Into the Ice – part 2

Into the Ice

janne

Text Box

DEL 2

The summary below is comprised of the most importantNorwegian expeditions and events, most often because they can belabeled as ‘firsts’. In order to place Norwegian activities into abroader perspective, some non-Norwegian expeditions and eventsare included here. The latter are indicated with an bullet point (•)in front of the date, and represent milestones or examples of non-Norwegian activities.

Arctic

The Dutch Northeast Passage Expedition with Willem Barentsz,among others, discovered Bjørnøya (Bear Island) and NorthwesternSpitsbergen. The discovery of the Svalbard archipelago was thebeginning of major whaling and research activity along the coastof Svalbard, which lasted throughout the 17th and 18th centuries.

The German medical doctor Fredrich Martens, who was travelingon a whaling ship from Hamburg, visited the large Dutch stationat Smeerenburg on Amsterdam Island in Svalbard. He found thesettlement deserted and partly destroyed.

Captain and trader Henrik Helberg and a number of other leadingtradesmen and ship-owners from Bergen, led by Jørgen Thor-møhlen, formed the Greenland Company (det GrøndlandskeCompagnie). The company organised whaling in the Arctic Oceanduring the period from 1672 to 1679.

e x p e d i t i o n s a n d e v e n t s 481

E XPEDITIONS AND EVENTS

• 1596 (June)

• 1672

• 1672

Missionary Hans Poulsen Egede equipped a trade and missionaryexpedition to Greenland. Egede worked as a missionary on Green-land for 15 years. In 1740, he was appointed Bishop of Greenland.

Czar Peter the Great sent Russia’s Great Northern Expedition tosystematically explore the Russian Arctic.

The first attempt was made to launch a hunting expedition fromHammerfest to Svalbard. Tradesman Peter Christian Buck sent thelarge sloop, Forellen, to the hunting grounds, but difficult ice condi-tions prevented the vessel from reaching Svalbard.

The first Norwegian expedition wintered on Svalbard. The trip wasequipped by the Hammerfest trading company of Buck, which sentthe Kjøllefjord under the command of Captain Hans P. Wencke.

The first well-documented Norwegian wintering expedition onBjørnøya. It was sent out by Hammerfest tradesmen SigfriedAkermand and Aage Aagaard. It is possible that there had been awinter expedition there in 1821–22.

Geologist Balthazar Mathias Keilhau, a traveling school teacherwho also traversed Norway to study special geological conditions,joined German Barto von Löwenigh aboard the Haabet. The shipsailed from Hammerfest to Svalbard from August 16th to September26th, and stopped at Bjørnøya, the southwestern coast of Spits-bergen, and Edgeøya (Edge Island).

Geophysicist Christopher Hansteen travels to Siberia, where heconducted research of the permafrost in Turukhansk, primarilystudying the measurements of the earth’s magnetic fields, to deter-mine whether the earth had one or two magnetic axes.

The French scientific expedition which included Scandinavians,sailed with La Recherche to Svalbard during both summers.

Sir John Franklin was sent with the Erebus, the Terror, and 128 mento find the Northwest Passage.The expedition disappeared. A flurryof reconnaissance expeditions followed in its wake, which in itselfcontributed to the mapping of large territories in northern Canada,and to discovering the route through the passage.

482 e x p e d i t i o n s a n d e v e n t s

1721–36

• 1733–42

1778

1794–95

1823–24

1827

1828–29

• 1838, 1839

• 1845–48

Sailing aboard the Tønsberg vessel Nordbye, Erik Eriksen partici-pated in a sealing and exploration expedition to Svalbard. He disco-vered Kong Karls Land, which he originally believed was ‘GillisLand’. This was probably the second time that the islands werediscovered. English whalers in the early 17th century had calledthe islands ‘Wiches Land’. Eriksen was the first to land on theislands in 1859.

Elling Carlsen circumnavigated all of Svalbard, except for Hopenand Kvitøya, in the Jan Mayen. This was probably the second timea trip like this was made, the first time being by Cornelius Gilesin 1797. Carlsen reached 81° N on August 2nd.

Sivert Tobiesen’s walrus-hunting expedition stayed the winter onBjørnøya and constructed Tobiesens House (Tobiesenhuset) nextto Hammerfesthytta.

Elling Carlsen sailed the Solid due east, and expanded Norwegianwalrus-hunting territories to Novaya Zemlya.

Edvard Holm Johannesen’s expedition with the Nordland throughthe Kara Sea proved that the area could be ice-free. Together withElling Carlsen and John Palliser’s expedition of the same year, thisproved of great significance for later hunters, tradesmen and explor-ers.

Edvard Holm Johannesen sailed on the Nordland, on the firstcircumnavigation of Novaya Zemlya made during in a single season.Novaya Zemlya had previously been circumnavigated, once, andthat was by Savva Loshkin in about 1760–62.

Capitalizing on the news of an ice-free Kara Sea, Fritz E. Mack,sailing aboard the Polarstjernen, conducted an extensive walrus-hunting expedition in the area.

Sailing the Solid, Elling Carlsen discovered the 1596–7 winteringbase of Willem Barentsz, at Ledjanaja Gavan on Novaya Zemlya.

The Vestfold whaling vessel Haabet was shipwrecked in the ice. Itwas the largest single Norwegian accident in the Arctic, and 45 menwere lost.


1853

1863

1865–66

1867

1869

1870

1870

1871

1871

At Isfjorden on Svalbard, 17 walrus hunters died in Svenskhuset,after their ships were frozen into the ice on the northeastern coastof Spitsbergen. Johan Mattilas Johannesen and Gabriel Anderssendied at Gråhuken.

When Sivert Tobiesen was on a walrus hunt to Novaya Zemlya,aboard the Freya, the ship froze in the ice pack, and Tobiesen wasforced to winter at the northwestern tip of the island. Tobiesen andhis son died that winter. Two of the crew who had camped thewinter with them, and six of the seven others aboard who had rowedsouth in the autumn of 1872, all survived.

Elling Carlsen was the ice pilot on board the Tegetthoff on theAustrian-Hungarian expedition to Franz Josef Land led by KarlWeyprecht and Julius Payer. The ship was trapped in the ice. Theparticipants in the expedition managed to get to Novaya Zemlya,where they were saved.

Amund Helland conducted glaciological and geological surveysat Disko Bay in West Greenland, from Egedesminde to the Umanakregion. Helland traveled up on the inland glacial ice to Pakitsoq.

Johan Kjeldsen discovered Hvide-ø, now known as Kvitøya. Thiswas probably the second time the island was discovered, the firstbeing by the Dutch whale-hunter Cornelius Giles (or Gillis), whosited the island in 1707, and named it ‘Gillis Land’.

Christian Bjerkan carried out a planned winter expedition, withthe Adolf. He set up the prefabricated cabin he had transportedfrom Norway, and successfully stayed the winter at MalyjeKarmakuly on the west coast of Novaya Zemlya. This was proba-bly the first planned, non-Russian wintering on Novaya Zemlya.The expedition was a hunting expedition, but also took continu-ous meteorological observations.

Johan Adrian Jacobsen, on a mission sent by Carl Hagenbeck ofHamburg, conducted his first ethnographic artifact-gatheringexpedition to the Arctic. Jacobsen returned with six Greenlanders,who were ‘exhibited’ throughout the capitals of Europe over aneight-month period of time, before they were returned toGreenland in the summer of 1878.


1872–73

1872–73

1872–74

1875

1876

1876–77

1877

The Norwegian expedition to the northern seas sailed with theVøringen, with meteorologist Henrik Mohn and zoologist GeorgOssian Sars aboard. In 1876 the expedition conducted oceanogra-phic observations in the Norwegian Sea. In 1877 the expeditionlanded on Jan Mayen and also continued its oceanographic explor-ation in the area between Tromsø, Jan Mayen, and Bodø. In 1878the expedition conducted oceanographic studies at Bjørnøya andwest of Spitsbergen, and also mapped Advent Fjord.

Finnish-Swedish Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld successfully sailed theNortheast Passage.

Hans Christian Johannesen and the Lena followed Adolf ErikNordenskiöld and the Vega expedition through the NortheastPassage to the Lena River in Siberia, where it was agreed that heshould attempt to find a trade route between Western Europe andthe great Siberian rivers: the Ob, the Yenisey and the Lena.

On a walrus hunt with the Nordland at Novaya Zemlya and inthe Kara Sea, Edvard Holm Johannesen discovered the islandEnsomheden, which means ‘loneliness’, now known as OstrovUjedinenija. There, observations were made of flora, fauna andtopography.

Aboard the Johanna Maria, Johan Kjeldsen sailed about 110kilometres north of Sjuøyane (which constitute the northernmostislands in the Svalbard archipelago) on an ice-free ocean. Hematched or beat Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld’s 1868 record of sailingfrom Svalbard and farthest north, to 81° 42’ N.

Johan Adrian Jacobsen again conducted ethnographic artifactcollection expeditions for Carl Hagenbeck. Halted by the pack ice,he ended up collecting artifacts from Hebron in Labrador. He alsotook a Labrador Inuit family back, and ‘exhibited’ the Inuits aroundEurope until all nine of them died of smallpox.

The first tourist cruise to Svalbard was organised. With EllingCarlsen as the local guide, Captain Gran of the Pallas visited thefjords along the west coast of Spitsbergen.


1876–78

• 1878–80

1878

1878

1879

1880

1881

Fridtjof Nansen traveled aboard the Arendal vessel Viking on a seal-hunting expedition to the Western Ice Fields (east of north-eastGreenland).

The first International Polar Year. The Norwegian contributions inNorthern Norway were made from the Bossekop station (by AkselSteen) and the Kautokeino station (by Sophus Tromholt).

The first known Norwegian walrus expedition to Franz Josef Landwas made by Karl Johan Wirkola on the Ørnen.

Fridtjof Nansen, Otto Sverdrup, O. C. Dietrichson, K. K. Trana,S. J. Balto, and O. N. Ravna sailed with the Jason to the ice fieldsoff Eastern Greenland. After they finally landed, they skied acrossthe Greenland inland ice sheet to the west coast. They stayed thewinter in Godthaab and returned to Christiania on May 30th, 1889.

Ragnvald Knudsen sailed the Tønsberg vessel Hekla through thebelt of ice in the East Greenland Current, and he caught walrus andmuskoxen along the coast. This heralded the beginning of regularNorwegian hunting in Eastern Greenland.

Eivind Astrup, at the age of 19, joined Robert E. Peary in NorthernGreenland, where the two carried out a three-month long ski tripto map north and northeastern Greenland.

The first known Norwegian trade expedition to stay the winteron the east coast of Greenland. Peder Michelsen led the expedi-tion on the Ino, which went to Kulusuk near Angmagssalik, to huntand trade with the Greenlanders. The expedition was not parti-cularly successful.

Eivind Astrup went on a new expedition with Robert E. Peary tonorthwestern Greenland. Several of the participants, includingAstrup, became ill. Nonetheless, Astrup conducted importantmapping of the north coast of Melville Bay on a 1300-kilometre-long sled trip with Greenlander Kolotengva.


1882

• 1882–83

1886

1888

1889

1891–92

1893–94

1893–94

The first Fram expedition. Fridtjof Nansen drifted across the ArcticOcean in his specially constructed Colin Archer ship. The captainwas Otto Sverdrup. The crew included: Sigurd Scott-Hansen,Henrik Greve Blessing, Anton Amundsen, Bernt Bentsen, PederLeonard Hendriksen,Theodor Claudius Jacobsen, Fredrik HjalmarJohansen, Adolf Juell, Ivar Otto Irgens Mogstad, BernhardNordahl, and Lars Petterson.The journey continued along the NewSiberian Islands (Novosibirskija Ostrova), where the Fram froze intothe ice pack. From September 25th, 1893, to August 14th, 1896,the Fram had to drift where the ice took her. She did not reachfarther north than about 86° N, but extensive scientific measure-ments were taken and observations made, which formed the rawdata that led to a greater understanding of the Arctic Ocean. OnMarch 14th, 1895, Nansen and Hjalmar Johansen left the Fram,taking dogs and sleds in order to try reaching the North Pole. Theygot to 86° 14’ N (later calculated to be 86° 4’ N) before they hadto turn around. After struggling, they managed to arrive at FranzJosef Land, where they stayed the winter in a miserable earth andstone hut. The next spring, they met Frederick Jackson, who gavethem passage back to Norway on the Windward.

After an unsuccessful try in 1896, Swedish engineer S. A. Andrée,Nils Strindberg and Knut Frænkel took off in a hydrogen balloonfrom Virgohamna on Danskøya in the Svalbard archipelago, inorder to reach the North Pole. The balloon was forced to land at82° 56’ N, and the three men wandered across the ice for nearlytwo and a half months, until they arrived on land on Kvitøya. Theirremains were discovered in 1930.

Hunting expedition with Johannes Nilsen on the Freia and LudvigBernhard Sebulonsen on another vessel discovered Victoria Island(OstrovViktorija) east of Svalbard. P.W.Nilssen on the Victoria sailedaround the island the next day and named it after the ship.

Otto Sverdrup led the second Fram expedition to northwesternGreenland and the islands north of eastern Canada. The expedi-tion was financed by Axel Heiberg and the Ringnes brothers, Ellefand Amund. Extensive scientific work was planned. The scientistsincluded: cartographer Gunnar Isachsen, Swedish botanist HermanGeorg Simmons, Danish zoologist Edvard Bay, geologist Per Schei,and medical doctor Johan Svendsen. The ten crew members were


1893–96

• 1897

• 1898

1898–1902

Victor Bauman, Oluf Raanes, Peder Leonard Hendriksen, KarlOlsen, Jacob Nødtvedt, Adolf Henrik Lindstrøm, Sverre HelgeHassel, Rudolf Stolz, Ove Braskerud, and Ivar Fosheim. OveBraskerud died on the trip, and Johan Svendsen committed sui-cide. The men traveled by dog sled and skis over an area of 150,000square kilometres, which was mapped and where a significantamount of scientific material was gathered. During the last winterof the expedition, the group was frozen in by the ice, and the entireexpedition took one year more than originally planned.

Søren Zachariassen sailed the Gottfred to Svalbard and brought backa load of coal. In 1900, he founded the Isefjord Coal Company(Kullkompagniet Isefjord), and he was thus a pioneer in the historyof coal on Svalbard.

Johan Hjort sailed the Michael Sars on an oceanographic expedi-tion from Ålesund to the area north of Iceland, the Western IceFields and Jan Mayen, where the participants landed. The tripreturned via Bjørnøya. Participants included: Fridtjof Nansen,oceanographer Bjørn Helland-Hansen, biologist H. H. Gran andzoologist A. Wollebæk.

Roald Amundsen tested the Gjøa in the ice in the Barents Seabetween the Novaya Zemlya shelf and the Greenland Sea.Oceanographic observations were made based on Nansen’s instruc-tions.

The Norwegian Aurora Polaris expedition, organized by KristianBirkeland. The station on Svalbard was part of a network of fourstations which were to make parallel observations throughout thewinter, on Novaya Zemlya, on Iceland, and at Kåfjord in Finnmark,Northern Norway.

The Norwegian Aurora Polaris expedition to Novaya Zemlya, ledby H. Riddervold. The three participants built two observatorieswhich were in operation from August 30th to March 11th. H.Schaanning conducted botanical and meteorological observationsand Johan Koren collected zoological data.

Roald Amundsen sailed the Gjøa through the Northwest Passage.Participants on the expedition were Godfred Hansen, Peder


1899

1900

1901

1902–03

1902–03

1903–06

Ristvedt, Helmer Hanssen, Anton Lund, Gustav Juel Wiik, andAdolf Henrik Lindstrøm. The scientific program included takingmagnetic measurements and confirming the northern magneticpole. Two years were spent in Gjøahavn on King William Island,and the expedition returned with ethnographic artifacts and havingmapped Victoria Island. The skeletal remains of two of Franklin’smen were discovered near Simpson Strait. The expedition had toremain for the third winter after having sailed through theNorthwest Passage, and Gustav Wiik died during the winteringat King Point. In the meantime, Amundsen had made the sledtrip to Eagle City near the Yukon River to telegraph the news ofexpedition results to the world.

The first Norwegian wintering expedition on Jan Mayen, in orderto hunt for fox. The three hunters had a good season, but they alldied in a shipwreck on the way home to Norway.

Gunnar Isachsen led the Norwegian research and cartography teamon the scientific expedition to Svalbard, sponsored by Prince Albertof Monaco. This was the start of regular Norwegian scientificexpeditions to Svalbard, which in turn led to the founding of theNorwegian Svalbard and Arctic studies in 1928. Geologist AdolfHoel and botanist Hanna Dieset (Resvoll-Holmsen) were amongthe participants in 1907.

Adolf Hoel and Gunnar Holmsen conducted a geological expedi-tion to Svalbard, funded by the University of Oslo. The ice piloton the Holmengraa was Andreas Beck, and Hjalmar Johansen washired as an assistant.

Hanna Dieset (Resvoll-Holmsen) led her own botanical expeditionto Svalbard, where she later joined Hoel and Holmsen’s expedition.

Anton Eilertsen and five men were the first to winter on Kong KarlsLand in the Svalbard archipelago. They made a good haul of polarbear, but because the ice conditions prevented access, they wereunable to be picked up during the summer of 1909. They managedto get to Barents Island, Edgeøya and Agardhbukta by boat, andthen walked and skied to Longyearbyen. From there, they were senthome to Norway on the Arctic Coal Company’s ship, W. D. Munroe.


1906–07

1906, 1907

1908

1908

1908–09

Severin Liavaag led a hunting expedition to northeastern Green-land, sailing the Floren from Ålesund. The seven members of theexpedition built two cabins at 74° 30’ N. Liavaag and Johan A.Hareide drowned during a polar bear hunt on May 12th, 1909.

At almost the same time, Americans Frederick Cook and RobertE. Peary announced that they believed they had reached the NorthPole, on April 21st 1908 and April 6th 1909, respectively. Both claimsare still disputed.

Gunnar Isachsen led a scientific expedition to Svalbard, and it wasthe first expedition to receive Norwegian state funding. From thatpoint on, there were annual Norwegian expeditions to the archi-pelago. Thereafter, these became known as the Norwegian state-supported Spitsbergen expeditions.

Gunnar Holmsen led a geological expedition to the Bellsund andGrønfjorden area in western Spitsbergen. The primary purpose ofthe trip was to prospect for minerals, for private rather than publicinterests.

Field zoologist Johan Koren traveled from Nome, Alaska, throughthe Bering Strait, beyond the Diomede Islands to the ChukchiPeninsula. He observed bird life and collected eggs and pelts, andis considered the first person in the world to have localized thenesting place of the rare spoon-billed sandpiper. In 1910, he madenew artifact-collecting expeditions to Alaska and to the ChukchiPeninsula.

The third Norwegian wintering expedition to eastern Greenland.S. Th. Sverre of Oslo sent out a six-man team led by VebjørnLandmark. They sailed on the 7de juni from Ålesund, built ahunting cabin, and hunted near Clavering Island and GermaniaHavn, in the same area as the 1908–09 expeditions. Huntingexpeditions, especially from the Ålesund area, went regularly toeastern Greenland, until as recently as 1959.

Field zoologist Johan Koren made a new journey to the northerncoast of the Chukchi Peninsula with his own ship, the Kittiwake,in order to collect more artifacts. He stayed the winter up theKolyma River in Siberia. The Kittiwake was shipwrecked in the


1908–09

• 1909

1909

1909

1909

1909–10

1911–13

ice in October of 1912, and the expedition managed a difficultjourney in a purchased whaleboat back across the Bering Straitsto the Large Diomede and then the Small Diomede Islands. InMarch of 1913, Koren walked alone across the ice to the Alaskancoast, after having been swindled by an American he had beenstranded with on the Diomedes. Koren made several trips toSiberia, to collect artifacts, before he died of pneumonia inVladivostok in 1919.

Fridtjof Nansen made an oceanographic expedition to Svalbardon the Veslemøy.

Arve Staxrud led a rescue expedition in search of survivors from the1912–13 German Schröder-Stranz expedition to Nordaustlandet,Svalbard. Staxrud had two dog sleds and 20 reindeer with him, andmanaged to save two of the Germans.

Jonas Lied led his first successful trading expedition from Norwayto the Yenisey River and back. Ice pilot H. C. Johannesen and aguest, Fridtjof Nansen, were aboard the Correct.

The Norwegian anthropology expedition led by Christian Leden,for the purpose of studying the Inuit in the western and north-western Hudson Bay region. Leden made several studies of theInuit, and was particularly interested in their music and dance.He was in Northwestern Greenland in 1909, in Eastern Greenlandin 1910, in northern Canada in 1911, Western Greenland in 1912,and Eastern Greenland in 1923 and 1926.

