri State University

Geography: The Basics

Dr. Ted L. Goudge

Department of GeographyNorthwest Missouri State University

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Geography - (p. 2-3)

The study of the earths surface as the spacewithin which the human population lives. Theword comes from the Greekgeo, the earth, and

graphein, to write or describe. Literallygeography means earth description.

A study of geography begins with knowing wherethings are located on a map. But more important,it requires a knowledge ofwhy things are located

in particular places and how these places influenceour lives.

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Why Geography?Every day we hear about people and places

in distant lands. Newspapers, radio, televisionand on-line news sources tell us about the

complex issues that characterize todays world.

We are a nation with worldwide responsibilities

and involvementsyet we remain poorlyinformed about our world. This has a direct

effect on our well-being as individuals and on

our strength as a nation.

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Why Geographic Education?

Can you imagine a farmer trying to tend his fields with no

knowledge of the productive capacity of the land?

Or an ambassador to a foreign nation with no understanding of

that countrys peoples?

Or a peace negotiator with no background in the lands and

cultures in which the conflict developed?

Without geographic education, it is impossible to comprehend

these local, regional, and world issues fullymuch less to solve

their associated problems.

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What is Geography?

Geography deals with thephysical and cultural realities of the

world.

It helps us understand the varied and complex environments of

the Earth.

It gives meaning to location and establishes a context for

understanding the connections among places.

Armed with that kind of knowledge, we can see how decisions

made at one location or place might affect the well-being of

the population and environment of another.

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How Important is Geography?

Vitally, because an informed citizen must have a

fundamental knowledge of geography.

Such a person is able to make intelligent decisions

about issues that are best understood in a geographic

context. And, all of us, need to be prepared to meet the future in

a complex world.

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Five Fundamental Themes (p. 16-17)

1. Location (absolute & relative)

2. Place

3. Human-Environment Interaction4. Movement

5. Region

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Development of Geography Over

Time: Five Periods (p. 3-5)Ancient [ended w/ fall of Roman Empire]

Middle Ages [circa 401-1449]

Age of Discovery [1450-1750]

Period of Consolidation [1751-1950]

The Modern Period [1950-present]

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Basic Geographic Terms- Space:

The area or volume occupied by an object

or the lateral distances intervening between

locations, places and any phenomena

distributed over the earths surface; the

essential dimension and the basic concept of

all geography; i.e. geography is, above all

else, concerned withspatial distributionsandspatial relationships.

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spatial- (p. 5-6)

Of, pertaining or relating to space.

spatial interaction- (p. 11) The interdependence of areas; the movement of

people, capital, goods, information, ideas, etc.

between places.

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spatial interaction (cont.)

describes the movement of physical

processes, human activities, and ideas

within and among regions. Interaction

between people and the environment can

occur at five dimensions in space; in order

of increasing complexity, they arepoint,

line, area, volume, and time.

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distance decay- (p. 244)

The amount of interaction between two

places or objects decreases as the distance

between them increases.

Or, the further you are away from some place

the less likely youll interact with that place.

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intervening opportunity-

The existence of closer sources of supply or

markets. The number of movements from

an origin to a destination is proportional to

the number of opportunities at that

destination and inversely proportional to the

number of intervening opportunities

between the origin and the destination.

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accessibility-(p. 11)

the ease with which a location may bereached from other locations. The more

routes converging on a settlement, the

greater its accessibility. In an economicsense, accessibility refers more to the ease

of movement and communication between

activities. As such, it is fundamental to theeconomic objectives of seeking to minimize

the costs of distance and contact.

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accessibility (cont.) -

The term is also used in a social context in

the sense of the degree to which different

social groups are able to obtain goods and

services (for example, the poor have much

less accessibility to good housing and

luxury goods than the rich).

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connectivity- (p. 11)

The degree to which a network is internally

connected. It is thought that a correlation

exists between the degree of connectivity

shown by a nations transport network and

its level of economic development, so that

the former may be used to provide a good

indication of the latter.

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Spatial Distribution- (p. 13)

The occurrence or regular arrangement of a

phenomenon across Earths surface. Spatial

distribution has three important properties:

density

concentration (dispersion)

pattern

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density-

The frequency of phenomena per unit of

area. The number of times with which

something exists within a given unit of area.

We often think of population density

(people per square mile) as an example.

The phenomenon being measured could

also be AIDS victims, dwelling units,telephones, plants, rivers or virtually any

other object.

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concentration (dispersion)-

The spread of something over a given study

area. If the objects in a given area are close

together, they are considered clustered. If

they are relatively far apart, they are

considered dispersed. Example of major

league baseball during the 1900s.

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pattern-

the areal arrangement or geometry of

phenomena. Some phenomena are

organized in a regular , or geometric,

pattern, while others are distributed

randomly. A regular pattern suggests that

causal factors may explain the observed

arrangement.

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Spatial diffusion- (p. 12)

The process of spread of a feature or trend

(a new product or idea) over time from its

hearth or node (point of origin) across

Earths surface. The rate and extent of

acceptance is affected by distance (also,

technology)

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Globalization (p. 12)-

- The increasing interconnection of all parts

of the world as the full range of social,

cultural, political, economic, and

environmental processes and patterns of

change becomes international in scale and

effect.