The Russian authorities requested the assistance of Otto Sverdrup,in connection with the disappearance of the 1912–14 Brusilovexpeditions and the 1912–13 Rusanov expeditions. Sverdrup ledthe search on the Eklips during the summer of 1914 and was caughtin the ice for the winter. During the summer of 1915, Sverdrupsailed to Ostrov Ujedinenija in the Northern Kara Sea, but discov-ered no remains of the expeditions. After that, Sverdrup’s ship, theEklips, escorted the Taimyr and the Vajgatsj to Arkhangelsk. Duringthe winter of 1914–15, these two ships had been frozen in alongthe coast of the Taymyr Peninsula. Sverdrup and his crew rescuedthem with dog sleds in the spring of 1915.


1912

1913

1913

1913–16

1914–15

Roald Amundsen’s Maud expedition sailed through the NortheastPassage in 1918–20. The Maud was north of Cape Serdce Kamennear the Bering Strait in 1920–21. The ship then drifted aroundin the ice north of eastern Siberia from 1922 to 1925, under thecommand of Oscar Wisting. Participants under Amundsen’scommand during the first part of the expedition were: Scientificleader H.U. Sverdrup, Oscar Wisting, Knut Sundbeck, PeterTessem, Helmer Hanssen, Paul Knudsen, Martin Rønne, EmanuelTønnesen, and Genadij Olonkin, who came aboard at Khabarovo.After the first winter, Tessem and Knudsen disembarked to followthe Taymyr coast back to Dikson, close to the gulf of the Yenisey.They never made it. In 1920–21, only Sverdrup, Wisting andOlonkin remained on board with Amundsen. A few Chukchi Inuitswere hired to help. In 1922–25, Wisting was in command, and theparticipants on the expedition included: Sverdrup, Wisting,Olonkin, Karl Hansen, S. Syvertsen (who died on June 10th 1923),Swedish meteorologist Finn Malmgren, and Odd Dahl. AChukchi, Kakot, also worked onboard.The expedition did not driftover the Arctic Ocean, nor did it reach the Pole, which wasAmundsen’s original goal. However, Sverdrup collected a signifi-cant amount of important scientific data. During the last part ofthe expedition, Amundsen and Oskar Omdal tried to fly to the Polefrom Alaska. With the 1903–06 Gjøa expedition and then theMaud, Roald Amundsen and Helmer Hanssen became the firstmen to have sailed around the entire Arctic.

The Svalbard Treaty was signed in Paris on February 9th, 1920;and was finally ratified in 1925. The sovereignty transfer took placeon August 14th, 1925 in Longyearbyen.

A Norwegian telegraph and weather station was established onJan Mayen, where the meteorological station has been in operationsince, with the exception of a few months during the winter of1940–41, during World War II.

Geologist Olaf Holtedahl rented a ship and conducted a researchexpedition to Novaya Zemlya.

On July 9th, the East Greenland Agreement between Norway andDenmark gave Norwegians the right to fish and hunt on and nearEastern Greenland north of Scoresbysund for at least 20 years.


1918–25

1920/1925

1921

1921

1924

Roald Amundsen led the N24 and N25 flights from Ny-Ålesundto approximately 88° N. Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen was the pilot andsecond in command, and Lincoln Ellsworth was the sponsor anda participant. The other participants were: second pilot LeifDietrichson, Oskar Omdal, and mechanic Karl Feucht. The planeslanded on pack ice, and after three weeks of intense work to makea runway, Riiser-Larsen managed to fly all six men back to Svalbardin the N25 aircraft.

On May 10th, Richard Byrd and Floyd Bennett flew from Ny-Ålesund toward the North Pole, and then back. Today they arenot recognized as actually having reached the North Pole.

On May 11th, the ‘Amundsen-Ellsworth-Nobile Transpolar Flight’traveled from Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, toTeller in Alaska.The airshipN1 Norge was constructed in Italy by Umberto Nobile. HjalmarRiiser-Larsen was the second in command, and Lincoln Ellsworthwas sponsor and participant, again. The crew included: EmilHorgen, Oscar Wisting, Finn Malmgren, Fredrik Ramm, BirgerGottwaldt, Frithjof Storm-Johnsen, and Oskar Omdal, togetherwith Nobile and five other Italians: Cecione, Alesadrini, Arduino,Caratti and Pomella. The Norge landed in Teller on May 14th,Svalbard time.

On March 1st, as a result of the initiative taken by Adolf Hoel, theNorwegian state-supported Spitsbergen expeditions were institu-tionalized and became the Institute for the Exploration of Svalbardand the Arctic Ocean (NSIU).

On June 18th, Roald Amundsen, Leif Dietrichson and the Frenchcrew of four (René Guilbaud, Gilbert Brazy, Albert de Cuverville,and Émile Valette) died when their plane, the Latham, went downat sea, en route to search for Umberto Nobile’s airship, the Italia,which had crashed near Svalbard.

On May 8th, Jan Mayen was declared to be under Norwegiansovereignty. It was declared a part of Norway, in accordance withthe law of February 27th, 1930.

The Danish Østgrønlandsk Fangstkompagni Nanok a/s (establis-hed on May 20th) and the Norwegian Arktisk Næringsdrift a/s


1925

• 1926

1926

1928

1928

1929

1929

(established on June 24th) were formed in order for each to promotetheir respective national interests through hunting activity, andby constructing hunting stations and cabins in NortheasternGreenland. This was a part of the conflict regarding what was tobe known in Norway as Eirik Raudes Land (Erik the Red Land).

The NSIU expedition to northeast Svalbard and Franz Josef Landwith the Ålesund hunting vessel Bratvaag landed on Kvitøya. Therethe NSIU team discovered Salomon August Andrée’s last camp,from his 1897 balloon expedition.

On June 27th, the Norwegian flag was raised at the Myggbuktahunting, radio, and meteorological station by Hallvard Devold,Thor Halle, Eilif Herdal, Søren Richter and Ingvald Strøm. Thearea north of Scoresby between 71° 30’ N and 75° 40’ N wasproclaimed Norwegian, and it was named Eirik Raudes Land. AdolfHoel and Gustav Smedal were deeply involved in the initiative, andthe Norwegian Parliament agreed to this line of action two weekslater. Helge Ingstad was appointed as the local governor. Theannexation was annulled by the International Court of Justice inThe Hague in 1933. After agreement with Denmark on huntingrights, the Norwegian flag was not lowered until 1959.

Arne Høygaard and Martin Mehren led the Ajungilak expeditionfrom west to east, across Greenland.

Sir Hubert Wilkin’s planned trip beneath the polar ice north ofSvalbard, in the submarine Nautilus, was a partial fiasco, proba-bly due to sabotage by the crew who did not trust the rickety ship.Professor H. U. Sverdrup was on that trip, in charge of scientificobservations. Afterwards, the Nautilus was sunk in Byfjorden, thecity fjord near Bergen.

On July 12th, the area between 60° 3’ N and 63° 4’ N on EasternGreenland south of Ammassalik was annexed by Norway and calledFridtjof Nansen Land.

Helge Ingstad led a hunting expedition to Antarctichavn on thenortheastern coast of Greenland, where he also functioned as theNorwegian governor in Eirik Raudes Land. The expedition was tostay for two years, but was concluded after the verdict inThe Hague.


1930

1931

1931

• 1931

1932

1932–33

The Second International Polar Year, in which Norway participa-ted by virtue of the work at existing meteorological stations in theArctic.

The Norwegian Polar Club was founded in Oslo, with Adolf Hoelas its first chairman.

On April 5th, the International Court of Justice in The Haguepronounced the verdict on the Greenland dispute between Norwayand Denmark. Denmark’s claim for sovereignty over all ofGreenland was recognized, and Norway lost on all counts. The‘governor’, Helge Ingstad, went home to Norway that summer.

Russian Ivan Papanin’s expedition by plane from Franz Josef Landlanded at 89° 43’ N.

Norwegian-born Henry Larsen, who became a Canadian citizen in1928, was the first to sail the Northwest Passage from west to east.On his return journey, he was the first to sail that route withouthaving to stay the winter. The ship St. Roch was the first to sailthat route in both directions. Larsen served in the Royal CanadianMounted Police.

Civilians on Svalbard were evacuated by the Allied Forces duringthe autumn of 1941. That included 1955 Russians and 765Norwegians.

On March 1st, the Norwegian Polar Institute was formally estab-lished as a direct continuation of the NSIU. Oceanography profes-sor H.U. Sverdrup was invited back from the U.S.A. to becomedirector of the institute.

There were mining accidents at the Kings Bay mining complex atNy-Ålesund; and altogether 43 persons lost their lives.

Scandinavian Airlines (SAS) introduced its intercontinental routesover the High Arctic: Copenhagen-Los Angeles over Greenlandin 1954 and Copenhagen-Tokyo over the North Pole in 1957.

The nuclear submarine USS Nautilus reached the North Pole bynavigating under the ice.


1932–33

1933

1933

• 1937

1940–44

1941

1948

1948, 1952, 1953

1954

• 1958

On August 22nd, Søren Richter lowered the Norwegian flag atMyggbukta. He had been in the group that raised the flag therein 1931.

Bjørn Staib’s Nanok expedition with Bjørn Reese was to followNansens exact route over Greenland, using 16 dogs and two sleds.They arrived 31 days later with one dog.

On November 5th, 21 miners lost their lives in an accident in theKings Bay Kull Company mining complex at Ny-Ålesund. In theaftermath of information-gathering and investigation, this so-calledKings Bay incident caused the resignation of the Norwegiangovernment and Prime Minister Gerhardsen. Furthermore, miningoperations in Ny-Ålesund were closed down permanently.

Bjørn Staib began his expedition from Alert, Canada, and plannedto cross the Arctic Ocean on skis and with the help of dogs. He hadto give up after major delays, and he was mocked by some peoplein Norway for not having upheld the proud Norwegian polar tradi-tion.

A North American group led by Ralph Plaisted left Ward Hunt Islandnear Ellesmere Island on snow scooters, bound for the North Pole.All four were picked up at the North Pole by plane. It was probablythe first expedition which had reached the North Pole, traveling onthe ice. (In 1937, the Russian Ivan Papanin’s expedition had landedby plane at 89° 43’ N, having flown from Franz Josef Land. In 1948,another group of Russian airmen stood at the North Pole.)

The British Trans-Arctic Expedition, led by Wally Herbert, leftfrom Barrow, Alaska, with 40 dogs and four sleds, to cross the ArcticOcean via the North Pole. The four men stayed the winter on theice, and they reached the pole the following year, before theycontinued on to Svalbard. Provisions were brought by plane tothem along the route.

Japanese Naomi Uemura traveled alone, by dog sled, fromEllesmere Island to the North Pole. He was flown back to thenorthern coast of Greenland; and from there, he traveled all theway to the south coast.


1959

1962

1962

1964

• 1968

• 1968–69

• 1978

Ragnar Thorseth’s North Pole snow scooter expedition left fromEureka on Ellesmere Island on March 4th, with three scooters andsix sleds. The expedition reached the polar point on April 29th,and received air-dropped provisions along the way. The return wasby plane. This was the first Norwegian expedition to reach theNorth Pole, traveling on the ice.

Frenchman Jean-Louis Etienne marched alone to the North Pole,receiving regular provisions, air-dropped along the way. An eight-person team led by Will Steger and Paul Schurke drove dog sledsto the North Pole without outside support. Ann Bancroft partici-pated, and she became the first woman ever to reach the North Pole.

Erling Kagge, Børge Ousland, and Geir Randby made the firstunsupported ski expedition to the North Pole. They started fromEllesmere Island on March 8th. Kagge and Ousland reached thepolar point on May 4th. Randby had injured his back along theway and was rescued by plane. This led to complaints that the teamhad received outside assistance. Kagge and Ousland were pickedup by plane after they had reached the North Pole.

Sjur and Simen Mørdre, Australian Mike McDowel, and CanadianMartyn Williams went to the North Pole from Ward Hunt Islandin Canada. They had dogs flown in halfway through the journey,and they reached the North Pole; apparently they were the 18th

expedition to do so, according to the publication, Polarboken. TheMørdre brothers became the first Norwegians to have skied to theNorth and the South Poles, and the first to have been on bothexpeditions within less than a one-year interval.

On June 9th, the Norwegian Parliament adopted a resolution tomove the Norwegian Polar Institute from Oslo to Tromsø, andfinally closed down the Oslo office, in 1998.

Canadian Richard Weber and Russian Mikhail Malakhov wentfrom Ward Hunt Island, in Canada, to the North Pole; and thenback. They became the first to have traveled on the ice both ways,assuming that Cook and Peary did not reach the polar point.

A resolution was passed to establish UNIS, the University Studieson Svalbard, and it began operations in Longyearbyen.


1982

• 1986

1990

1992

1993

• 1993

1993

In March to April, Børge Ousland was the first person to go aloneto the North Pole without outside support. He started at SevernayaZemlya and was picked up from the North Pole by plane.

Rune Gjeldnes and Torry Larsen were the first to ski straight acrossthe Arctic Ocean, without receiving any additional provisions alongthe way. They left from Severnaya Zemlya north of Siberia, andwent to Ward Hunt Island in Canada.

Børge Ousland was the first to cross the Arctic Ocean alone. Heleft from Cape Artisjeskij, a northern point in the archipelago ofSevernaya Zemlya north of Siberia. It took him 82 days to reachWard Hunt Island, Canada. He gave up on the ‘unsupported’conditions when he had to switch sleds after only a few days.

Børge Ousland and South African Mike Horn were the first to goto the North Pole in the middle of the winter. They reached thepolar point on March 23rd after having left Cape Artisjeskij onSevernaya Zemlya on January 23rd.

Antarctica

Vessels from several nations explore around the unknown conti-nent in the south, and seal hunting began on the islands aroundthe Antarctic.

Probably the first sighting of land in Antarctica. The BritishWilliams exploration party led by Captain William Smith disco-vered the northwest coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. The RussianVostok and Mirnyy expedition led by Thaddeus ThadevichBellingshausen sighted parts of the continental coast (DronningMaud Land) without recognizing what they had seen. They disco-vered Peter I Island in January of 1821.

James Clark Ross sailed with the Erebus and the Terror throughthe ice in the Ross Sea, and mapped 900 kilometres of the coast.He discovered Ross Island and Mount Erebus.

Financed by Chr. Christensen from Sandefjord, C. A. Larsen sailed


1994

2000

2001

2006

• Late 18th

century

• 1820

• 1841

1892–93

the Jason in search of new whaling grounds. The first fossils inAntarctica were discovered on Seymour Island, and the eastern partof the Antarctic Peninsula was explored to 68° 10’ S. Large stocksof whale were reported in the Antarctic and near South Georgia,and this discovery paved the way for the large-scale whaling indus-try and activity in the south.

C. A. Larsen embarked on a new exploration trip with the Jason,financed by Chr. Christensen.

Svend Foyn ofTønsberg sponsored a combined whale-hunting andexploratory expedition to the Ross Sea, during which Henrik Bull,Carsten Borchgrevink, Leonard Kristensen and five others landedon Possession Island near Victoria Land and on Cape Adare onJanuray 24th, 1895. For a long time this was claimed to be the firstlanding on the Antarctic continent, but it probably was the fourth.The rock and lichen they collected indicated that vegetation couldsurvive in Antarctica.

The Sixth International Geographical Congress meeting in Londonapproved a resolution that scientific societies around the worldshould try to focus on the exploration of Antarctica.

The so-called ‘heroic age’ which brought forth legendary polarheroes and their great accomplishments, such as: Robert F. Scott(1901–04 and 1910–13), Ernest Shackleton (1907–09 and1914–16), Otto Nordenskjöld (1901–04), Erich von Drygalski(1901–03), Jean Charcot (1903–05), Wilhelm Filchner (1911–12),Douglas Mawson (1911–14), William Speirs Bruce (1902–04),and others, in addition to the Norwegians who are mentionedbelow.

Roald Amundsen was first mate on the Belgian Antarctic expedi-tion aboard the Belgica, led by Adrien de Gerlache. The ship wasoriginally the Norwegian Patria; the crew included three Belgiansand five Norwegians, and among them was 17-year-old JohanKoren. Aside from Amundsen, the officers were Belgian, and theexpedition included scientists from Belgium, Poland, Romania,and the U.S.A. This was the first, though unplanned, expeditionthat wintered in Antarctica.


1893–94

1893–95

• 1895

• 1895–1922

1897–99

Carsten Borchgrevink’s British Antarctic Expedition with the ColinArcher barque, the Pollux, which was re-christened the SouthernCross. The ship had a crew of 19, of which 18 were Norwegian, andthe steward was a Swede. The ten-man wintering group that stayedon Cape Adare was comprised of Borchgrevink, three scientistsfromTasmania and England, plus the following Norwegians: zoolo-gist Nicolaj Hanson, medical doctor Herlof Kløvstad, scientificassistant Anton Fougner, and assistant Kolbein Ellefsen, as well astwo Norwegian Sami: Ole Must and Per Savio. Hanson becameill and died during the winter stay, and became the first man tobe buried in Antarctica. This expedition was the first plannedwintering in Antarctica, and the first on land. The stay provideda lot of interesting scientific data and observations, not least thatit was possible to stay the winter on such an inhospitable continent.En route home, the Bay of Whales (Hvalbukta) in the Ross Ice Shelfwas discovered, which Amundsen later remembered. A short skiand dog sled trip inland on the ice shelf provided useful informa-tion for later expeditions.

Nils Otto Gustav Nordenskjöld led the Swedish ‘South Pole expedi-tion’ with Carl Anton Larsen as captain of the ship, the Antarctic.Half of the crew was Norwegian. Nordenskjöld stayed the winterwith five others on Snow Hill on the Antarctic Peninsula. Mean-while, the Antarctic spent the winter near Tierra del Fuego, theFalkland Islands, and South Georgia.The Antarctic did not manageto reach Snow Hill the next winter, and three men were set ashoreat Hope Bay in order to march to Snow Hill. They did not managethe trip, and had to remain for the winter with minimal provi-sions at Hope Bay. The Antarctic was screwed down into the ice,and the crew had to stay the winter in a stone hut on Paulet Island.All three groups were saved by the Argentinean naval vesselUruguay in November 1903.

Adolf Amandus Andresen who had emigrated to Chile, beganmodern whaling in the south by harpooning a whale in theMagellan Strait. In 1905, he established the Magellan WhalingSociety (Sociedad Ballenera de Magellanes), which lasted until 1914.

C.A. Larsen established the Argentinean whaling company, calledCompañia Argentina de Pesca, and set up a station in South Georgiaat Grytvika. He took his family with him to the station. This


1898–1900

1901–04

1903

1904–05

marked the beginning of the modern Antarctic whaling industry,and the importance of South Georgia as the base for Norwegianwhalers.

A/S Ørnen, from Sandefjord and owned by Chr. Christensen, util-ized the Admiralen, the first modern factory ship in the southernhunting grounds. The expedition hunted near the Falkland Islandsand the South Shetland Islands.

Adolf Amandus Andresen used Whalers Bay on Deception Islandfor the first time, as a base for a factory ship. He took his spousewith him. The company used the bay for ten years, and WhalersBay became the most important factory ship harbour in the area.

The French-Norwegian whaling and elephant seal-hunting stationwas established in Port Jeanne d’Arc on Îles Kerguelen, in theSouthern Ocean. The buildings were prefabricated and transpor-ted there from Norway. The station was used for only a few years.

Roald Amundsen’s South Pole expedition. The expedition travel-ed on the Fram and constructed its base, Framheim, on the RossIce Shelf at the Bay of Whales. The Fram sailed as far south aspossible in the bay, and thus became the ship which had sailedfarthest north and south of any in the world. Amundsen, OlavBjaaland, Helmer Hanssen, Sverre Hassel and Oscar Wisting werethe first to reach the South Pole, on December 14th, 1911; and theybeat Robert Scott’s expedition by one month. The Scott expeditionmembers died on their return trip. Kristian Prestrud and HjalmarJohansen explored King Edward VII’s Land. Under the commandof Captain Thorvald Nilsen, the Fram conducted oceanographicstudies in the South Atlantic Ocean.

Twenty-one-year-oldTryggve Gran was a member of Robert Scott’sAntarctic expedition as a skiing expert. He was among the groupthat discovered the bodies of Scott, Bowers and Wilson inNovember 1912.

A/S Hektor from Tønsberg established a land station in WhalersBay on Deception Island. The buildings were prefabricated andtransported from Norway. The station was operative every seasonuntil 1931.


1905–06

1906–07

1908–09

1910–12

1910–13

1912–13

The Norwegian Church in Grytvika, South Georgia, was conse-crated.

Petter Sørlie got a Norwegian patent for the slip stern haul, whichwas used to pull whales aboard factory ships. The equipment wasfirst utilized in the Antarctic aboard Lancing in 1925–26. Thesystem dramatically increased catch and production figures.

Lars Christensen’s scientific expedition with Odd I, led by EyvindTofte, was sent to Peter I Island, but was unable to land.

Financed by Lars Christensen, the first Norvegia expedition wasundertaken. Norway annexed Bouvet Island on December 1st, 1927,which was officially ratified by royal Resolution on January 23rd,1928. The island was declared to be under Norwegian sovereigntyon February 27th, 1930. Oceanographer Haakon Mosby was thescientific leader of the expedition, and geologist Olaf Holtedahl wasamong the participants.The expedition conducted biological, geolo-gical, oceanographic and cartographic data collection and research.In cooperation with the whaling fleet, Holtedahl and Ole Olstadwere able to conduct geological and zoological observations onthe South Shetland Islands and the Palmer Peninsula.

The second Norvegia expedition led by Captain Nils Larsen andDr. Ole Olstad visited Bouvet Island and carried out the firstlanding on Peter I Island on February 2nd, 1929. The island wasannexed by Norway, and this was ratified by Royal Resolution onMay 1st.

The third Norvegia expedition was led by Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen,with Captain Nils Larsen. The expedition used planes, piloted byRiiser-Larsen and Finn Lützow-Holm, for reconnaissance andmapping. Bouvet Island was photographed from the air, and thewest coast of Enderby Land on the Antarctic continent was mappedfrom the air. Riiser-Larsen and Lützow-Holm landed on a smallisland off Cape Ann, and annexed that part of the continent inthe name of Norway. In 1933, that was defined as within theAustralian sector claim, and Norway made no official protests.

Bernt Balchen was first pilot on Richard Byrd’s Antarctic expedi-tion, which on November 29th became the first to fly over the South


1913

1922

1926–27

1927–28

1928–29

1928–29

1929

Pole. Balchen became an American citizen in 1931. (In 1949, heflew the first transpolar flight from Alaska, over the North Poleto Norway. Thus, he became the first person in the world to haveflown over both poles.)

The Norvegia made its fourth and last expedition to Antarctica.Nils Larsen was again captain, and the first part of the expeditionwas led by Gunnar Isachsen, the second by Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen.They circumnavigated the continent on the first part of the expedi-tion. Reconnaissance flights were undertaken under Riiser-Larsen’scommand. Princess Ragnhild Coast was annexed by Norway onFebruary 17th, 1931, and the area became part of the DronningMaud Land annexation, which was approved by Parliament in 1939.

This was the best whaling season ever in the Antarctic, in termsof total whale oil production. The Norwegian whaling fleet wasresponsible for the discovery of many new territories and formapping activity.

Most of the world whaling fleet was laid up because of overproduc-tion and the Great Depression. The majority of the land stationsin and around Antarctica were closed for good, and quota systemswere established.

Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen led his own expedition to the Antarctic,which was to have traveled by dogsled along the coast from EnderbyLand to the Weddell Sea. Participants were Hallvard Devold andOlav Kjelbotn. They were landed on the ice near land, but the icebroke up during the course of the first night; and the men driftedaway on one ice floe, while the dogs floated off on another. Riiser-Larsen was able to use the short-wave radio to call the whalingfleet for assistance, and the men and four dogs were rescued.

Lars Christensen, aboard the Thorshavn, with Captain KlariusMikkelsen, circumnavigated the Antarctic and conducted mappingreconnaissance across the continent by airplane. Christensen sentseveral research and airplane mapping expeditions to Antarcticain the 1930’s.

On February 20th, whaling Captain Klarius Mikkelsen aboardThorshavn, landed on Ingrid Christensen Land, which is located in


1930–31

1930–31

1931–32

1932–33

1933–34

1935

today’s Australian sector claim. Christensen’s wife, Caroline, wason the trip and became the first woman to land on the Antarcticcontinent itself.

On January 14th, Dronning Maud Land was annexed by Norway,just before a German expedition arrived in the area.

The Norwegian Whaling Companys’ Association sent a scientificexpedition to Antarctica with the Brategg, to several areas includingPeter I Island and Deception Island. Captain Nils Larsen and scien-tific leader Holger Holgersen led the trip, which conducted ocean-ographic and geological exploration and zoological studies.

Finn Rønne, who had became an American citizen, led his ownscientific expedition to the Antarctic Peninsula. His wife Edith(Jackie) and Jennie Darlington became the first women to staythe winter in the Antarctic.

The Norwegian Polar Institute organized the Norwegian-Swedish-British Antarctic expedition, which was led by John Giæver, andwhich traveled aboard the Norsel. The expedition base, Maudheim,was established on Dronning Maud Land in February 1950. Fifteenmen stayed the winter for the first season, and 17 wintered the nextyear; but three of these died in an accident at the end of February.The expedition conducted geophysical, geological and mappingwork on dogsled forays and by plane.

The Norwegian expedition Norway Station was conducted inconnection with The International Geophysical Year (IGY). Theexpedition went to Dronning Maud Land, and was organized bythe Norwegian Polar Institute and led by geodesist Sigurd Helle.The Polarbjørn and the Polarsirkel transported the participants andequipment south, and the Polarbjørn handled the return trip. Forthe first two years, 14 men stayed the winter, and the third yearnine wintered at the station. Sigurd Helle, geophysicist TorgnyVinje, and John Snuggerud were the only participants to havestayed the entire time. The work was conducted in accordance withthe IGY programme, and the team did a lot of mapping, on dogsled trips and by plane.


1939

1947–48

1947–48

1949–52

1956–60

The International Geophysical Year (IGY) was held from July 1st,1957 to December 31st, 1958. This was a worldwide cooperativeprogramme in which 66 nations participated. Twelve nationsestablished stations in the Antarctic and on the sub-Antarctic islands.This marked a watershed in Antarctic history because national andinternational research programs with permanent bases, modernequipment and transportation dominated the arena. Internationalcooperation led to development of the AntarcticTreaty in 1959.TheCommonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition, led by Vivien Fuchsand Sir Edmund Hillary, crossed the entire continent.

The Special Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) wasestablished, and Norway became a participant.

The AntarcticTreaty was signed in Washington, D.C., on December1st, and Norway was one of the twelve signatories.The treaty is validfor the region south of 60° S, and does not take a standpoint onterritorial claims. At the same time, the treaty guarantees free accessfor scientific activities, no military activity except as logistics insupport of science, and a free flow of information regarding theseactivities. The treaty went into effect on June 23rd, 1961.

Swede Lars-Eric Lindblad started the cruise business to theAntarctic Peninsula.

This was the last season of operations for Kosmos IV, the largestNorwegian whaling factory.

The British Trans-Globe Expedition, led by Sir Ranulph Fiennes,crossed the continent by snow scooter, going from Dronning MaudLand to Ross Island.

British Robert Swan and two others followed in Scott’s footsteps,on his route to the South Pole on foot and pulling sleds.

Monica Kristensen led a dog sled expedition to follow Amundsen’sroute to the South Pole. The expedition was transported to andfrom the Antarctic aboard the Aurora, while provisions and depotswere flown in from New Zealand. The four participants, includinga British glaciologist and two Danish dog sleders, had to turnaround at 85° 59’ S.


• 1957–58

• 1958

1959

• 1965

1967–68

• 1980

• 1985–86

1986–87

The summer base, Troll, was established at Jutulsessen in DronningMaud Land. Scientific work was conducted in Dronning MaudLand and on South Georgia.

Logistic cooperation with Sweden and Finland initiated in 1990ensured greater continuity in regular Norwegian Antarctic ResearchExpeditions (NARE). Each country in turn was responsible foran annual Nordic expedition.

Ralph Høibakk, Herman Mehren, Simen and Sjur Mørdre wentby dog sled from Berkner Island in the southern part of the WeddelSea, to the South Pole. Photographer Hallgrim Ødegaard joinedthe trip along the way. The Mørdre brothers and Ødegaard contin-ued without dogs to McMurdo.

The Nordic Antarctic expedition, with over 100 participants,coordinated by the Norwegians, traveled on the Polarbjørn andthe Lance, to Dronning Maud Land. The ornithological base, Tor,was established at Svarthamaren.

Erling Kagge was the first person to reach the South Pole alone.He started from Berkner Island in the southern part of the WeddelSea on November 18th, and reached the South Pole on January 7th,1994, having completed the journey without outside support.

Monica Kristensen led her third expedition (prior expeditions werein 1986–87 and in 1991–92) in order, among other things, tofind Amundsen’s tent from his South Pole expedition. The parti-cipants, who were to drive to the South Pole by snow scooter,encountered an expanse of fissures. In a serious accident, two parti-cipants fell into cracks in the glaciers. One was rescued six hourslater, while Jostein Helgestad could not be saved. The expeditionwas halted, and the survivors had to be saved by a rescue team sentfrom New Zealand, the U.S.A., and the company, AdventureNetwork International.

Liv Arnesen was the first woman to ski alone to the South Pole. Shestarted at Hercules Inlet at the southern end of the Weddel Seaon November 5th, and reached the South Pole on December 24th,without having received supplies along the way. She was flown out.


1989–90

1990–91

1990–91

1992–93

1993–94

1993–94

1994

Cato Zahl Pedersen, skiing together with Harald Hauge and LarsEbbesen, became the first handicapped person (one entire arm anda lower arm had been amputated) to ski to the South Pole. Theyleft Berkner Island on November 4th, and reached the South Poleon December 27th, without having had provisions supplied alongthe way. They were flown out.

Børge Ousland was the first person to cross the entire Antarcticwithout outside assistance. He skied 2,845 kilometres, leaving fromBerkner Island on November 15th, and arriving at Scott Base inMcMurdo on January 17th.

Rolf Bae and Eirik Sønneland stayed the winter with two othersat the Norwegian Troll station, before they started out on thelongest, unsupported ski trip to that time. It was 3,800 kilome-tres long, from the coast of Dronning Maud Land, across the SouthPole, to McMurdo; and the journey took 105 days.

The Norwegian research base, Troll, was expanded and convertedinto a year-round base. It was inaugurated by Queen Sonja onFebruary 12th. A 3,000-meter air strip on the blue ice nearby wasofficially opened on the same day.

Rune Gjeldnes skied alone and without outside assistance for 4,808kilometers from Novolazarevskaja toTerra Nova Bay.The trip, fromNovember 6th to February 3rd, took 90 days.

1994

1996–97

2000–01

2005

2005–06

The pioneers

The lodya is a Russian river and coastal vessel. The term is also used to describesailing vessels that were used in the Pomor Trade in Northern Norway untilWorld War I.

A roadstead is a protected harbour-like area.

Pomors refers to Russians who lived in the White Sea area, and who were knownas skillful fishermen and hunters. The term comes from the Russian wordpomorye, ‘the land beside the sea’; Pomors means ‘coast-dwellers’.

Matka is the old Pomor name for Novaya Zemlya. Matka Strait is the same asthe Matthew Strait, the term which is sometimes mentioned in English sources.

An iceblink is a luminosity in the sky, near the horizon, caused by the reflectionof light from an expanse of ice.

Aurora is a luminous atmospheric phenomenon, now considered to be of electri-cal character, occurring in the vicinity of the earth’s northern or southern magne-tic pole. It is visible at times, by night, over more or less of the adjoining hemi-sphere. In popular terms it is called the Northern or Southern Lights.

A serac is a pointed mass or pinnacle of ice left standing among the crevassesof a glacier.

A dragstert in Norwegian is a kind of pulling hook often used on hunting expedi-tions in the ice. A seal pickaxe was the most important implement for a sealhunter. It was five feet long, with a long spike on one end, and a short hammeron the other. It was useful when jumping from ice floe to ice floe, but was mainlyused for killing seal pups by smashing the spike into the pup’s head.

s o m e b a c k g r o u n d i n f o r m a t i o n a n d t e r m s 509

SOME BACKGROUNDINFORMATION AND TERMS

Nunataks are mountain tops and bedrock knobs that rose above the surround-ing glaciated area.

The heroes

A hummock is a low ridge or bump in an ice field.

The entrepreneurs

A flenser’s job was to cut up an animal, such as a whale, and take out the‘valuable’ blubber.

The explorers

Dead reckoning is used in navigation, often at sea (though it was also used onland). Generally, a position is calculated by using compass readings and distan-ce traveled, instead of relying on celestial observation. It is used, for examplein fog or bad weather.

Duraluminium or duralumin is the name for a number of heat-treatablewrought aluminum alloys containing copper and other elements. These arecomparable to mild steel in strength and hardness, but are much lighter. Theywere first produced in Germany.

Playing with the big boys

A radiosonde is a small package of meteorological instruments, carried throughthe atmosphere by balloon or other means. It automatically transmits measure-ments of conditions at various heights by radio.

510 s o m e b a c k g r o u n d i n f o r m a t i o n a n d t e r m s

The authors and their contributions

This book is a condensed and edited version of the three-volume work: Norwegian PolarHistory (Norsk polarhistorie). These three volumes consist of the following contributions:

Volume I: The ExpeditionsA ‘polar nation’? By Einar-Arne Drivenes and Harald Dag Jølle

The era of heroesChapter 1: The enigmas of the ‘polar regions’. By Urban WråkbergChapter 2: Three giants among men. By Atle NæssChapter 3: A matter of honour for our nation. By Narve Fulsås

The flightChapter 4: Amundsen and his aeronauts. By Roald Berg

The memoriesChapter 5: Racing in old tracks. By Matti GoksøyrChapter 6: Polar heroes – memories and monuments. By Anne EriksenChapter 7: Expeditions and events. By Susan Barr

Volume II: The Sciences

Polar researchChapter 1: The mapmakers. By Geir Hestmark

A polar powerChapter 2: Nansenism. By Robert Marc FriedmanChapter 3: Arctic imperialism. By Einar-Arne DrivenesChapter 4: North Pole neighbors. By Harald Dag Jølle

Polar cooperationChapter 5: Playing with the big boys. By Robert Marc FriedmanChapter 6: Global health as viewed from the poles. By Dag O. Hessen

Volume III: The Wealth

Into the iceChapter 1: The first Arctic town. By Thor B. ArlovChapter 2: The Arctic Ocean is there to harvest. By Jens Petter Nielsen

There for the takingChapter 3: Mining communities in the Arctic. By Bjørg EvjenChapter 4: The brave, free life in the wilderness. By Marit Anne Hauan

c o n t r i b u t i o n s 511

CONTRIBUTIONS

Chapter 5: Streets of gold. By Åsa ElstadChapter 6: The first Norwegian oil era. By Åsa Elstad

New boundariesChapter 7: A greedy hunting nation? By Åsa Elstad and Bjørn-Petter FinstadChapter 8: Coal mining and the Cold War. By Thor B. Arlov and Alf Håkon HoelChapter 9: An Arctic fishing superpower. By Bjørn-Petter Finstad and Alf Håkon HoelChapter 10: Polar tourism. By Åsa Elstad

This condensed version incorporates the original contributions as follows:

Chapter 1: The pioneers is based on Jens Petter Nielsen’s ‘The Arctic Ocean is there to harvest’and Atle Næss’ ‘Three giants among men’. Some segments also draw upon Thor B. Arlov’s‘The first Arctic town’ and Geir Hestmark’s ‘The mapmakers’.

Chapter 2: The heroes is based on Urban Wråkberg’s ‘The enigmas of the “polar regions”’, AtleNæss’ ‘Three giants among men’, and Narve Fulsås’ ‘A matter of honour for our nation’.

Chapter 3: The entrepreneurs is based on Åsa Elstad’s ’Streets of gold’, Marit Anne Hauan’s‘The brave, free life in the wilderness’, Bjørg Evjen’s ‘Mining communities in the Arctic’, andÅsa Elstad’s ‘The first Norwegian oil era’.

Chapter 4: The explorers is based on Robert Marc Friedmann’s ‘Nansenism’, Atle Næss’ ‘Threegiants among men’, Harald Dag Jølle’s ‘North Pole neighbors’, Narve Fulsås’ ‘A matter of honourfor our nation’, and Roald Berg’s ‘Amundsen and his aeronauts’. Some passages are drawn fromGeir Hestmark’s ‘The mapmakers’.

Chapter 5: The conquerors is based on Einar-Arne Drivenes’ ‘Arctic imperialism’.

Chapter 6: Playing with the big boys is based on Robert Marc Friedmann’s chapter of the sametitle and Dag O. Hessen’s ‘Global health as viewed from the poles’.

Chapter 7: A greedy hunting nation? is based on Åsa Elstad and Bjørn-Petter Finstad’s chapterof the same title.

Chapter 8: New frontiers, new borders is based on Thor B. Arlov and Alf Håkon Hoel’s ‘Coal-mining and the Cold War’ and Bjørn-Petter Finstad and Alf Håkon Hoel’s ‘An arctic fishingsuperpower’.

Chapter 9: Memories is based on Matti Goksøyr’s ‘Racing in old tracks’ and Anne Eriksen’s ‘Polarheroes – memories and monuments’.

Chapter 10: Expeditions and events is based on Susan Barr’s contribution with the same title.

512 c o n t r i b u t i o n s

Abramson, Howard S. 1991: Hero in disgrace. The life of Arctic explorer Frederick A. Cook, New York.Abs, Otto 1929: Untersuchungen über die Ernährung der Bewohner von Barentsburg, Svalbard, Oslo.Adas, Michael 1989: Machines as the Measure of Men. Science,Technology, and Ideologies ofWestern

Dominance, Ithaca.Agøy, Nils Ivar 1997: Militæretaten og «den indre fiende» fra 1905–1940, Oslo.Ahlmann, Hans Wilhelmson 1945: Organisationen av Sovjetunionens arktiska forskning,

Polarårboken 1945, Oslo.Ahlmann, Hans W:son 1948: Den planerade norsk-svensk-brittiska Antarktis-expeditionen

1949–52, Ymer, Stockholm.Aksnes, Dag and Kirsten W. Maus 2003: Norge – mer enn vaktmester i eget hus. Forsknings-

politikk, NIFU 2/2003.Aksnes, Dag and Kirsten W. Maus 2003: Norsk polarforskning – forskning på Svalbard. NIFU-

rapport 8/2003.Alexander, Caroline 1999: Endurance. Shackletons legendariske ekspedisjon til Antarktis, Oslo.AMAP (Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme) Assessment Report 1998: Arctic

Pollution Issues, AMAP.Amundsen, Birger 1989: De ulykkelige to, Svalbardboka 3, Oslo.Amundsen, Birger 2001: Svarthvitt, Oslo.Amundsen, Leiv 1957–1960: Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. 1857–1957. I–II, Oslo.Amundsen, Leiv 1961: Det juridiske fakultet. Lærere og forskning. Universitetet i Oslo 1911–1961,

OsloAmundsen, Leiv 1972: Instituttet for sammenlignende kulturforskning 1922–1972, Oslo.Amundsen, Roald 1907: Nordvestpassasjen, Kristiania.Amundsen, Roald 1908: Plan for en polarfærd 1910–1917, Norsk geografisk tidsskrift, Kristiania.Amundsen, Roald 1912: Sydpolen. Den norske Sydpolsfærd med Fram 1910–1912, Oslo.Amundsen, Roald 1921: Nordostpassagen. Maudferden langs Asiens kyst 1918–1920, Kristiania.Amundsen, Roald 1925: Gjennem luften til 88° nord. Amundsen–Ellsworths polflyvning 1925, Oslo.Amundsen, Roald and Lincoln Ellsworth 1926: Den første flukt over polhavet, Oslo.Amundsen, Roald 1927: Mitt liv som polarforsker, Oslo.Amundsen, Roald, N. Russeltvedt and Aa. Graarud 1930: The scientific results of the Norwegian

Arctic expedition in the Gjøa 1903–1906, under the conduct of Roald Amundsen. 3.Terrestrialmagnetism photograms. Geofysiske publikasjoner 8, Oslo.

Amundsen, Roald 1932: The scientific results of the Norwegian Arctic expedition in the Gjøa1903–1906, under the conduct of Roald Amundsen. 1. Geofysiske publikasjoner 6. No. 1, Oslo.

Amundsen, Roald, A.S. Steen, N. Russeltvedt and K.F. Wasserfall 1933: The scientific resultsof the Norwegian Arctic expedition in the Gjøa 1903–1906, under the conduct of Roald

BIBLIOGRAPHY

b i b l i o g r a p h y 513

Amundsen. 2. Terrestrial magnetism. Geofysiske publikasjoner 7.Andersen, B.G. 1992: Jens Esmark – a pioneeer in glacial geology. Boreas 21: 97–102.Andersen, B.G. 2000: Istider i Norge, Oslo.Andersen, Håkon With 1994: Samfunnsborger eller lykkelig soldat i modernitetens armé? Norske

ingeniører i hundreåret rundt 1900 – et perspektiv. In Kjeldstadli, Knut et al. (eds.), Formingenav industrisamfunnet i Norden fram til 1920, Oslo.

Andersson, Alexander C. 1872–73:The Rationale of an Open Polar Sea in the North Polar RegionConsidered with Reference to Analogous Developments during Winter in the Interior Lakesof North America, Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society 17, London.

Andolf, Göran 1990: Turismen i historien. In Löfgren, Orvar (ed.): Längtan til landet annor-lunda. Om turism i historia och nutid, Svenska turistrådet, Stockholm.

Andreassen, Alf 1976 (1936): Ishavet fra dag til dag. Ei dagbok fra ishavet vinteren 1936, Årbokfor Senja (Senja Yearbook), Stonglandseidet.