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Regions (p. 13-15)

Earth areas that display significant elements of

internal uniformity and external differences from

surrounding territories.

Formal

FunctionalVernacular

Types of Regions

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Formal Region

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Functional Region

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Formal or Functional Region?

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Vernacular Region

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Vernacular Region

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Vernacular Region known as the Pigskin Cult

.83

.53

.42

.71

.02

.96

1.08

2.01

.88

.15

1.06

.12

.76

.48

1.65

1.56

.19

.73

.45

.84

.07

.77

.21

.78

.26

2.21

.71

.37

1.03

.09

.70

.17

2.93

.79.65

.74.68

.76

.70

1.72

1.56

1.58

.35DC=1.22

.41

.941.00

.771.08

1.96

.44

Blue Chip Players Per Capita

National Norm = 1.00

1.22 - 2.930.83 to 1.220.71 to 0.830.41 to 0.710.02 to 0.41

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Maps-Tools of Geography

Mapa symbolic portrayal of reality

CartographyThe art, science &technology of mapmaking.

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Scale (p. 9 & 28-29)

Representative fraction (RF) One unit on the map = X units on the ground (earth)

1

1,000 1:1,000=

1

1,000,000

Larger scale

Smaller scale

shows more detailless area

shows more area

less detail

City map with streets

Map of the distribution of the

Worlds Deserts

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The Effect of Scale

on Area and Detail

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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Distortion on the Mercator Projection

Figure 2.6

2-7


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A Simple Conic Projection

Figure 2.7

2-8


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The Polyconic Projection

Figure 2.8

2-9


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The Planar Equidistant Projection

Figure 2.9

2-10 (b) Copyright 1977, Brooks and Roberts; with Permission.


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The Gnomonic Projection

Figure 2.10

2-11


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Goodes Homolosine Projection

Figure 2.11

2-12 Copyright by the Committee on Geographic Studies, University of Chicago. Used by Permission.


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New York Map Showing Artists Conception

Figure 2.12

2-13 Copyright-Florence Thierfeldt, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.


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Map Showing Airline Cost Distance from Atlanta

Figure 2.12

2-14 Map Copyright Borden D. Dent, 1989.


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Map Showing Airline Cost Distance from Atlanta

Figure 2.12

2-14 Map Copyright Borden D. Dent, 1989.


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Cotton Acreage in 1987

Figure 2.18

2-19 From 1987 Census of Agriculture, Vol. 2, Subject Series, Part I,Agricultural Atlas of the United States, p. 159.U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, June 1990.


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Liner Shipping Volume for U.S. Ports, 1988

Figure 2.18

2-20

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Proportional Symbol Map D-III College FootballAverage Home Attendance

2008

Major College Football Average Home Attendance

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Major College Football Average Home Attendance

2000

Source: NCAA Football, 2001

75,000-106,538

60,000-74,999

40,000-59,999

20,000-39,999

10,000-19,999

12

12

21

45

19


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Population Distribution in Washington, 1950

Figure 2.19

2-21


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Language Regions of Africa

Figure 2.20

2-22


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Choropleth Map Showing Senior Population

Figure 2.21

2-23 U.S. Bureau of the Census

Choropleth Map Div III Football Players Per Capita

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Choropleth Map Div-III Football Players Per Capita

2009

Di I F b ll Pl P C i

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DC=

1.75

1.03

1.24

1.64

1.39

1.12

2.48

.73

.73

1.64

.82

.83

1.73

.82

1.00

.95

1.78

1.15.78

.81

.87

.23

.95

1.39

1.25

.67

1.77

.75

.53

2.30

.78

1.18

.95

.41

.98

.90

1.20

.74

.23

.33

1.35

.95

.38

.30

.43

.26

.16

.19

.08

.06

0

Div-I Football Players Per Capita


Bl Chi Pl P C i

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.83

.53

.42

.71

.02

.96

1.08

2.01

.88

.15

1.06

.12

.76

.48

1.65

1.56

.19

.73

.45

.84

.07

.77

.21

.78

.26

2.21

.71

.37

1.03

.09

.70

.17

2.93

.79.65

.74.68

.76

.70

1.72

1.56

1.58

.35DC=1.22

.41

.941.00

.771.08

1.96

.44

Blue Chip Players Per Capita


1.22 - 2.930.83 to 1.220.71 to 0.83

0.41 to 0.710.02 to 0.41


A C

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A Cartogram

Figure 2.22

2-24 U.S. Census Bureau


T Fl Li M

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Two Flow-Line Maps

Figure 2.23

2-25

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Remote Sensing (p. 38)

Detecting the nature of an object without

direct contact with the ground.

eyes

cameras

aerial photography

satellite sensors

T hi d O th h t M f G i

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Topographic and Orthophotomap Maps of Georgia

Figure 2.20

U.S. Geological Survey

W l th f th El t ti S t

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Wavelengths of the Electromagnetic Spectrum

Figure 2.21

electromagnetic spectrum (you tube)

More Serious

Even More Serious
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjOGNVH3D4Yhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfS5Qn0wn2o&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cfXzwh3KadE&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cfXzwh3KadE&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfS5Qn0wn2o&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjOGNVH3D4Y

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Intro Geo 101