Andresen, Astri 1994: Handelsfolk og fiskerbønder. 1794–1900. Tromsø gjennom 10 000 år,Tromsø.Angell, Svein Ivar 1994: Frå splid til nasjonal integrasjon. Norsk nasjonalisme i mellomkrigstida,

KULTs skriftserie no. 29 (periodical series, number 29).Anonymous 1847: Forhandlinger ved de skandinaviske Naturforskeres fjerde Möde, i Christiania

den 1–18 Juli 1844, Christiania.Archer, C. 1900: The Fram, vol. 1, part 1. (16p + 3 Plates). Fridtjof Nansen (ed.): The Norwegian

North Polar Expedition 1893–1896. Scientific Results, Christiania, London, New York,Bombay, Leipzig.

Arctic Climate Impact Assessment 2004: Final Report, Cambridge.Arcus (Arctic Reseach Consortium for the U.S.) 1998: Towards Prediction of the Arctic System,

Fairbanks.Arcus (Arctic Reseach Consortium for the U.S.) 2000: Opportunities for Collaboration between

the United States and Norway in Arctic Research. A Workshop Report, Fairbanks.Arild, Ferd. R. 1999: Tømmermann på Svalbard. Om hangaren til luftskipet Norge og andre for-

tellinger, Bodø.Arlov, Thor Bjørn 1994: A short history of Svalbard, 2nd edition, Oslo.Arlov,Thor Bjørn 1994: Ishavsfangsten fra Bergen 1672–1807. Doctoral dissertation, Universitetet

i Trondheim.Arlov, Thor Bjørn 1996: Svalbards historie 1596–1996, Oslo (revised edition, Trondheim 2003).Arlov, Thor Bjørn and Holm, Arne O. (eds.) 2001: Fra company town til folkestyre. Samfunnsbygging

i Longyearbyen på 78º nord, Longyearbyen.Arlov, Thor Bjørn (ed.) 2003: Universitetet på tundraen. UNIS 1993–2003. Longyearbyen.Arnesen, Liv 1995: Snille piker går ikke til Sydpolen, Oslo.Arnesen, Odd and Einar Sem-Jacobsen 1930: Til veirs på norske vinger. Del I: I drager, ballonger

og fly, by Einar Sem-Jacobsen, OsloArnesen, Odd 1926: «Norge»-færden bak kulissene, Oslo.Arnesen, Odd 1929: Roald Amundsen som han var, Oslo.Astrup, Eivind 1895: Blandt Nordpolens Naboer, Kristiania.Ausland, John C. 1986: Nordic Security and the Great Powers, Boulder and London.Backe-Hansen, B. 1947: Svend Foyn, Oslo.Bakka, Dag jr. 1992: Hvalfangsten. Eventyret tar slutt, Larvik.Balchen, Bernt 1958: Kom nord med meg, Oslo.Balstad, Liv 1955: Nord for det øde hav, Bergen.Balsvik, Randi Rønning 1989: Vardø. Grensepost og fiskevær 1850–1950, vol. 1, Vardø/Stavanger.Balto, Samuel J. 1980: Med Nansen over Grønlandsisen i 1888. Min reise fra Sameland til Grønland,

Tromsø–Oslo–Bergen.Bancroft, Ann and Liv Arnesen, with Cheryl Dahle 2003: No Horizon Is So Far. An extraordinary

514 b i b l i o g r a p h y

Journey across Antarctica, Cambridge, Mass. (quote from the manuscript).Bang, Karin 1978, 1981: Jutøy 1–2, Oslo.Barkham, Selma Huxley 1984: The Basque Whaling Establishments in Labrador 1536–1632

– A Summary, Arctic, vol. 37, no. 4.Barnard, Alan 2000: History and Theory in Anthropology, Cambridge.Barr, Susan 1991 (new edition 2003): Jan Mayen. Øyas historie gjennom 1500 år, Oslo.Barr, Susan 1992: «Turistfotografier» fra Svalbard. In Bildet lever! Bidrag til norsk fotohistorie, Oslo.Barr, Susan 1996: Fram mot Nordpolen. En hundreårsbragd. Fram-ferden 1893–96, Oslo.Barr, Susan 1998: Den første overvintring i Antarktis, Aftenposten 18.12, Oslo.Barr, Susan 2001: Norwegian use of the polar oceans as occupational arenas and exploration

routes, Polar Record 37, Cambridge.Barr, Susan 2003: Norway – A Consistent Polar Nation? Analysis of an image seen through the

history of the Norwegian Polar Institute, Høvik 2003.Beardsley, Martyn 2002: Deadly Winter. The Life of Sir John Franklin, Annapolis, Maryland.Beattie, Owen et al. 1987: Frozen in Time. The Fate of the Franklin Expedition, London.Beck, H. 1959–61. Alexander von Humboldt. I–II. Wiesbaden.Bendixen, O. 1930: Grønlandsfiskeriet. Dets Historie og Fremtidsmuligheder, Copenhagen.Bengtson, Sven-Aksel, Fridtjof Mehlum and Torbjørn Severinsen (eds.) 1999: Svalbardtundraens

økologi. Norsk Polarinstitutt, Tromsø.Berg, Henry 1941: Trondhjems sjøfart under eneveldet 1660–1814, Trondhjems sjøfartsmuseums

årsskrift (Trondheim Maritime Museum, annual periodical), 1938–41, Trondheim.Berg, Kjell 1987: Fangstmannsberetninger. En analyse med vekt på mannsrolla. Master’s essay in

Nordic Studies, University of Tromsø.Berg, Kjell 2003: Alt vel ... Fangst og eventyr i isen, Tromsø.Berg, Roald 1995: Norge på egen hånd 1905–1920, vol. 2 in Norsk utenrikspolitikks historie,

Oslo.Berg, Roald 1996: Diplomati 1905–1918. In Christensen, Olav and Audhild Skoglund (eds.),

Nansen ved to århundreskifter, Oslo.Berg, Roald 2001: Profesjon, union, nasjon. 1814–1905, vol. 2 in Norsk forsvarshistorie, Bergen.Berg, Roald, Bjørg Evjen, Kjell Prytz, Helge Tangen, Kjell Lutnes, Knut Hoff and Per Arvid

Pettersen 2003: Latham-forliset. Rapport fra en ekspertgruppe, Bodø: Norsk Luftfartsmuseum(The Norwegian Aviation Museum).

Bergersen, Alf 1957: Kartlegging i Dronning Maud Land, Polarårboken 1957, Oslo.Bergersen, Birger 1931: Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Haut einiger Pinnipedien. Unter besonderer

Berücksichtigung der Haut Phoca groenlandica, Skrifter utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi (published by the Norwegian Academy of Science), Oslo.

Bergersen, Birger 1948: Er det ønskelig å opprette et selfangstråd? Ministry of Fisheries. Memo fromthe meeting regarding seal hunting, October 25th and 26th, Oslo.

Berggrav, Eivind 1937: Spenningens land. Visitas-glimt fra Nord-Norge, Oslo.Bergh, Richard 1981: Ein gong ei ishavsbygd, Herøy kulturstyre, Fosnavåg.Berner, Boel (ed.) 2003: Vem tillhör tekniken? Kunskap och kön i teknikens värld, Lund.Berner, Boel 1996: Sakernas tillstånd. Kön, klass, teknisk expertis, Stockholm.Beronka, Johan 1933: Vadsø bys historie. Med spredte bidrag til Varangers historie, Vadsø.Berry, W.B.N. 1987: Growth of a Prehistoric Time Scale Based on Organic Evolution. Palo Alto –

Oxford.Berset, Odd 1953: Hilmar Nøis. Storjegeren fra Svalbard, Bergen.Berton, Pierre 1988: The Arctic Grail. The Quest for the North West Passage and the North Pole,

1818–1909, New York.Bing, K. 1896: Nordpolfarernes Triumftog ved Hjemkomsten til Norge 1896. Bladmeddelelser og

bladreferater, Kristiania.


Binney, George [1925]: With seaplane and sledge in the Arctic, London.Birkeland, Kristian 1901: Expédition Norvegienne 1899–1900 Pour L’Étude des Aurores Boréales.

Résultats des Recherches Magnétiques. Videnskabs-Selskabets Skrifter, 1. Math.-naturv. Klasse,1901, no 1, Kristiania.

Birkeland, Kristian 1908: The Norwegian Aurora Polaris Expedition 1902–1903, vol. I, Kristiania,Leipzig, London, New York and Paris.

Bjerck, Hein B. 1999: Prosjekt Steinalder på Svalbard. Revurdering av tidligere funn og resultaterfra nye feltundersøkelser, Sysselmannens rapportserie (Report series from the office of theDistrict Governor of Svalbard), no. 1/1999, Longyearbyen.

Bjerck, Hein and Leif Johnny Johannessen 1999: Virgohamna. I lufta mot Nordpolen. Syssel-mannens publikasjoner (Publications from the office of the District Governor of Svalbard),Longyearbyen.

Bjørge, Johan and Gorgus Coward 1954: Norsk lesebok for framhaldsskolen, vol. 2, Oslo.Bjørgo, Narve, Øystein Rian and Alf Kaartvedt 1995: Selvstendighet og union. Fra middelalde-

ren til 1905, vol. 1 Norsk utenrikspolitikks historie, Oslo.Bjørnsen, Vidar 2003: Naturvitenskap og politikk. Den norske Nordhavsekspedisjonen 1876–78.

Master’s essay in history, University of Tromsø.Blankesteijn, Herbert and Louwrens Hacquebord 1993: God and the Arctic Survivors, New

Scientist 138, no. 1867, London.Bliksrud, L., G. Hestmark and T. Rasmussen 2002: Vitenskapens utfordringer, vol. IV Norsk

idéhistorie. Oslo.Blix, Arnoldus S., LarsWalløe and Øyvind Ulltang (eds.) 1995: Whales, seals, fish and man, Amsterdam.Blom, Ida 1973: Kampen om Eirik Raudes Land. Pressgruppepolitikk i grønlandsspørsmålet

1921–1931, Oslo.Bloom, Lisa 1993: Gender on Ice. American Ideologies of Polar Expeditions, Minneapolis–London.Bloom, Lisa 1998: Science and Writing. Two National Narratives of Failure. In Lenoir, Timothy

(ed.), Inscribing Science. Scientific Texts and the Materiality of Communication, Stanford.Bobe, L. 1944: Hans Egede: Grønlands missionær og kolonisator. Meddelelser om Grønland 129,

Copenhagen.Boe, Liv Hilde and Ingrid Lowzow 1989: Det gamle skomakeri. Institutt for etnologi, University

of Oslo and the Akershus Trade Union Museum, Oslo.Boeck, C.P.B. 1860: Om Tubularia regalis, en ny Art fra Bellsund paa Spitsbergen. Forhandlinger

i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania 1859.Bogen, Hans 1933: Linjer i Den norske hvalfangsts historie, Oslo.Bogen, Sverre 1967: Rallarliv i nord, Oslo.Bomann-Larsen, Tor 1993: Den evige sne. En skihistorie om Norge, Oslo.Bomann-Larsen, Tor 1995: Roald Amundsen. En biografi, Oslo.Bomann-Larsen, Tor 2002: Kongstanken. Haakon og Maud, vol. I, Oslo.Borch, Trude 1997: Kampen om naturen. Miljødiskurs på Svalbard – «Europas siste villmark».

Master’s essay in social anthropology, University of Tromsø.Borchgrevink, Carsten E. 1905: Nærmest Sydpolen Aaret 1900, Copenhagen and Kristiania.Bourdieu, Pierre 1996: De symbolske goders økonomi. In Bourdieu, Symbolsk makt, Oslo.Bowler, Peter J. 1989: Evolution. The History of an Idea, Berkeley.Boylan, P.J. 1998: Lyell and the dilemma of Quaternary glaciation. In Blundell, D. J. and A.C.

Scott 1998. Lyell. The Past is the Key to the Present. Geological Society Special PublicationNo. 143. London, The Geological Society.

Brandal, Trygve 1981: Frå fjørestein til fjerne farvatn. Fiske og fangst i Hareid og Ulstein ca.1880–1920. Master’s essay in history, University of Bergen.

Bravo, Michael 1992: Science and Discovery in the Admiralty Voyages to the Arctic Regions in Searchof a North-West Passage (1815–1825), Ph.D. Thesis, Darwin College, Cambridge University.


Bravo, Michael and Sverker Sörlin (eds.) 2002: Narrating the Arctic. A Cultural History of NordicScientific Practices, Canton, Mass.

Brekke, Asgeir 1982: Haldde – arnested for den moderne nordlysforskning, Årbok for Alta (AltaYearbook). Alta.

Brekke, Asgeir 2002: Article about Ole Andreas Krogness in Norsk biografisk leksikon, Oslo.Brekke, Asgeir and Alv Egeland 1979: Nordlyset. Fra mytologi til romforskning, Oslo.Brinner, Ludwig 1913: Die deutsche Grönlandsfahrt, in the series Abhandlungen zur Verkehrs-

und Seegeschichte, published by D. Schäfer, vol. VII, Berlin.Broberg, Gunnar 1995: Statlig rasforskning. En historik över Rasbiologiska institutet, Lund.Broby-Johansen, Rudolf 1953: Kropp og klær, Oslo.Bronken, Kjell 1982: Eventyrlig isferd. På ski over Grønland 93 år etter Nansen. En beretning fra

norsk-finsk transgrønlandsekspedisjon 1981, Oslo.Brown, Robert Neal R. 1933: Recent Polar Work. Some Criticisms, Polar Record 1, Cambridge.Bruaset, Oddgeir 1999: Sunnmøre og sunnmøringen, Oslo.Bryce, Robert M. 1997: Cook & Peary. The Polar Controversy, resolved. Mechanicsburg.Bryn, Halvdan 1925: Menneskerasene og deres utviklingshistorie, Oslo.Brøgger, A.W. 1917: Redskaper og vaaben. In Visted, K. (ed.), Kulturens historie, Kristiania.Brøgger, A.W 1937: Opdagelsenes nye århundre, Norsk geografisk tidsskrift, Oslo.Brøgger, W.C. 1893: Ud med Æresskillingen! Article in the newspaper Verdens Gang June 3rd,

1893.Brøgger, W.C. 1893: I Nansens Hjem. Article in the newspaper Verdens Gang June 24th, 1893.Brøgger, W.C. 1894: Ombord på «Fram». Articles in the newspaper Verdens Gang, no. 145,

146, 147, 148, 149, 151, 152.Brøgger, W.C. 1921: Fridtjof Nansens Fond til Videnskabens Fremme 1896–1921. Kristiania.Brøgger, W.C. and Nordahl Rolfsen 1896: Fridtjof Nansen 1861–1893, Copenhagen.Buch, L.v. 1810: Reise durch Norwegen und Lappland. Berlin.Buch, L.v. 1846: Über Spirifer Keilhavii, über dessen Fundort und Verhältnis zu ähnlichen Formen.

Dissertation for der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1.Buck, Christopher Lorentz 1877–78: En gammel Hammerfestborgers efterladte optegnelser.

From the newspaper Finmarksposten December 8th, 1877 and January 12th, 1878.Bugge, Alexander 1898: Vore forfædres opdagelsesreiser i polaregnene, Kringsjaa.Bulatov, Vladimir. 1997: Russkij Sever, vol. 1: Predislovie, Arkhangelsk.Bull, Edvard d.y. 1979: Klassekamp og fellesskap 1920–1945, vol. 13 in Knut Mykland (ed.):

Norges historie, Oslo.Burke, David 1994: Moments of Terror. The Story of Antarctic Aviation, London.Burke, W. 1995: International Fisheries Law, Oxford.Burnham, Dave 2000: Cooling Memories? Why We Still Remember Scott and Shackleton,

The Historian. The Magazine of the Historical Association 65, London.Byrd, Richard Evelyn 1928: Skyward, New York–London.Bø, Sindre, Eirik Sønneland and Rolf Bae 2001: Trollbundet. En liten saga om en lang tur, Sandnes.Børde, Haakon (ed.) 1983: Svalbard og havområdene, Oslo.Børresen, Dag Ingemar 1999: Blant pingviner, sel og ruiner. Inntrykk fra en reise til Syd Georgia,

Ambra. Sandefjordmuseene årbok (Sandefjord Museums, Yearbook), Sandefjord.Børresen, Dag Ingemar 2001: Med hvalbåten «Silva» ved Syd Shetland, Ambra. Sandefjordmuseene

årbok (Sandefjord Museums, Yearbook), SandefjordBørresen, Dag Ingemar 2003: Forlis og ulykker under 1920-tallets isfangst. Et mørkt kapittel i

hvalfangsthistorien, unpublished manuscript.Børretzen, Odd 1968 (1991): Det norske folks bedrøvelige liv og historie. The ’talking book’ edition

from 1991.Baardseth, Helge 1992: Reisen går til Svalbard, Oslo.


Cannon, S.F. 1978: Science in Culture. The Early Victorian Period, New York.Capell Brooke, A. de 1827: A Winter in Lapland and Sweden with various Observations relating

to Finmark and its Inhabitants, London.Capell Brooke, A. de 1936: En engelskmanns skildringer fra Finnmark for vel 100 år siden, ved

A.B. Wessel, Kirkenes.Capelotti, Peter J. 1999: By Airship to the North Pole. An Archaeology of Human Exploration,

New Brunswick.Carlsen, Elling 1875: Optegnelser fra den østerrigsk-ungarske polarexpedition (1872–1874),Tromsø.Carlyle, Thomas 1888: Om herosdyrkelse eller store mænd, deres væsen og betydning. Translated

by Vilhelm Troye, Bergen.Carter, Paul 1999: Dark with Excess of Bright. Mapping the Coastlines of Knowledge. In Cosgrove,

Denis (ed.), Mappings, London.Castberg, Frede 1971: Minner om politikk og vitenskap fra årene 1900–1970, Oslo.Cawood, J. 1977: Terrestrial Magnetism and the Development of International Collaboration

in the Early Nineteenth Century. Annals of Science 34: 551–587.Cawood, J.1979. Magnetic Crusade. Science and Politics in Early Victorian Britain. Isis 70.Chorley, R.J., A.J. Dunn and R.P. Beckinsale 1964: The history of the study of landforms or the

development of geomorphology, vol. 1, London.Christensen, C. 1913: Den danske botaniske litteratur 1880–1911, Copenhagen.Christensen, Chr. R.A. 1961: Fridtjof Nansen. Et liv i vitenskapens og menneskehetens tjeneste (there

is also an English edition), Oslo.Christensen, Pål 1983: En eksklusiv prateklubb? Bedriftsutvalget ved Store Norske Spitsbergen

Kulkompani A/S 1967–79. Master’s essay in history, University of Tromsø.Christensen, Pål and Abraham Hallenstvedt 1984: Notfiskarsamskipnaden 1934–1984. Faglig

og økonomisk organisering gjennom 50 år, Trondheim.Christensen, Pål 1991: En havenes forpester – et kjempestinkdyr. Om trålspørsmålet i Norge før andre

verdenskrig, Historisk Tidsskrift, no. 4.Christensen, Pål 1995: Ishavsfolk, arbeidsfolk og fintfolk 1900–1945, vol. 3 Tromsø gjennom 10 000

år, Tromsø.Churchill, Robin and Geir Ulfstein 1992: Marine Management in Disputed Areas. The Case of

the Barents Sea, London.Churchill, Robin 1996: Norway – Supreme Court Judgement on Law of the Sea Issues. The

International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, vol. 11, no 4.Clarke, Basil 1964: Polar Flight, London.Collett, John Peter 1995: Space in European Context. The Making of a National Space Research

Policy. In Collett, John Peter (ed.), Making Sense of Space. The History of Norwegian SpaceActivities, Oslo.

Collett, John Peter 1999: Historien om Universitetet i Oslo, Oslo.Connell, R.W. 1999 (1995): Maskuliniteter, Göteborg.Conway, William Martin 1906: No Man’s Land. A History of Spitsbergen from its Discovery in 1596

to the Beginning of the Scientific Exploration of the Country, Cambridge.Corn, Joseph J. 1983: The Winged Gospel. America’s Romance with Aviation, 1900–1950, New

York.Cunliffe, B. 2001: Facing the Ocean. The Atlantic and its Peoples, Oxford.Dahl, Hans Fredrik 2000: De store ideologienes tid 1914–1955, vol. 5 in Eriksen, Trond Berg

and Øystein Sørensen (eds.), Norsk idéhistorie, Oslo.Dahl, Odd 1981: Trollmann og rundbrenner. As told to Jan H. Landro, Oslo.Dahl, Ottar 1970: Norsk historieforskning i 19. og 20. århundre, Oslo.Dahle, Kolbein (ed.) 2000: Kulturminneplan for Svalbard, Sysselmannens rapportserie (Report

series from the office of the District Governor or Svalbard) no. 2/2000.


Dale, Jon 1994: Velferd på Vest-Grønland, Ålesund.Dalgård, Sune 1962: Dansk-norsk hvalfangst 1615–1660. En studie over Danmark–Norges stilling

i europæisk merkantil expansion, Copenhagen.Dalhaug, Ole (ed.) 1997: Den 17de mai. Rasmus Steinsvik 1863–1914 [no place of publication

noted].David, Robert G. 2000: The Arctic in the British Imagination, 1818–1914, New York.Dawkins, W.B. 1867: Memoirs on the British Fossil Ox, The Quarterly Journal of the Geological

Society of London, vol. XXIII, LondonDe Jong, Cornelis 1972: Geschiedenis van de oude Nederlandse walvisvaart, vol. I: Grondslagen,

ontstaan en opkomst, 1612–1642, Pretoria.De Jong, Cornelis 1978: Geschiedenis van de oude Nederlandse walvisvaart, vol. II: Bloei en achter

uitgang, 1642–1872, Johannesburg.De Jong, Cornelis 1979: Geschiedenis van de oude Nederlandse walvisvaart, vol. III: Noten bij

deel twee, tabellen, grafieken, bijlagen, Johannesburg.Dechen, H.v. 1853: Leopold von Buch. Sein Einfluss auf die Entwicklung der Geognosie, Bonn.Dennis, Michael Aaron 2003: Earthly Matters: On the Cold War and the Earth Sciences, Social

Studies of Science, 33 no. 5, London.Dettelbach, M. 1996: Humboldtian science. In Jardine, N., J.A. Secxord and E.C. Spary (eds.),

Cultures of Natural History, Cambridge.Devig, Thor N. 1982: Fagbevegelsen og hvalfangerne 1920–1935. Master’s essay in history,

University of Oslo.Devik, Olaf 1958: Eulogy for Professor Harald U. Sverdrup, The Norwegian Academy of Sciences

in Oslo. 1958 Yearbook, Oslo.Devik, Olaf 1971: Blant fiskere, forskere og andre folk, Oslo.Devold, Finn 1947: Fiskeriene ved Vestgrønland, Fiskets Gang, no. 44 and 45.Devold, Finn 1949: Svalbard–Grønlandstoktet 1948, Årsberetning vedk. Norges fiskerier, no. 7, Bergen.Devold, Hallvard 1940: Polarliv, Oslo.DeVorkin, David H. 1992: Science with a Vengeance. How the Military Created the US Space

Sciences after World War II, New York.Dodds, Klaus 2002: Pink Ice. Britain and the South Atlantic Empire, London and New York.Doel, Ronald E. 1997:The Earth Sciences and Geophysics. In Krige, John and Dominique Pestre

(eds.), Science in the Twentieth Century, London.Doel, Ronald E. 2000: Polar Melting When the Cold War was Hot, San Francisco Examiner,

October 23rd.Doel, Ronald E. 2003: Constituting the Postwar Earth Sciences. The Military’s Influence on

the Environmental Sciences in the USA after 1945, Social Studies of Science, 33 no. 5, London.Dons, J.A. 1998: Geologen B.M. Keilhau 1797–1858. In Guleng, M.B. and K.M. Paulsen:

Fra Mester Geble til Charles Darwin. Oslo.Drivenes, Einar-Arne 1985: Fiskarbonde og gruveslusk, Tromsø.Drivenes, Einar-Arne 1989: Norsk polarforskning på 1900-tallet. Unpublished manuscript,

Tromsø.Dufferin, Frederick Temple Blackwood 1857: Letters from high latitudes; being some account of

a voyage in the schooner yacht «Foam», 85° m. to Iceland, Jan Mayen, and Spitzbergen, in 1856,London.

Døving, Sverre 1998: S/s «Ris» sin siste seilas. In Landmark and Landmark (eds.).Edson, E. 1997: MappingTime and Space. How Medieval Mapmakers viewed theirWorld. London.Egeland, Alv 1994: Kristian Birkeland. Mennesket og forskeren, OsloEifring, Aage 1951: Nordmenn fra pol til pol, Oslo.Eiken, Ole 1998: «Jopeter» kapret av engelsk marine. In Landmark and Landmark (eds.).Ekenstam, Clas 2000: Manlighetens kriser & kransar. Mansbilder och känsloliv vid tre sekel-


skiften. In Göransson, Anita (ed.), Sekelskiften och kön. Strukturella och kulturella övergångarår 1800, 1900, 2000, Stockholm.

Ekenstam, Clas et al. (ed.) 2001: Sprickor i fasaden. Manlighet i förändring, Hedemora.Elgarøy, Ø. 1997: Christopher Hansteen (1784–1873). In Vitenskapelige profiler på 1800-tallet.

Forum for universitetshistorie, Skriftserie (periodical series) 1/1997: 8–34.Ellefsen, Einar S. and Odd Berset 1957: Veslekari. En fortelling om is og menn, Bergen.Ellsworth, Lincoln 1940: Hinsides horisonten. Oslo.Elstad, Åsa 1991: Mentalitet og økonomi – Nord-Noreg 1750–1950, Historisk Tidsskrift no. 4.Elstad, Åsa 2002: Arbeidsliv i fiskarbondehushald. Kulturelle perspektiv på sosialisering og kjønns-

identitet. Bø og Hadsel i Vesterålen 1870–1970. Doctoral dissertation for Ph.D., Universityof Tromsø.

Elton, Charles 1930: Animal Ecology and Evolution, Oxford.Emmelin, Lars 2000: Naturvård på Svalbard, særtrykk av Fjällklubbens årsbok 1988–89, Östersund.Engelhardt, A.P. 1899: A Russian Province of the North, London.Engja, Johan 1953: Selfangst. In Luihn, Hans (ed.): Norges næringsliv. En beskrivelse av vårt

næringslivs oppbygging og utvikling, Arbeidernes Opplysningsforbund, Oslo.Eriksen, Knut Einar and Helge Øystein Pharo 1997: Kald krig og internasjonalisering. 1949–1965,

vol. 5, Norsk utenrikspolitikks historie, Oslo.Eriksen, Knut Einar 1989: Svalbardspørsmålet fra krig til kald krig. In Bergh, Trond and Helge

Øystein Pharo (eds.), Historiker og veileder. Festskrift til Jakob Sverdrup, Oslo.Eriksen,Thomas Hylland and Finn Sivert Nielsen 2002: Til verdens ende og tilbake. Antropologiens

historie, Oslo.Eriksson, N. 1991: «I Andans Kraft, på Sannings Stråt». De skandinaviska naturforskarmötena

1839–1936. Gøteborg.Eskilsson, Lena 1996: Manlighet och det nordliga rummet. Kulturella perspektiv 1/1996, Stockholm.Esmark, J. 1824. Bidrag til vor Jordklodes Historie. Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne. (Anden

Aargangs förste Bind – vol. 1 of the second year’s edition) [3]: 28–49.Evensen, Karin H. 2000: Fra Haugesund til isødet i Antarktis. En hvalfanger forteller, Haugesund.Everest, Robert. 1829: A Journey through Norway, Lapland and Part of Sweden, London.Evjen, Bjørg 1993: Utenlandske naboer ved Isfjorden på Svalbard, Ottar no. 4, Tromsø.Evjen, Bjørg 1995: Longyearbyen 1916–1975. Fra arktisk arbeidsplass til etablert industrisamfunn?

Doctoral dissertation in history, University of Tromsø.Evjen, Bjørg 1995: Longyearbyen 1916–1975. Høy gjennomtrekk og høy fortjeneste for svalbard-

arbeiderne, geografisk eller politisk betinget? In Sørheim and Johannessen (eds.), Svalbard– fra ingenmannsland til del av Norge, Trondheim.

Evjen, Bjørg 2001: Store Norskes by. Longyearbyen 1916–1976. In Arlov, Thor B. and ArneO. Holm: Fra company town til folkestyre, Samfunnsbygging i Longyearbyen på 78 grader nord,Longyearbyen.

Fagerli, Torkel 1985–86: Kaptein C.A. Larsen. Mannen som grunnla den moderne hvalfang-sten i Sydishavet, Polarboken, Oslo

Farstad, Arnold 2001: Mysteriet i Vestisen. Selfangsttragedien som lamslo nasjonen, Oslo.Farstad, Arnold 2002: Første fiskebåt til Vest-Grønland. Faustina-ekspedisjonen i 1924, Bergen.Fasting, Kåre 1959: Fra Kontraskjæret til Tokio. Norsk sivilflyging gjennom 50 år, Oslo.Feeney, Robert E. 1998: Polar Journeys. The Role of Food and Nutrition in Early Exploration,

Washington and Fairbanks.Finne, Henrik 1939: Farve og form på hvalfeltet, Polarårboken, Oslo,Fjørtoft, Kjell 1995: Kongen av Sassen Bay. Fangstfolkenes historie, Oslo.Florelius, Sten and Øyvin Aarflot (eds.) 1959: Norges Røde Kors legebok, Oslo.Fløistad, Brit 1995: Hvalen – ressurs og politikk. Historisk overblikk, Vestfoldminne 1995,Tønsberg.Fogg, Gordon Elliott 1992: A History of Antarctic Science, Cambridge.


Forbes, J.D. 1853: Norway and its Glaciers visited in 1851; followed by Journals of Excursions inthe High Alps of Dauphiné, Berne, and Savoy, Edinburgh.

Forman, Paul 1987: Behind Quantum Electronics. National Security as the Basis for PhysicalResearch in the United States, 1940–1960, Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, 18, Berkeley.

Fosheim, Ivar 1994: Storvilt og nytt land. Med polarskuta «Fram» til Nordvest-Grønland1898–1902, edited and with an introduction by Susan Barr, Oslo.

Fosli, Halvor 1996: Kvite kull og svarte får. Ingeniørar i norsk skjønnlitteratur, Oslo.Fossen, Anders B. 1979: Bergen bys historie, vol. II, Bergen.Franklin, Sir John 1998: Journey to the Polar Sea, Bonn.Freuchen, Peter 1934: Knud Rasmussen som jeg husker ham. Fortalt for ungdommen, Copenhagen.Friedman, Robert Marc 1989: Appropriating the Weather. Vilhelm Bjerknes and the Construction

of a Modern Meteorology, Ithaca, NY and London.Friedman, Robert Marc 1994: The Expeditions of Harald Ulrik Sverdrup. Contexts for Shaping

an Ocean Science, San Diego, California.Friedman, Robert Marc 1995: Background to the Establishment of Norsk Polarinstitutt. Postwar

Scientific and Political Agendas, The Northern Space. International Research Network on theHistory of Polar Science, Working Paper no. 2, Umeå; in a shorter version in Sørheim, Rogerand Leif Johnny Johannesen (eds.), Svalbard – fra ingenmannsland til del av Norge,Trondheim.

Friedman, Robert Marc 1995: Civilization and national honour. The rise of Norwegian geophys-ical and cosmic science. In Collett, John Peter (ed.): Making sense of space. The history ofNorwegian space activities, Oslo.

Friedman, Robert Marc 1996: National Honour, Manly Heroes and The Rise of Norwegian PolarGeophysics. Northern Space. The International Research Network on the History of PolarScience, Oslo.

Friedman, Robert Marc 2001: The Politics of Excellence. Behind the Nobel Prize in Science, New York.Friedman, Robert Marc 2004: The aesthetics and cultural politics of sky-scapes. Reflections on

clouds and aurora as constituents in regional identity [in Italian] in Pancaldi, Giuliano (ed.),Natura, cultura, appratenenza. Identità culturali europee, Bologna [in the process of beingpublished].

Fries, Thore Magnus, and Carl Nyström 1869: Svenska Polar-expeditionen år 1868 med krono-ångfartyget Sofia. Reseskizzer, Stockholm.

Frydenlund, Knut 1982: Lille land – hva nå? Oslo.Frängsmyr,Tore 1976: Upptäckten af istiden. Studier i den moderna geologins framväxt. Stockholm.Frängsmyr, Tore 1984: Vetenskapsmannen som hjälte. Stockholm.Frängsmyr, Tore 1985: Otto Torell. (Gestalter i svensk lärdomshistoria 2). Lychnos, 73–88.Frängsmyr,Tore (ed.) 1989: Science in Sweden. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 1739–1989.

Canton, Mass.Frängsmyr, Tore 2000: Svensk idéhistoria. Bildning och vetenskap under tusen år. I–II. Uppsala.Frängsmyr, Tore 1984: Vetenskapsmannen som hjälte. Aspekter på vetenskapshistorien, Stockholm.Fuglum, Per 1975: Ullmann, Viggo, Norsk biografisk leksikon, vol. XVII, Oslo.Fuglum, Per 1978: Norge i støpeskjeen 1884–1920, vol. 12 in Mykland, Knut (ed.), Norges histo-

rie, Oslo.Fulsås, Narve 1993: Universitetet i Tromsø 25 år, Tromsø.Fulsås, Narve 2003: Havet, døden og vêret. Kulturell modernisering i Kyst-Noreg 1850–1950, Oslo.Fure, Odd-Bjørn 1996: Mellomkrigstid. 1920–1940, vol. 3 Norsk utenrikspolitikks historie, Oslo.Furevik, T., Drange, H. and Sorteberg, A. 2002: Anticipated changes in the Nordic seas marine

climate. Scenarios for 2020, 2050, and 2080, Bergen.Gad, Finn 1969: Grønlands historie, II: 1700–1782, Copenhagen.Gad, Finn 1976: Grønlands historie, III: 1782–1808, Copenhagen.Garborg, Arne 1925: Dagbok 1905–1923, vol. III, Oslo.


Garborg, Arne 1980 (1895): Friedrich Nietzsche, Verk, vol. 11, Oslo.Garnett, E. 1968: To Greenland’s icy mountains. The story of Hans Egede. Explorer, colonizer,

missionary, London.Geelmuyden, H. 1901: Astronomical Observations, vol. II, part 6. (136p + 2 charts). Fridtjof

Nansen (ed.): The Norwegian North Polar Expedition 1893–1896. Scientific Results.Christiania, London, New York, Bombay, Leipzig.

Gerhardsen, Gerhard Meidell 1946: Våre fiskerier. I mellomkrigstida, Sak og samfunn, no. 6, Chr.Michelsens Institute, Bergen.

Giæver, John 1939: Den norske fangstvirksomheten på Østgrønland. Publikationer om Østgrønland(publications on Eastern Greenland) No. 8, Copenhagen.

Giæver, John and Valter Schytt 1952: Antarktisboken. Med Norsel till Maudheim och Antarktis.Med bidrag av F. Roots, G. de Q. Robin, och R. von Essen, Stockholm.

Giæver, John 1952: Maudheim. To år i Antarktis. Den norsk-britisk-svenske vitenskapelige ekspe-disjon til Antarktis 1949–52. Med bidrag av Valter Schytt, E.F. Roots, Gordon de Q. Robin,og Reinhold von Essen, Oslo.

Giæver, John 1954: TheWhite Desert.The Official Account of the Norwegian-British-Swedish AntarcticExpedition. Med bidrag av G. de Q. Robin, E.F. Roots, V. Schytt, og B. Walford, London.

Giæver, John 1957: Hardbalne polarkarer, Oslo.Giæver, John 1966: Da «Isflora» ikke forliste. In Freske fyrer på fangst, Oslo.Giæver, Magnus 1944: Turister og jegere i ishavet, Oslo.Gjelstenli, Iver 1988: Arne Randers Heen, Oslo.Gjertz, Ian and Berit Mørkved 1998: Norwegian Arctic Expansionism, Victoria Island (Russia)

and the Bratvaag Expedition. Arctic vol. 51, no. 4 (December 1998): 330–335.Gjesdal, Carl O. Gram 1976: Store Norske. Bilder fra historien om en svalbardbedrift, Bergen.Gjessing, Gutorm and Marie Krekling Johannessen 1957: De hundre år. Universitetets etnografiske

museums historie 1857–1957, Oslo.Globus. Illustrierte Zeitschrift für Länder und Völkerkunde, 1894, Braunschweig.Godwin, Joscelyn 1993: Arktos.The Polar Myth in Science, Symbolism, and Nazi Survival, London.Goetzmann, William H. 1966: Exploration and Empire. The Explorer and the Scientist in the

Winning of the American West, New York.Goksøyr, Matti 1994: Winter Sports and the Creation of a Norwegian national identity at the

turn of the 19th Century. In Goksøyr, M., G. v.d. Lippe and K. Mo (eds.), Winter Sports.Warm Traditions, Oslo.

Gran, H. H. 1904: Diatomaceæ from the Ice-Floes and Plankton of the Arctic Ocean, vol. IV,part 11 (74p + 3 Plates). Fridtjof Nansen (ed.): The Norwegian North Polar Expedition1893–1896. Scientific Results. Christiania, London, New York, Bombay, Leipzig.

Gran, Tryggve 1945: Slik var det. Fra kryp til flyver, Oslo.Gran, Tryggve 1979: Mitt liv mellom himmel og jord, Oslo.Greve, Tim 1973–74: Fridtjof Nansen, 2 vols., Oslo.Grierson, John 1964: Challenge to the Poles. Highlights of Arctic and Antarctic Aviation, London.Griffin, Roger (ed.) 1995: Fascism, Oxford.Grimstad, Jarl 1995: Fangst i ishavet, Folk og Fortid, Tidsskrift for Herøy sogelag, Herøy.Grytten, Harald 2002: Vartdal Fiskeriselskap i 80 år, Ålesund.Grønlie, Tore 1981: Staten og Store Norske 1961–63, Historisk Tidsskrift no. 3, Oslo.Grønneberg, Elin et al. 2000: Spor etter Fridtjof Nansen. En bibliografi. Master’s essay, Oslo

University College.Grønningseter, T. 2001: Christopher Hansteen og framveksten av norsk astronomi i begynnelsen

av det 19. århundre. Oslo, Forum for universitetshistorie. Originally a master’s essay in astro-physics, University of Oslo, 1982.

Grønseth, Jan 1994: Friluftsliv på Svalbard, Alta.


Guldber, G. and F. Nansen 1894: On the Development and Structure of the Whale. 1. On theDevelopment of the Dolphin. Sub-part II. 1. On the Development of Lagenorhyncus acutusGray. Bergens Museums Skrifter 5 (Bergen Museum periodical no. 5).

Guttridge, Leonard F. 1986: Icebound. The Jeannette Expedition’s Quest for the North Pole,Annapolis, Maryland.

Guttridge, Leonard F. 1987: Icebound.The Jeannette Expedition’s Quest for the North Pole, Shrewsbury.Guttridge, Leonard F. 2000: Ghosts of Cape Sabine. The Harrowing True Story of the Greely

Expedition, New York.Gynnild, Olav 2002: Den hvite ørnen. Himmelseileren Roald Amundsen, Bodø.Günther, S. 1900: A.v. Humboldt, L.v. Buch. Berlin.Habberstad, Merete 1995: Myten om polfareren. En studie av pressedekningen av fire polar-

ekspedisjoner gjennom hundre år. Master’s essay in media studies, University of Oslo.Hacquebord, Louwrens 1984: Smeerenburg. Het verblijf va Nederlandse walvisvaarders op de

westkust va Spitsbergen in de zeventiende eeuw (Mededeling nr. 9 van het Arctisch Centrum– Report no. 9 from the Arctic Center), Groningen.

Hacquebord, Louwrens & Wim Vroom 1988: Walvisvaart in de Gouden Eeuw. Opgravingen opSpitsbergen, Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum/Arctisch Centrum (the Arctic Center).

Haeckel, Ernst 1866: Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Allgemeine Grundzüge der organis-chen Formen-Wissenschaft, mechanisch begründet durch die von Charles Darwin reformierteDescendenz-Theorie, Berlin.

Haeckel, Ernst 1870: Das Leben in den grössten Meerestiefen. Vortrag, gehalten am 2. März1870 im akademischen Rosensaale zu Jena. Sammlung gemeinverständlicher wissenschaft-licher Vorträge herausgegeben von Rud. Virchow and Fr. v. Holtzendorff. Berlin. V. Serie(p. 513–556), Heft 110, 43 pp.

Hagemann, Gro 1997: Det moderne gjennombrudd 1870–1905, vol. 9 in Helle, Knut (ed.), AschehougsNorgeshistorie, Oslo.

Hagemann, O.A. 1888: Ishavsfangst fra Hammerfest i forrige Aarhundrede, Skilling-Magazin,vol. 81, Kristiania.

Hagen, Rune 2000: Utforsking av Europas nordgrense, Historie, no. 3.Hagland, Jan 1983: Oljealder. In Børde (ed.).Hall, Thomas F. 1917–21: Has the North Pole Been Discovered?, 2 vols., Boston.Hallenstvedt, A. 1982: Med lov og organisasjon, Tromsø.Hammer, R.R.J. 1883: Undersøgelser ved Jakobshavn Isfjord og nærmeste Omegn iVinteren 1879–80.

Meddelelser om Grønland 4 (Reports on Greenland no. 4): 1–67, Copenhagen.Handlerkatalogen Norge Nr. 31 Vinteren 2001/02, Bergen: Filatelistisk forlag. (Stamp collec-

tors’ catalogue published by the stamp collectors’ association.)Hanoa, Rolf 1993: Kings Bay Kull Comp. A/S 1917–1992. Fra gruvedrift til forskningsservice på

Svalbard, Oslo.Hanrahan, Michael 1991: The Embodiment of Mechanical Perversity. A Fascinating Account

of the Motorised Sledge Used during Sir Ernest Shackleton’s Antarctic Expedition of1914–17, Stationary Engine 212, Oct.

Hansen, A.M. 1890: Strandlinje-studier. Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab (Archivesfor Mathematics and Natural Sciences)14: 254–343; 15: 1–96.

Hansen, Jan Ingar 2001: Oscar Wisting. Amundsens mest betrodde mann, Oslo.Hansen, Kjell Håkon 2000: Utviklingen av den moderne norske småhvalfangsten ca. 1930–1945.

En studie med utgangspunkt i Nordland fylke. Master’s essay in history, University of Tromsø.Hansen, Lars 1939: Beitsaren, Oslo.Hansen, Lars Ivar 1992: Just K. Qvigstad’s Contribution to the Study of Sami Culture, Acta

Borealia, no. 2, Tromsø.Hansen, Odd Magnus Heide 1998: Ishavsskutenes historie. Fangstkulturen som ble borte, vol. 2,Tromsø.


Hanssen, Helmer 1941: Gjennem isbaksen. Atten år med Roald Amundsen (originally publishedin English in 1936, Norwegian edition for young people published in 1953, German editionin 1955), Oslo.

Hansteen, C. 1819: Untersuchungen über den Magnetismus der Erde. 1. Die mechanischenErscheinungen des Magneten. Christiania.

Hansteen, C. 1823: Om Antallet og Beliggenheden af Jordens magnetiske Poler. Magazin forNaturvidenskaberne 1: 1–46.

Hansteen, C. 1823: Videnskabelig Reise igjennem Sibirien. Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne 1:172–173.

Hansteen, C. 1832: Om Jordens Magnetiske Intensitets-System. Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne11: 1–17.

Hansteen, C. 1859: Reise-Erindringer. Christiania.Hauan, Marit Anne 1988: Fangstmannen og tida, Tromura, kulturhistorie no.11, Tromsø Museum.Hauan, Marit Anne 1988: Kvinner på fangst eller fangstkvinner, Ottar no. 4, Tromsø.Hauan, Marit Anne 1989: «Og jeg husker mang en kvinne», Svalbardboka 3, Oslo.Hauan, Marit Anne 1989: Fangstfolk og fangsttid, Tradisjon no. 19, Tromsø.Hauan, Marit Anne 1991: «No er du kommet i det kar du skal barkes», Tradisjon no. 21, Tromsø.Hauan, Marit Anne 1991: Menn, vennskap og ladde gevær. Vennskap i overvintringslivet på

Svalbard, Ume-etnologi no. 20, Umeå.Hauan, Marit Anne 1992: «Wanny har bakt, også har hun skutt 3 stormåser», Kvinnfolk på tvers,

Oslo.Hauan, Marit Anne 1993: Svalbard – det lovløse landet eller den organiserte allmenning? Norveg

36, no.1, Oslo.Hauan, Marit Anne 1994: Helten min heter Henry Rudi, Tradisjon no. 24, Tromsø.Hauan, Marit Anne 1996: Fri og vill? Overvintringsfangstens kulturelle betydning, Ottar no.

210, Tromsø.Hauan, Marit Anne 1999: Det arktiske stedet mellom erfaring og ideologi, Stedet som kulturell

konstruksjon, No. 27, Skriftserie fra Historisk Institutt (Historic Institute publication series),Trondheim.

Hauan, Marit Anne and Per Kyrre Reymert 2002: Ny-Ålesund – fortellinger fra gruveliv påSvalbard, Tromsø Museums skrifter XXIX (Tromsø Museum publications), Tromsø.

Hauge, Odd Harald 1995: Cato mot Sydpolen, Oslo.Haugen, Kjersti 1992: «– mer lønsomt at pløie sjøen end den magre landjorden». Levekår og

tilpasningsstrategier på Veierland i hvalfangstperioden 1925–70. Master’s essy in ethnology,University of Oslo.

Hauglid, Anders Ole 1981: Fram mot økt sjølstyre. 1830–1920, vol. 2 Balsfjorden og Malangenshistorie, Storsteinnes.

Headland, R.K. 1993: Chronological List of Antarctic Expeditions and Related Historical Events,Cambridge. Reader’s Digest’s Antarctica, 1985/1998.

Hegge, Per Egil 1996: Otto Sverdrup. Aldri rådløs, Oslo.Heimtun, Bente and Birgit Abelsen 2000: Gjesteundersøkelse Svalbard 2000. Finnmarksforskning,

report 2000: 8, Alta.Heintz, Anatol 1959/60: Reise til Spitsbergen for 153 år siden, Polarboken, Oslo.Helland, Amund 1872: Die glaciale Bildung der Fjorde und Alpenseen in Norwegen. Poggendorffs

Annalen der Physik und Chemie 146: 538–562.Helland, Amund 1874: Om mægtigheden af bræerne i Norge under istiden. Geologiska

Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 2: 168–177.Helland, Amund 1874: Om gehalten af slam i bræelve. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm

Förhandlingar 2: 204–214.Helland, Amund 1874: Om botner og sækkedale samt deres betydning for theorier om dalenes


dannelse. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 2: 286–301, 342–356.Helland, Amund 1875: Om beliggenheden af moræner og terrasser foran mange indsøer. Öfver-

sikt af Kgl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Academiens Förhandlingar 32 (1875), no. 1: 53–82.Helland, Amund 1875: Om dannelsen af fjordene, fjorddalene, indsøerne og havbankerne. Öfver-

sikt af Kgl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Academiens Förhandlingar 32 (1875), no. 4: 13–38.Helland, Amund 1877: On the Ice-Fjords of North Greenland, and on the Formation of Fjords,

Lakes and Cirques in Norway and Greenland. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society ofLondon 33: 142–176.

Helland, Amund 1887: Konservator Nansens Plan til en Skifærd over Grønlands Indlandsis. Thenewspaper Dagbladet, no. 387, (November 24th), Kristiania.

Helland, Amund 1888: Har dr. Nansens Færd Videnskabelig Værdi? The newspaper Dagbladetno. 375 (November 15th) and no. 376 (November 16th), Kristiania.

Helland-Hansen, Bjørn 1930: Nansen og hans videnskapelige innsats, Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Årbok (Yearbook) 1930, Oslo.

Helle, Sigurd 1957:Til Dronning Maud Land med den norske Antarktis-ekspedisjon, Polarboken1957, Oslo.

Helle, Sigurd 1958: På langferd i Dronning Maud Land, Polarårboken 1958, Oslo.Hemmingsen, Stein Thode 1983: Den arktiske dagboka. Master’s essay in Nordic literature,

University of Tromsø.Herries Davies, G.L. 1968: The tour of the British Isles made by Louis Agassiz in 1840. Annals

of Science 24: 131–146.Hestmark, Geir 1991: Fridtjof Nansen and the Geology of the Arctic. Earth Sciences History

10: 168–212.Hestmark, Geir 1992: Brøgger og Nansen – en vitenskapelig romanse. Norsk vitenskapshisto-

risk selskap. Årbok (Yearbook) 1989–1991: 7–42.Hestmark, Geir 1995. Fridtjof Nansen and the Spirit of Northern Wilderness. In Martin, Vance

G. and Nicholas Tyler: ArcticWilderness.The 5thWorldWilderness Congress. North AmericanPress, Golden, Colorado: 113–117.

Hestmark, Geir 1996: Nansen – Vitenskaperen. In Christensen, O. and A. Skoglund: Nansenved to århundreskifter. Oslo: 128–136.

Hestmark, Geir 1999: Vitenskap og nasjon. Waldemar Christopher Brøgger 1851–1905. Oslo.Hestmark, Geir 2000: Fridtjof Nansens Fond til Videnskabens Fremme – Grunnleggelsen, Det

Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo, Årbok (Yearbook) 2000.Hevly, Bruce 1996: The Heroic Science of Glacier Motion, Osiris, 2nd series 11, Chicago.Highjump 1948: United States Operation «Highjump», The Polar Record, Cambridge.Hobsbawm, Eric and Terence Ranger 1983: The Invention of Tradition, Cambridge.Hoel, Adolf 1928: Om ordningen av de territorriale krav på Svalbard, Norsk geografisk tidsskrift,

1. hefte, Oslo.Hoel, Adolf 1929: The Norwegian Svalbard Expeditions 1906–1926, Oslo.Hoel, Adolf 1940/41: Obituary, Gunnar Isachsen. Norsk geografisk tidsskrift, vol. VIII, hefte 1–2.Hoel, Adolf 1942:The Place-names of Svalbard. Norges Svalbard- og Ishavsundersøkelser. Skrifter

om Svalbard og Ishavet, no. 80, Oslo.Hoel, Adolf 1944: Nord-norske fangstfolk som geografiske oppdagere og forskere i de arktiske egne.

Særtrykk av Hålogalandsambandets årbok, Oslo.Hoel, Adolf 1949: Ishavsfangst – fangstnæring. In Strøm, Jan (ed.): Norsk fiskeri og fangst håndbok,

I–III, Oslo.Hoel, Adolf 1951: Et oppgjør med landsmenn, Oslo.Hoel, Adolf 1966–7: Svalbards historie 1596–1965, vol. I–III, Oslo.Hoel, Alf Håkon 1993: Regionalisation of international whale management. The case of the

Northeast Atlantic Marine Mammals Commission, Arctic, Summer.


Hoel, Alf Håkon 1994: The Barents Sea. Fisheries Resources for Europe and Russia. In Stokke,Olav S. and Ola Tunander (eds.) 1994: The Barents Region. Cooperation in Arctic Europe,Oslo and London.

Holck, Per 1990: Den fysiske antropologien i Norge. Fra Anatomisk Institutts historie, 1815–1990,Oslo.

Holdø, Ole 1985: Vesterålinger til Grønland. I Hofdasegl, Hadsel historielag, Stokmarknes.Holland, Clive 1994: Arctic Exploration and Development c.500 b.c. to 1915. An Encyclopedia,

New York & London.Holm-Olsen, Ludvig (edition) 1983: Konungs skuggsjá. 2nd revised edition.Holmsen, Gunnar 1911: Spitsbergens natur og historie, Kristiania.Holt, Kåre 1974: Kappløpet, Oslo.Holtedahl, Olaf 1913: Zur Kenntnis der Karbonablagerungen des westlichen Spitzbergens. II. In

Videnskaps-Selskabets Skrifter. 1. Math.-.Naturv. Klasse, Kristiania.Holtedahl, Olaf 1913: The Cambro-Ordovician beds of Bache Peninsula and the neighbour-

ing regions of Ellesmere Land. Report of the Second Norwegian Arctic Expedition in the «Fram»1898–1902, no. 28, Kristiania.

Holtedahl, Olaf 1914: On the fossil faunas from Per Schei’s Series B in south westernEllesmereland. Report of the Second Norwegian Arctic Expedition in the «Fram» 1898–1902,no. 32, Kristiania.

Holtedahl, Olaf 1917: Summary of the geological results. Report of the Second Norwegian ArcticExpedition in the «Fram» 1898–1902, no. 36, Kristiania.

Holtedahl, Olaf 1920: Spitsbergens og Bjørnøens geologi. Naturen. Illustrert maanedskrift forpopulær naturvidenskap, Bergen.

Holtedahl, Olaf 1924, 1930: Report of the scientific results of the Norwegian expeditition to NovayaZemlya 1921, vol I, II, III, Oslo.

Holtsmark, Sven G. 1993: A Soviet Grab for the High North? USSR, Svalbard, and NorthernNorway 1920–1953, Forsvarsstudier (Defense Studies) 7/1993, Oslo.

Holtsmark, Sven G. 1996: Norge og Sovjetunionen på Svalbard. Ottar no. 2, Tromsø.Hoppe, Gunnar 1990: Till 100-årsdagen av HansW:son Ahlmanns födelse. En tillbakablick, Ymer,

Stockholm.Horn, Gunnar 1930: Franz Josef Land. Natural History, Discovery, Exploration, and Hunting.

Norges Svalbard- og Ishavsundersøkelser. Skrifter om Svalbard og Ishavet, no. 29, Oslo.Horn, Gunnar 1940: Da vi fant Andrée-leiren, Polarårboken 1940.Horsted, Svend Aage 2000: A Review of the Cod Fisheries at Greenland, 1910–1995, Journal

of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science, vol. 28, Dartmouth, Canada.Hougen, Engebret 1891: Digte. Udgivne efter Forfatterens Død. Kristiania.Hovden, Anders [n.d.]: «Branddølane» (dikt). In Landmark (ed.) 1986.Hovdenak, Gunnar 1934: Roald Amundsens siste ferd. Med et tillegg om Krassin-ferden av Adolf

Hoel, Oslo.Hovelsrud, Kjell-Reidar 2001: Svalbard. Et eventyrlig polarliv, Oslo.Hultgreen, Tora 2000: Den russiske fangsten på Svalbard. En reanalyse av arkeologiske og historiske

kilder. Department of Archæology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tromsø.Huntford, Roland 1980: Scott og Amundsen, Oslo.Huntford, Roland 1988: Roald Amundsens oppdagelsesreiser i bilder, translated by The Amundsen

Photographs, Oslo.Huntford, Roland 1996: Fridtjof Nansen. Mennesket bak myten, Oslo.Härmänmaa, Marja 2001: Futurism Pilot. Marinetti, futurism and flying in the 1930’s. Paper

presented at the international congress of the Academy of Fine Arts of Finland, Kiasma,January 21th, 2001.

Høibakk,RalphandSimenMørdre1991:Sydpolenpå tvers.DenNorskeSydpolekspedisjonen1990,Oslo.


Hølaas, Odd 1941: Viljegeniet blant Norges stormenn: Svend Foyn, pioneren som alltid vokstepå motstanden, in Bragd 4, no. 18.

Hønneland, Geir 1993: Fiskeren og allmenningen, forvaltning og kontroll. Makt og kommunikasjoni kontrollen med fisket i Barentshavet. Master’s essay in Social Sciences, University of Tromsø.

Hørbye, I.C. 1857: Observations sur les phénomènes d’erosion en Norvége. University programfor the first semster, 1857, Christiania.

Høva, Ernst 1929: Efter hval i Sydhavet, Oslo.Høygaard, Arne and Martin Mehren 1931: «Ajungilak» eller Grønland på tvers, Oslo.Imbrie, J. and K.P. Imbrie 1979: Ice Ages. Solving the Mystery, London.Ingstad, Helge 1931: Pelsjegerliv blant Nord-Canadas indianere, Oslo.Ingstad, Helge 1948: Landet med de kalde kyster, Oslo.Ingstad, Helge 1954: Fisket ved Vest-Grønland. Nordisk samarbeide, Polarboken, Oslo.Ingstad, Helge 1956: Klondyke Bill, Copenhagen.Ingstad, Helge 1996: Oppdagelsen av det nye land, Oslo.Ingvaldsen, K. 1983: Norges Geologisk Undersøkelse 1858–1983. NGU No. 385. Trondheim.IPCC 2001: Climate Change 2001 – Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of

Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the IPCC, Cambridge.Isachsen, Fridtjov 1948: Minnetale over professor dr. O. Solberg, Det norskeVidenskaps-Akademi

i Oslo. Årbok (Yearbook) 1947, OsloIsachsen, Gunnar 1906–07: Om Opdagelsen af Svalbard. Det Norske Geografiske Selskab.Yearbook.Isachsen, Gunnar 1907: Astronomical and geodetical observations. Report of the Second Norwegian

Arctic Expedition in the «Fram» 1898–1902, no. 5, Kristiania: Videnskabs-Selskabet.Isachsen, Gunnar 1916–19: Fra Ishavet. Ishavsfarer Sivert Tobiesen. Folk, fangst og færder. Særtrykk

av Det norske geografiske selskabs aarbok, Kristiania.Isachsen, Gunnar 1923–51: Den norske ishavsfangst. In Bugge, Alexander (ed.): Den norske

sjøfarts historie. Fra de ældste tider til vore dage, vol. 3, Kristiania-Oslo.Isachsen, Gunnar 1932: Ishavsfangsten fra Sandefjord. In Hougen, Knut (ed.), Sandefjords historie,

I and II, Oslo.Isachsen, Gunnar et al. 1916, 1927: Expédition Isachsen au Spitsberg 1909–1910, vol. I (1916),

vol. II (1916) and vol. III (1927).Iversen, Klaus 1989: Krise, utslettelse og nytt liv. Hammerfest etter 1914, Hammerfest.Iversen, Thor 1924: Praktiske fiskeundersøkelser i de nordlige polarfarvande 1923, Årsberetning

vedk. Norges fiskerier, hefte 1 (Annual report on Norway’s fisheries, part 1), Bergen.Iversen, Thor 1937: Drivis og selfangst, Særtrykk av Årsberetning vedk. Norges Fiskerier, hefte 1

(Special publication of the Annual report on Norway’s fisheries, part 1), Bergen.Jackson, Gordon 1978: The British Whaling Trade, London.Jacobsen, Adrian 1944: Gjennom ishav og villmarker. En norsk skipper på forskerfærd blant natur-

folkene, Oslo.Jacobsen, Bjørvik 1983: Halvmåneøya. En fangstberetning fra Svalbard, Oslo.Jacobsen, Jens Kr. Steen 1991: Feriereiser som sosial mulighet, Norveg, vol. 34, Oslo.Jacobsen, Jens Kr. Steen 1994: Arctic tourism and global tourism trends. In the series: Research

report, Lakehead University Centre for Northern Studies; 37, Thunder Bay.Jacobsen, Nils Kåre 1954: Med Rieber gjennom 75 år, Bergen.Jago, Lucy 2001: The Northern Lights, London.Jardine, N., J.A. Secord and E.C. Spary 1996: Cultures of natural history. Cambridge.Jasinski, Marek E. 1991: Russian Hunters on Svalbard and the Polar Winter, Arctic 44, no. 2

June, Boulder, Colorado.Jasinski, Marek E. 1993: Pomors in Grumant. Archaeological studies of Russian hunting stations

in Svalbard, vol. I–II. Doctoral thesis in archaeology. Faculty of Social Sciences, Universityof Tromsø.


Jasinski, Marek E. 1995: Promysjlennik, Kotsj, Izba – resultater av nyere forskning om russiskfangstvirksomhet på Svalbard. In Sørheim and Johannesen (eds.), Svalbard fra ingenmanns-land til del av Norge. Report no. 3/95, Trondheim.

Jenness, Diamond 1928: Ethnological Problems of Arctic America. In Joerg, W.L.G. (ed.),Problems of Polar Research, New York.

Jensen, Gunnar and Odd Lønø 1992: Krysning av Grønlands innlandsis fra 1888 til 1988,Polarboken 1991–1992.

Jenssen, Hugo Lauritz 1999: Den første olje, Ambra. Sandefjordmuseene årbok (SandefjordMuseums, Yearbook), Sandefjord.

Jentoft, Svein and Kathrine Michalsen 1987: Government subsidies in Norwegian fisheries.Marine Policy, July 1987.

Jepsen, Palle Uhd 1994: Harpuner i Arktis. Hvalfangst ved Svalbard i 1600-årene. Fiskeri- ogSøfartsmuseet, Esbjerg.

Johannesen, Sven 2000: De nordnorske ishavsskipperne og polarforskningen. En studie av deres innsatsi oppdagelsen og utforskningen av det europeiske Arktis mellom Grønland og Asias nordspiss perio-den 1850–1920. Master’s essay in history, University of Tromsø.

Johannessen, Leif Johnny 1996: «Den nasjonale selvhevdelsens vei». Svalbardsaken 1920–1925.Master’s essay in history, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU),Trondheim.

Johannessen, Ola M. and M.W. Miles 2000: Arctic sea ice and climate change – will the ice dis-appear in this century? NERC-report, Bergen.

Johannessen, Th. Werner 1956: Det internasjonale geofysiske år 1957–58 og litt om dets histo-riske bakgrunn, Polarboken 1956, Oslo.

Johansen, AsleT. 1988: På ski over Grønland. 100 år etter Nansens ekspedisjon fra 1888 – i 1988, Oslo.Johansen, Hjalmar 1942: Med Nansen på 86°14’ [original title in 1898: Selv-anden paa 86°14’.

Optegnelser fra Den Norske polarfærd 1893–96], Oslo.Johansen, Karl Egil 1989: Men der leikade fisk nedi kavet. Fiskarsoge for Hordaland 1920–1990,

Bergen.Johansen, Stein Olle 1988: Avhandlinger innen norsk polarforskning – en bibliografi. NTNU,

Trondheim.Johansen, Ø.K. (ed.) 1999: Norske maritime oppdagere og ekspedisjoner gjennom tusen år. Oslo.Johnsen, Arne Odd 1943: Svend Foyn og hans dagbok, Oslo.Johnsen, Gerhard 1952: Det norske fiske ved Vest-Grønland, Norges Handelshøyskoles Student-

kontor, Bergen.Jones, A.G.E. 1982: Antarctica Observed. Who Discovered the Antarctic Continent? Whitby.Jones, Max 2000: «Our King upon his knees». The public commemoration of Captain Scott’s

last Antarctic expedition, in Cubitt, Geoffrey and Allen Warren (eds.), Heroic Reputationsand Exemplary Lives, Manchester and New York.

Jonsgård, Åge 1974: Småhvalfangsten. Bestand og beskatning av vågehval i det nordlige Atlanterhav,Bergen.

Jonsgård, Åge 1992: Den norske vågehvalfangsten. Fangsthistorie, forskning, problemer, in the series:Publikasjon fra Kommandør Chr. Christensens hvalfangstmuseum, 27, Sandefjord.

Jónsson, Finnur 1912: Erik den Rødes saga og Vinland, Historisk Tidsskrift, Kristiania.Jølle, Harald Dag 1999: Polardrift i apotekerens hjem. In Bolstad, Inga and Dag O. Hessen (eds.),

Et liv på mange vis. En antologi om Peter Wessel Zapffe, Oslo.Jølle, Harald Dag 2000: «Hvorfor holder jeg eskimoen for stående over europæerne?» Kulturforskeren

Fridtjof Nansen og «de arktiske andre». Master’s essay in history, University of Tromsø.Jørgensen, Roger 1994: Kommersiell kvalfangst i Nord-Norge på 1600-tallet, Tromura

Kulturhistorie no. 26, Tromsø.Kagge, Erling 1990: Nordpolen. Det siste kappløpet, Oslo.


Kagge, Erling 1993: Alene til Sydpolen, Oslo.Kagge, Erling 1994: På eventyr, Oslo.Kaijser, Arne 1994: I fädrens spår. Den svenska infrastrukturens historiska utveckling och framtida

utmaningar, Stockholm.Kaltenborn, Bjørn P. 1997: Svalbard – eksotisk eller alminnelig. In Jacobsen, Jens Kr. Steen

and Arvid Viken (eds.), Turisme. Fenomen og næring, Oslo.Kalvø, Are 2002: Syden, Oslo.Karlsen, Marianne Berg 2001: «I Venskabs Paradiis». En studie i maskulinitet og vennskap mellom

menn, Oslo.Karlsen, Martin d.e. 1998: Fangstresultat av selfangarane frå Brandal 1898–1940. In Landmark

and Landmark (eds.).Keilhau, Baltasar Mathias 1831: Reise i Øst- og Vest-Finmarken samt Beeren-Eiland og Spitsbergen,

i Aarene 1827 og 1828, Christiania.Keilhau, B.M. 1838: Undersögelser om hvorvidt i Norge, saaledes som i Sverrig, findes Tegn

til en Fremstigning af Landjorden i den nyere og nyeste geologiske Tid. Nyt Magazin forNaturvidenskaberne 1: 105–254.

Kirwan, Laurence Patrick 1959: The White Road. A Survey of Polar Exploration, London.Kish, George 1973: North-East Passage. Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld, His Life and Times, Amsterdam.Kiær, J. 1904: The Lower Silurian of Khabarova. Vol. 4, part 12. (18p + 1 Plate). Fridtjof

Nansen (ed.): The Norwegian North Polar Expedition 1893–1896. Scientific Results.Christiania, London, New York, Bombay, Leipzig.

Kiær, J. 1915: Upper Devonian fish remains from Ellesmereland with remarks on Drepanaspis.Report of the Second Norwegian Arctic Expedition in the «Fram» 1898–1902, no. 33,Kristiania.

Kjeldstadli, Knut 1994: Et splittet samfunn 1905–35, vol. 10 in Knut Helle et al. (eds.), AschehougsNorgeshistorie, Oslo.

Kjellman, Frans R. 1875: Svenska polar-expeditionen år 1872–1873 under ledning av A.E.Nordenskiöld, Stockholm.

Kjerulf, T. 1860: Ueber das Frictionsphänomen. Zeitschrift der Deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft12: 389–408.

Kjerulf, T. 1863: Erlaüterungen zur Uebersichtskarte der Glacial-Formation am Christiania-Fjord. Zeitschrift der Deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft 15: 619–639.

Kjerulf, T. 1876: Istiden. Copenhagen.Kjerulf, T. 1878: Die Eiszeit. (Virchows & Holtzendorffs Sammlung gemeinverständliche wissens-

chaftliche Vorträge, 1. Serie, no. 293–294).Kjerulf, T. 1878: Stenriget og Fjeldlæren. 3rd edition. Kristiania.Kjerulf, T. 1879: Udsigt over det Sydlige Norges Geologi. Christiania (published by Foranstaltning

af den Kongelige Norske Regjerings Departement for det Indre).Klausen, Arne Martin 1980: Minnetale over professor dr.philos. Gutorm Gjessing, Det norske

Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Årbok (Yearbook)1980, Oslo.Klausen, Arne Martin 1989: Antropologiens historie, Oslo.Klausen, Arne Martin 1996: Lillehammer-OL og olympismen, Oslo.Kleivan, Helge 1956: Norge og polarfolkene, Polarboken 1955, Oslo.Kleivan, Inge 2004: Christian Ledens kreative filmoptagelser i Østgrønland m.v. Tidsskriftet

Grønland, no. 1–2, København.Klæboe H.B. 1895: Svend Foyn. Et Mindeskrift, Kristiania.Knap, Johan 1941–2: Aktuelle problem i skibshygiene med særlig henblikk på hvalfangsten,

Norsk Hvalfangst-Tidende 12/1941 and 1–2/1942.Knudtzon, H. Th. 1949: Hvalfangst – fangstnæring. Del IV in Jan Strøm (ed.): Norsk fiskeri

og fangst håndbok, I/II, Oslo.


Knutsen, N.M. and P. Posti 2002: La Recherche. En ekspedisjon mot nord. Tromsø.Knutsen, Nils M. (ed.) 1993: Mørkets og kuldens rike. Tekster i tusen år om Nord-Norge og nordlend-

ingene, Tromsø.Koht, Halvdan 1952: Rinde, Peder, Norsk biografisk leksikon, vol. XI, Oslo.Kollstad, Per 1997: «Vi er ikke ferdige med oppgjøret ... om Grønland». Grønlandssaken i

dansk og norsk politikk 1945–65, in NORDEN – samarbeid og kollisjon 1945–1970, Dennorske Atlanterhavskomité, Det sikkerhetspolitiske bibliotek, no. 6, Oslo.

Konow, Thomas 1963: Sekondløitnant Konows tokt til Finmarken 1816, v/ T.K. Olafsen, Horten.Korjakin, V.S. 1991: Istoritsjeskie materialy issledovanija pamjatnikov istorii osvoenija Arktiki.

Novaja Zemlja, Moscow.Korsmo, Fae L. 2002: A Northern Encounter. Glaciology and the International Geophysical Year,

speech given at the international conference Arctic Encounters. Cooperation and Conflictin the Arctic in the 19th and 20th Centuries, Kirkenes.

Korsmo, Fae and Michael P. Sfraga 2003: From Interwar to Cold War. Selling Field Science inthe United States, 1920s Through 1950s, Earth Sciences History, 22, no. 1.

Kosack, H.-P. 1967: Die Polarforschung. Braunschweig.Krafft, Arne 1942: Blant isfjell og hval, Oslo.Krause, Reinhard A. 1992: Die Gründungsphase deutscher Polarforschung 1868–1875, Reports

on Polar Research, no. 114, Bremerhaven.Kremer, B.A. 1957: Kak bylo predskazano susjtsjestvovanie Zemli Frantsa Josifa, Letopis Severa,

Moscow.Krige, John 2000: NATO and the Strengthening of Western Science in the Post-Sputnik Era,

Minerva. A Review of Science, Learning & Policy, XXXVIII.Kristensen, Monica 1987: Mot 90° syd, Oslo.Kristiansen, Eivind H. 1989: Ishavsfart. Fra Gratangen og gamle Ibestad, Alta.Kristoffersen, Sigfred 1968: Nordenfor nord, Oslo.Kristoffersen, Yngve 1993: Ishavet som arbeidsplass. To fangstmenn forteller, Alta.Krogness, Ole 1915: Haldde-observatoriet, dets virksomhet og nogen foreløbige resultater,

Naturen, Bergen.Krohn, Ottar 1998: Ferdsel knyttet til turisme på Svalbard. Registeringer utført av Sysselmannen

på Svalbard og Info-Svalbard, Sysselmannens rapportserie (Report series from the DistrictGovernor or Svalbard) no. 3, Longyearbyen.

Kropotkin, P.A. 1871: Ekspeditsija dlja issledovanija russkikh severnykh morej, St. Petersburg.Kropotkin, P.A. 1990, Zapiski revoljutsionera, Moscow.Kræmer, Waldemar 1998: Fangstliv i 45 år, Svalbardminner, no. 9, Skien.Kuklick, Henrika 1991: The savage within. The social history of British anthropology, 1885–1945,

Cambridge.Kulstad, Johan 1871: Beretning om min reise til Spitsbergen i aaret 1853, mit ophold dersteds, og

mine og mandskabets lidelser i Ishavet, indtil vor redning af den danske brig «Ploven», kapt.Schau, Tromsø.

Kuper, Adam 1988: The invention of primitive society. Transformations of an illusion, London.Kvalvik, Ingrid 2000: Asymmetriske maktrelasjoner i bilaterale forhandlinger. En studie av forhand-

lingene mellom Norge og Sovjetunionen/Russland om avgrensingen av kontinentalsokkelen ogøkonomiske soner i Barentshavet. Master’s essay, Department of Political Science, Universityof Tromsø.

Kvalvik, Ingrid 2003: Delelinjeforhandlingene mellom Norge og Sovjetunionen/Russland,Internasjonal politikk, vol. 61, no. 2, Oslo

Kvam, Ragnar jr. 1997: Den tredje mann. Beretningen om Hjalmar Johansen, Oslo.Kyllingstad, Jon Røyne 2004: Kortskaller og langskaller. Fysisk antropologi i Norge og striden om

det nordiske herremennesket, Oslo.


Kaartvedt, Alf 1984: Drømmen om borgerlig samling. 1884–1918, vol. 1 in Sejersted, Francis(ed.), Høyres historie, Oslo.

Lainema, Matti and Juha Nurminen 2001: Ultima Thule. Arktiska upptäcksfärder, Helsingfors.Lamont, James 1876: Yachting in the Arctic seas, or Notes of five voyages of sport and discovery in

the neighbourhood of Spitzbergen and Novaya Zemlya, London.Lamont, James [n.d.].: Notes about Spitzbergen in 1859, Quarterly Journal of the Geological

Society, vol. XVI.Landmark, Henrik (ed.) 1986: Skuter av tre – mannskap av jern, Ishavsmuseet Aarvak skrift no. 1,

Brandal.Landmark, Henrik and Webjørn Landmark (ed.) 1998: I polarisens makt, Ishavsmuseet Aarvak,

Brandal.Larsen, Thor 1987: Isbjørnen – nomade i nord, Oslo.Laver, James 1995: Costume & Fashion, London.Le Roy, Pierre Louis 1774: A Narrative of the singular Adventures of Four Russian Sailors,Who were

cast away on the desert Island of East-Spitzbergen, together with some Observations on theProductions of that Island, etc., London.

Levere, Trevor H. 1993: Science and the Canadian Arctic. A Century of Exploration 1818–1918,Cambridge.

Levin, S.M. 1997: Norwegians led the way in training wartime weather officers, EOS, 78, no.52, Washington, D.C.

Lewander, Lisbeth 2002: The Representations of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901–1903,Polar Record 38, Cambridge.

Lie, Jonas 1870: Svend Føyn og Ishavsfarten, Folkevennen vol. 19, no. 6, KristianiaLie, Trygve 1958: Hjemover, Oslo.Liliequist, Jonas 2001: Från niting till sprätt. En studie i det svenska omandighetsbegreppets histo-

ria från vikingatid till sent 1700-tal. Paper given at the 24th Nordic Historians’ Meeting,Århus 2001.

Liljequist, G. 1993: High Latitudes. A history of Swedish Polar Travels and Research. Stockholm.Liljequist, Gösta H. 1951: Den norsk-brittisk-svenska antarktisexpeditionen 1949–52. En översikt

av färder och arbeten intill mitten av december [1950], Ymer, Stockholm.Liljequist, Gösta H. 1960: Did the «Josephine Ford» reach the North Pole?, Interavia, B. XV,

no. 5, Genève.Liljequist, Gösta H. 1993: High Latitudes. A History of Swedish Polar Travels and Research,

Stockholm.Liljequist, Gösta H. and Valter Schytt 1952: Den norsk-brittisk-svenska antarktisexpeditionen

1949–52. En kort översikt av det andra årets arbeten, Ymer, Stockholm.Lillebø, Geir Olav 1995: Den norske selfangsten i Østisen 1917–1936. Territorial- og interessekon-

flikter mellom Norge og Sovjetunionen. Master’s essay in history, University of Tromsø .Linck, Josef and H.A. Ring 1908: Oscar II Sveriges konung 1872–1907. En minnesskrift, Stockholm.Lind, J. and R. Amundsen 1910: Fungi (micromycetes). Collected in Arctic North America (King

William Land, King Point and Herschel Island) by the Gjøa expedition under Captain RoaldAmundsen 1904–1906. Videnskabs-Selskabets Skrifter. 1. Math.-Naturv. Klasse 1909. No.9. Kristiania.

Liseter, Ivar M. [n.d., brochure]: Polhøgda. Fra Fridtjof Nansens bolig til Fridtjof Nansens Institutt.Livingstone, D. 1993: The Geographical Tradition. Oxford.Lorentzen, Bernt 1959: Bergen og sjøfarten. In Fra Olav Kyrres tid til året 1814, Bergen.Lubbock, Basil 1937: The Arctic Whalers, Glasgow.Lund, Diderich H. 1972: Fra Norges fjell til fjerne kyster, Oslo.Lund, Thoralv 1973: Svalbard som turistland, Polarposten no. 4, Tromsø.Lund, Thoralv 1990: Kalde krigsår. Svalbard 1940–1945, Tromsø.


Lund, Thoralv 1997: Det har skjedd på Svalbard, vol. 2, Tromsø.Lund, Thoralv 2002: Turistlandet Svalbard i endring, Svalbardposten no. 33, Longyearbyen.Lund, Thoralv and Birger Amundsen (eds.) 1981: Årbok for Svalbard, Tromsø.Lyng, John 1973: Vaktskifte. Erindringer 1953–1965, Oslo.Lyng, John 1976: Mellom øst og vest. Erindringer 1965–1968, Oslo.Lynge, B. [and R. Amundsen] 1921. Lichens from the Gjøa expedition. Videnkaps-Selskabets

Skrifter. 1. Math.-naturv. Klasse 1921, no. 15, Kristiania.Löfgren, Orvar 1990: Längtan til landet Annorlunda, in Längtan til landet Annorlunda. Om

turism i historie och nutid, Svenska turistrådet (The Swedish Travel Council).Lønnsregulativ for maskinmestre etc (Salaries and pay scales for machinists, etc). published by

the Navy, Kristiania 1908.Lønø, Odd 1974: Norske fangstmenns overvintringer. Del II – Jan Mayen. Norwegian Polar

Institute, Report no. 103, Oslo.Lønø, Odd 1975–76: Norske fangstmenns overvintringer. Del III – 1892–1905. Norwegian Polar

Institute, Report no. 105, Oslo.Lønø, Odd 1984: Turisme med forhindringer, Svalbard – vårt nordligste Norge, Oslo.Lønø, Odd 1991: Norske fangstmenns overvintringer på Svalbard, Jan Mayen og Frans Josef Land, Oslo.Löwenigh, B. v. 1830: Reise nach Spitzbergen, Aachen.Mackenzie, John M 1990: Imperialism and the natural world, New York.MacKenzie, John M. 1990: Introduction. I MacKenzie, John M. (ed.), Imperialism and the

Natural World, Manchester.MacLaren, Ian S. 1994: From Exploration to Publication. The Evolution of a 19th-Century

Arctic Narrative, Arctic 47, Boulder, Colorado.Manker, Ernst 1952: Swedish Contributions to Lapp Ethnography, The Journal of the Royal

Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 82, no. 1, London.Mannerfelt, C. M. 1990: Hans W:son Ahlmann – ett rapsodiskt vänporträtt, Ymer, Stockholm.Markham, Clements R. 1872–73: On Discoveries East of Spitzbergen, and Attempts to reach the

Pole on the Spitzbergen Meridians, Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society 17, London.Markin, V.A. 2002: Neizvestnyj Kropotkin, Moscow.Martens, Friderich 1675: Spitsbergische oder Grönlandische Reise-Beschreibung, Hamburg.Martens, Odd 1958: En lege på hvalfangst, Polarboken, Oslo.Marø, Kristoffer 1986: Erindringer om farefulle hendinger i min fartstid på ishavet. In Landmark

(ed.).Mason, Theodore K. 1982: Two Against the Ice. Amundsen and Ellsworth, New York.Mathisen, Trygve 1951: Svalbard i internasjonal politikk 1871–1925, Oslo.Mauss, Marcel 1995: Gaven. Utvekslingens form og årsak i arkaiske samfunn, Oslo.Maxwell, A.E. and Odd Ivar Ruud 1978: Arktiske døgn, Oslo.Maxwell, Moreau S. 1985: Prehistory of the Eastern Arctic, Orlando.McCannon, John 1998: Red Arctic. Polar Exploration and the Myth of the North in the Soviet Union

1932–1939, Oxford and New York.Mellström, Ulf 1999: Män och deras maskiner. Nora.Meyer, Chr. 1937: The Extent of Jurisdiction in Coastal Waters. Illustrated by State Practice and

the Opinions of Publicists (St.dok. [Parliamentary document] no.17/1927), Oslo.Meyer, Fredrik 1973: Hærens og marinens flyvåpen 1912–1945, Oslo.Meyer, Michael 1995 (1971): Henrik Ibsen, Oslo.Michalsen, Kathrine (ed.) 2003: Havets ressurser 2003, Fisken og havet, særnr. 1, Bergen.Michelet, Jon 1997: Grønland på langs, Oslo.Mikalsen, Hanne 1996: Business eller ishavsimperialisme, The Scottish Spitsbergen Syndicates og

The Northern Exploration Companys kamp for et britisk Svalbard 1910–1923, Oslo.Mikkelsen, Peter Schmidt 1994: Nordøstgrønland 1908–60, Fangstmandsperioden, Copenhagen.


Millbrooke, Anne 1998: International Polar Years. In Good, Gregory A. (ed.), Sciences of theEarth. An Encyclopedia of Events, People, and Phenomena, New York.

Minnerune over Ole Engelstad. Nordmanns-Forbundet 1910, Kristiania.Mittelholzer, Walter 1925: By Airplane towards the North Pole. An Account of an Expedition to

Spitzbergen in the Summer of 1923, London.Mittheilungen aus Justus Perthes’ geographischer Anstalt über wichtige neue Erforschungen auf dem

Gesammtgebiete der Geographie. Gotha.Moberg, Arvid 1960: Svalbards sønner, Bergen.Moe, Arild 1983: Utenrikspolitiske rammebetingelser og norsk Svalbardpolitikk. Master’s essay,

Department of Political Science, University of Oslo.Moh, J. J. Philippe Ello 1997: Fra periferien til senteret. En studie av beslutningsprosessen som

førte til flytting av Norsk Polarinstitutt fra Oslo til Tromsø. Master’s essay in political science,University of Tromsø.

Mohn, Henrik 1896: Norske sjømænds bidrag til de arktiske egnes geografi. In Brøgger, W.C.and Rolfsen, N.: Fridtjof Nansen 1861–1893, Copenhagen.

Mohn, Henrik 1905: Meteorology, vol. VI, part 17. (659p + 20 Plates). Fridtjof Nansen (ed.):The Norwegian North Polar Expedition 1893–1896. Scientific Results. Christiania, London,New York, Bombay, Leipzig.

Mohn, Henrik 1907: Meteorology. Report of the Second Norwegian Arctic Expedition in the «Fram»1898–1902. No. 4. Kristiania.

Moland, Tallak 1997: Fridtjof Nansen, en mann. Konstruksjon av en territoriell maskulinitet.Master’s essay in i history, University of Oslo.

Molstad, Arild 2002: I naturens isgrep, SASMagasinet Norge, mars.Moltu, Rigmor 1988: Kvinnene bak ishavsfararane, Folk og Fortid, Tidsskrift for Herøy sogelag,

Herøy.Montague, Richard 1971: Oceans, Poles and Airmen.The First Flights overWideWaters and Desolate

Ice, New York.Mooney, Michael Macdonald 1976: Luftskeppet Hindenburg, Stockholm-Malmö-Tübingen-

Zürich.Mosby, Håkon 1961: Fridtjof Nansen som oceanograf, Naturen, Bergen.Moseng, Ole Georg 2003: Ansvaret for undersåttenes helse 1603–1850, vol. 1 Det offentlige helse-

vesen i Norge 1603–2003, Oslo.Mountevans, Admiral Lord 1957: From Husky to Snow-cat. A short Survey of Polar Exploration

Yesterday and Today, London.Mulder, Rob 2001: Utenlandsk innflytelse i norsk luftfart i mellomkrigstiden, lecture given on

October 2rd, 2001, Norwegian Aviation Museum.Muller, Samuel 1874: Geschiedenis der Noordsche Compagnie, Utrecht.Munk, J. 1624: Navigatio Septentrionalis: Det er: Relation eller Bescriffuelse, om Seiglads oc Reyse,

paa denne Nordvestiske Passagie, som nu kaldis Nova Dania: Igiennem Fretum Christian atopsøge, Huilcken Reyse Voris Allernaadigste Herre Konning Christian den Fierde vdi Aar 1619Naadigst Berammet. Kiøbenhaffn (Copenhagen).

Murvold, Hilde Karin 1998: I helters spor. Sydpolekspedisjonens kulturelle organisasjon. Master’sessay in ethnology, University of Bergen.

Myklebust, O.G. (ed.) 1958: Hans Egede. Studier til 200-årsdagen for hans død 5. november 1958.Oslo, Land og Kirke, Papers published by the Egede Institute 8.

Nansen, Fridtjof 1888: Grønlands indbyggere, Naturen. Illustreret maanedsskrift for populær natur-videnskab, Bergen.

Nansen, Fridtjof 1890: Paa ski over Grønland. En skildring af Den norske Grønlands-ekspedition1888–1889, Kristiania.

Nansen, Fridtjof 1890: Plan til en ny polarekspedition. Naturen 14: 65–92.


Nansen, Fridtjof 1891: Eskimoliv, Kristiania.Nansen, Fridtjof 1892: Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse von Dr. F. Nansens Durchquerung von

Grönland 1888. II. Teil. Geologische und hydrographische Ergebnisse. Dr. A. PetermannsMitteilungen aus Justus Perthes Geographischer Anstalt, Ergänzungsband 23, ErgänzungseftNo.105, p. 53–103, Gotha.

Nansen, Fridtjof 1892: Om den kommende norske polarekspedisjon og dens udrustning. DetNorske Geografiske Selskabs Årbog III (1891–92), Kristiania.

Nansen, Fridtjof 1893: How Can the North Polar Region be Crossed? Geographical Journal 1,London.

Nansen, Fridtjof 1897: Fram over Polhavet I–II, Kristiania.Nansen, Fridtjof 1900: A Geological Sketch of Cape Flora and its Neighbourhood, vol. I, part

2 pro parte. (32p). In Fridtjof Nansen (ed.): The Norwegian North Polar Expedition1893–1896. Scientific Results. Christiania, London, New York, Bombay, Leipzig.

Nansen, Fridtjof 1900–1906: The Norwegian North Polar Expedition 1893–1896 I–VI, Kristiania.Nansen, Fridtjof 1902: The Oceanography of the North Polar Basin, vol. III, part 11. (427p. +

33 Plates). In Fridtjof Nansen (ed.): The Norwegian North Polar Expedition 1893–1896.Scientific Results. Christiania, London, New York, Bombay, Leipzig.

Nansen, Fridtjof 1902: On Hydrometers and the Surface Tension of Liquids, vol. III, part 12.(87p.). In Fridtjof Nansen (ed.): The Norwegian North Polar Expedition 1893–1896.Scientific Results. Christiania, London, New York, Bombay, Leipzig.

Nansen, Fridtjof 1904: The Bathymetrical Features of the North Polar Seas with a Discussion ofthe Continental Shelves and Previous Oscillations of the Shore-line, Kristiania.

Nansen, Fridtjof 1906: Protozoa on the Ice-Floes of the North Polar Sea. vol. V, part 16. (22p.+ 8 Plates). In Fridtjof Nansen (ed.): The Norwegian North Polar Expedition 1893–1896.Scientific Results. Christiania, London, New York, Bombay, Leipzig.

Nansen, Fridtjof 1907: On north polar problems, The Geographical Journal, London.Nansen, Fridtjof 1911: Nord i tåkeheimen. Utforskningen av jordens nordlige strøk i tidligere tider,

Kristiania.Nansen, Fridtjof 1912: Spitsbergen Waters. Oceanographic observations during the cruise of the

«Veslemöy» to Spitsbergen in 1912, Videnskabs-Selskabets Skrifter, 1. Math.-Naturv. Klasse,1912, no. 2, Kristiania.

Nansen, Fridtjof 1920: En ferd til Spitsbergen, Kristiania.Nansen, Fridtjof 1920: Spitsbergens opdagelse. Naturen. Illustrert maanedskrift for populær natur-

videnskap, Bergen.Nansen, Fridtjof 1924: Blant sel og bjørn. Min første Ishavs-ferd, Kristiania.Nansen, Fridtjof 1924: Grønlands-saken, the newspaper Tidens Tegn, 22. februar.Nansen, Fridtjof 1928. The Oceanographic Problems of the Still Unknown Arctic Regions. In

Joerg, W.L.G. Problems of Polar Research. American Geographical Society. Special Publication7. Worchester, Mass.: 3–14.

Nansen, Fridtjof 1942/45: Nansens røst 1–3 (ed. A.H. Winsnes), Oslo.Nansen, Fridtjof 1942: Nansens røst. Artikler og taler av Fridtjof Nansen, ed. A.H. Winsnes, Oslo.Nansen, Fridtjof 1961: Brev I. 1882–1895. Published for Nansenfondet by cand.philol. Steinar

Kjærheim, Oslo.Nansen, Fridtjof 1961–78: Brev 1–5 (ed. Steinar Kjærheim), Oslo.Nash, Roderick (ed.) 1970: The Call of the Wild (1900–1916), New York.Nathorst, A.G. 1900. Fossil Plants from Franz Josef Land. The Norwegian North Polar Expedition

1893–1896. Scientific Results. Christiania, vol. I, part 3.Nathorst, Alfred G. 1900: Två somrar i Norra Ishafvet. Kung Karls Land. Spetsbergens kring-

segling, spanande efter Andrée i nordöstra Grönland, 2 vols., Stockholm.Nathorst, A.G. 1902: Zur oberdevonischen Flora der Bären-Insel. Kungl. Svenska Vetenskaps-


Akademiens Handlingar, vol. 36, no. 3, Stockholm.Nathorst, A.G. 1904: Die oberdevonische Flora des Ellesmere-Landes. Report of the Second

Norwegian Arctic Expedition in the «Fram» 1898–1902, no. 1, Kristiania: Videnskabs-Selskabet.Nathorst, A.G. 1906: Svenskarnes arbeten på Spetsbergen. Nordisk tidskrift för vetenskap, konst

och industri, 1906: 461–477.Needell, Allan A. 1987: Preparing for the Space Age. University-based research, 1946–1957,

Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, 18, Berkeley.Needell, Allan A. 2000: Science, ColdWar, and the American State. LloydV. Berkner and the balance

of Professional Ideals, London.Nerbøvik, Jostein 1969: Antiparlamentariske straumdrag i Norge 1905–14. Ein studie i motvilje, Oslo.New York Times 1947: Warming Arctic Climate Melting Glaciers Faster, Raising Ocean Level,

Scientist Says, New York Times, May 30th.Nicolaisen, Ida. 2001: Antropologi/Etnografi. In Ellehøj, Svend and DitlevTamm (eds.), Københavns

universitet 1479–1979, bd. VI 2, Copenhagen.Nicolaysen, O. 1894: Ishavsfangsten paaTromsø og Hammerfest i dens Begyndelse og Udvikling,

Norsk Fiskeritidende, Bergen.Nielsen, Jens Petter 1990: Altas historie, vol. 1, De glemte århundrene (1520–1826), Alta.Nielsen, Jens Petter 1993: Novaja Zemlja – «no man’s country»? Ottar 1993/4.Nielsen, Jens Petter 1995: Altas historie, vol. 2, Det arktiske Italia (1826–1920), Alta.Nielsen, Yngvar 1907: Universitetets ethnografiske samlinger 1857–1907. En historisk oversigt

over deres tilblivelse, vækst og udvikling, Kristiania.Nielsen, Yngvar 1914: Finnene. I Rolfsen, Nordahl and Erik Werenskiold (red.), Norge

1814–1914, vol. 2, Kristiania.Nielsen, Aage Krarup 1921: En hvalfangerfærd gennem troperne til Sydishavet, Copenhagen.Nielssen, Alf Ragnar and Arvid Petterson 1993: Nordlyspionerene. Menneskene og observatoriet

på Halddetoppen i Alta, Oslo.Niemi, Einar 1994: Fra Nord-Norge til Amerika. Noen refleksjoner om problemstillinger,

perspektiver og utfordringer, Heimen 3.Niemi, Einar 1995: Svend Foyn og Finnmark. Fra helt til skurk? Eksemplet Vadsø, Vestfoldminne

1995, Tønsberg.Niemi, Einar 2003: Qvigstad, Just Knud, Norsk biografisk leksikon, vol. 7, Oslo.Nierenberg, W.A. 1996: Harald Ulrik Sverdrup 1888–1957, National Academy of Sciences,

Biographical Memoirs, 69, Washington, D.C.Nilsen, Frode 2000: Etablering av norsk polarinstitutt i 1948. Gammel vin i nye skinnsekker?

Master’s essay in history, University of Tromsø.Nilsen, Oddbjørn 2001: Det politisk-administrative system og Svalbardpolitikken. Master’s essay,

Department of Political Science, University of Tromsø.Nilsen, Tore L. 1987: Nøytral skipsfart i krigstid. Bergens skipsfart fra midten av 1730-årene

til slutten av 1760-årene, Sjøfartshistorisk årbok (the Maritime Historical Yearbook) 1987,Bergen.

Nilsen, Åse Helene Beck 1999: Nansens mottakelse etter Fram-ekspedisjonen i 1896. essay (for a‘mellomfag’), the Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo.

Nissen, Kristian 1916: Lapper og ren i Norge, Det Norske Geografiske Selskabs Aarbok 1914–1916,Kristiania.

Nissen, Kristian 1927: En norsk kulturforskningsekspedisjon til Kolahalvøen 1928, NorskGeografisk Tidsskrift 1926–27, Oslo.

Nissen, Kristian 1963: Samer i polarforskningen. In Nesheim, Asbjørn (ed.), Sameliv/Sámiællin 1961, Oslo.

Nobile, Umberto 1931: Roma – Nordpolen – Amerika med luftskibet «Norge», Copenhagen.Nordanger,Trygve 1980: Dramaet i Nord-Atlanteren. En fortelling om åtte små skuter fra Norge, Bergen.


Nordby, Trond (red.) 1985: Storting og regjering 1945–1985, Oslo.Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik 1875: On the Former Climate of the Polar Regions, Geological

Magazine 2, Cambridge.Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik 1885: Den andra Dicksonska expeditionen till Grönland, dess inre isöken

och dess ostkust utförd 1883, Stockholm.Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik [n.d.] Vegas Reise omkring Asia og Europa. Tilligemed et historisk tilbake-

blik paa tidligere reiser langs nordkysten af den gamle verden. Kristiania.Norderhaug, Magnar 1982: Svalbard. Mennesket i den siste villmark, Tromsø.Norderhaug, Magnar 1984: Svalbard, Oslo.Norderval, Monrad 1958: Mannen og båten, Stavanger.Norges forskningsråd (the Norwegian Research Council) 1996a: Strategi for norsk forskning i Arktis.Norges forskningsråd 1996b: Illustrert norsk forskningsfartøyregister.Norges forskningsråd 1996c: Strategisk plan for miljø- og utviklingsforskning.Norges forskningsråd 1997a: Strategi for norsk forskning i Antarktis.Norges forskningsråd 1997b: Organisering av forskningen på Svalbard.Norges forskningsråd 1997c: Arktisk lys og varme. Handlingsplan for programmet.Norges forskningsråd 1998a: Forskning for framtiden. Strategi for norsk forskning og for Norges

forskningsråd.Norges forskningsråd 1998b: Strategi for videreutvikling av Svalbard som forskningsplattform.Norges forskningsråd, Svalbard Science Forum: Research in Svalbard. All the editions through 2003.Norris, J. 1983: The Scurvy Disposition. Heavy Exertion as an Exacerbating Influence on Scurvy

in Modern Times, Bulletin of the History of Medicine 57, Baltimore.Norsk Polarinstitutt (Norwegian Polar Institute) 1998: Ny-Ålesund. International Research at

79º N, Tromsø.Norsk Polarinstitutt 2003: 75 år for Norge. Norsk Polarinstitutt jubilerer, Tromsø.Norsk Romsenter 1998: Annual Report.Norton, David W. (ed.) 2001: Fifty Years Below Zero. Tributes and Meditations for the Naval Arctic

Research Laboratory’s First Half Century at Barrow, Alaska, Fairbanks, AK.NOU (Norwegian White Paper)1973: 19, Naturvern på Svalbard.NOU 1977: 5, Behandling av svalbardsaker og andre polarsaker i sentraladministrasjonen.NOU 1989: 9, Norsk polarforskning.NOU 1999: 21, Lov om miljøvern på Svalbard.NOU 2003: 32, Mot nord! Utfordringer og muligheter i nordområdene.Nygard, Jarle 1995: Julehilsen fra UNIS ved Jarle Nygard, Svalbardposten no. 50.Nylenna, Magne (ed.)1998–99: Store medisinske leksikon, Oslo.Næss, Carl Georg 2000: Barentsregionen som sikkerhetsfellesskap. Masters essay, Department of

Political Science, University of Tromsø.Oesau, Wanda 1937: Schleswig-Holsteins Grönlandsfahrt auf Walfischfang und Robbenschlag vom

17.–19. Jahrhundert, Glückstadt.Oesau, Wanda 1955: Hamburgs Grönlandsfahrt auf Walfischfang und Robbenschlag vom 17.–19.

Jahrhundert, Hamburg.Officer, Charles B. and Jake Page 2001: A Fabulous Kingdom.The Exploration of the Arctic, Oxford.Oldenziel, Ruth 1999: Making Technology Masculine. Men, Women and modern Machines in

America, 1870–1945, Amsterdam.Olsen, Per A. 2004: manuscript.Olsen, Per Erik 1994: Hvalfangstens økonomiske betydning for Vestfold i mellomkrigstiden. Master’s

essay in economic history, University of Oslo.Olsen, Ørjan (n.d.): Anbefalinger af den planlagte expeditionen til Centralasien og Sibirien, Kristiania.Olsen, Ørjan 1913: Plan for en videnskabelig expedition til Altai og Sibirien, Kristiania.Olsen, Ørjan 1915a: Til Jeniseis kilder. Den norske Sibirie-ekspeditions reise 1914, Kristiania.


Olsen, Ørjan 1915b: Et primitivt folk. De mongolske rennomader, Kristiania.Olstad, Finn 1995: Strandsitter og verdensborger, vol. 1 Sandefjords historie, Sandefjord.Olstad, Finn 1997: En vanlig småby? vol. 2 Sandefjords historie, Sandefjord.Oreskes, Naomi and Ronald E. Doel 2003: Geophysics and the Earth Sciences. In Nye, Mary

Jo (ed.), The Cambridge History of Science, vol 5: Modern Physical and Mathematical Sciences,Cambridge.

Orr, N.W.M. 1964: Physiology of Sledge Dogs. In Raymond, Priestley, Raymond J. Adie andG. De Q. Robin (eds.), Antarctic Research. A Review of British Scientific Achievement inAntarctica, London.

Oterhals, Leo 1995: Utror. Om havets helter og kystens pionerer, Molde.Oterhals, Leo 1997: Polhav. Om personligheter i skruisen, Molde.Oterhals, Leo 2000: Hvite horisonter, Molde.Ottesen, Johan 2000: Ishavsskuter, II, Ulsteinvik.Ousland, Børge 1997: Alene over Antarktis, Oslo.Ousland, Børge 1994: Alone to the North Pole, Oslo.Ousland, Børge and Thorbjørn Faarlund 1987: Umanak. Nordsjødykkere 800 kilometer på ski

over Grønland, Ski.Oversigt over Videnskabs-Selskabets Møder i 1910 (List of the meetings of the Academy of Sciences

in 1910), Kristiania 1911.Ovsjannikov, O. 1988: Pomorskaja promyslovaja ‘Entsiklopedija’ kontsa XVIII v. In Tsjistov,

K.(ed.), Kultura Russkogo Severa, Leningrad.Oxaas, Arthur 1955: Svalbard var min verden, Oslo.Pálsson, Gísli 2002: Arcticality. Gender, Race, and Geography in the Writings of Vihjálmur

Stefansson. In Bravo, Michael and Sverker Sörlin (eds.), Narrating the Arctic. A CulturalHistory of Nordic Scientific Practices. Science History Publications, Canton, Mass.

Parliamentary Bill No. 1 1915: hovedpost V, Chapter. 1 Om geistlighet og kirker mv.Parliamentary Bill No 21 (1971–72): Om samtykke til ratifikasjon av en overenskomst mellom Norge

og Canada om selfangst og bevaring av selbestanden i det nordvestlige Atlanterhav, underteg-net i Ottawa 15. juli 1971.

Parliamentary Report No. 22 (1994–95): Om miljøvern på Svalbard.Parliamentary Report No. 26 (1982–83): Recommendation No. 146. Innstilling fra utenriks- og

konstitusjonskomiteen om miljøvern, kartlegging og forskning i polarområdene.Parliamentary Report No. 27 (2003–04): Norsk sjøpattedyrpolitikk.Parliamentary Report No. 28 (1988–89): Om forskning, forsøk og utviklingsarbeid i opplæringaParliamentary Report No. 39 (1974–75): Vedrørende Svalbard.Parliamentary Report No. 39 (1998–99): Forskning ved et tidsskille.Parliamentary Report No. 42 (1992–93): Norsk polarforskning.Parliamentary Report No. 50 (1990–91): Næringstiltak for Svalbard.Parliamentary Report No. 74 (1953): Om ettersøkingen etter forliste selfangere i sesongen 1952.Parliamentary Report No. 9 (1999–2000): Svalbard.Parry, J.H. 1981: The Age of Reconnaissance. Discovery, Exploration and Settlement 1450 to 1650.

Berkeley.Paulaharju, Samuli 1973: Finmarkens folk, Stockholm.Paulsen, H. 1999: Fra Nordishavets de kolde strande, Njotarøy 1992–, Borgheim.Payer, Julius 1875: The Austro-Hungarian Polar Expedition of 1872–4, Journal of the Royal

Geographical Society 45, London.Pearson, Michael 1995: Sledges and Sledging in Polar Regions, Polar Record 176, Cambridge.Pedersen, Kennet 1998: Is-interferenser. København som verdenshovedstad for den etnografis-

ke eskimoforskningen i perioden 1900–1940. In Söderqvist,Thomas [et al.], VidenskabernesKøbenhavn, Roskilde.


Persen, Endre 1995: Hvem er de – turistene?, speech printed in Svalbardposten, no. 50.Petermann, August 1865: Der Nordpol und Südpol. Die Wichtigkeit ihrer Erforschung in

geographischer und kulturhistorischer Beziehung. Mit Bemerkungen über die Strömungender Polar-Meere, Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen 11, Gotha.

Petermann, August 1865: Die Eisverhältnisse in den Polar-Meeren und die Möglichkeit desVordringens in Schiffen bis zu den höchsten Breiten, Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen11, Gotha.

Petermann, August, and Richard A. Proctor 1868: Die Nordpolarfrage, Petermanns GeographischeMitteilungen 14, Gotha.

Petersen, Carl Emil 1988: Over den store bre. Alene i Nansens spor, Oslo.Petersen, Th. 1954: Rygh, Karl Ditlev, Norsk biografisk leksikon, vol. XII, Oslo.Pettersen, Arnfinn 1997: Nordmann, viking og elsker. En myteanalyse av Frithiof den frøkne i

norsk nasjonsbygging. Master’s essay in the study of folklore, University of Oslo.Printz, Henrik 1914: Ørjan Olsens ekspedition til Central-Asien. Ekspeditionens betydning for norsk

forskning. Lecture, Trondhjem.Proctor, D. M. and Richardson I. M. 1954: A report on 235 cases of erysipeloid in Aberdeen,

British journal of industrial medicine, vol. 11.Pursell, Carol 1993: The Construction of Masculinity and Technology, Polhem 3, Stockholm.Pyne, Stephen J. 1998: The Ice. A Journey to Antarctica, Seattle & London.Rabben, Bjarne 1998: Kapra av den engelske marine. Andreas Røren fortel. In Landmark and

Landmark (eds.).Rainger, Ronald 2000: Science at the crossroads. The Navy, Bikini Atoll, and American oceanog-

raphy in the 1940s, Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences, 30, Berkeley.Ramberg, Skjalg 1990: Verden nordligste postkontor 1897, Hofdasegl no. 35, quote from

Posthornet, no. 19, May 12th, 1897.Ramm, Fredrik 1941: Roald Amundsen som jeg minnes ham (no place of publication given).Rasmussen, Birger 1942: Om dypvannsreken ved Spitsbergen, Fiskeridirektoratets Skrifter

(Publications from the Ministry of fisheries), Serie Havundersøkelser, vol. VII, no. 4, Bergen.Rasmussen, Birger 1957: Hjelpetjenesten for selfangerne i Vesterisen. In Nord- og sør-norsk nærings-

liv, Oslo.Rasmussen, Knud 1929: Eskimoer og stenalderfolk, Copenhagen.Rasmussen, Knud 1930: «Manden uden Retræte-linier». Fridtjof Nansen som Polarforsker,

Samtiden, Oslo.Rasmussen, Knud 1938: Den store sledereise (Norwegian translation), Oslo.Rathke, J. 1907: Afhandling om de norske fiskerier og beretninger om reiser i aarene 1795–1802

for at studere fiskeriforhold mv., Kristiania.Reece, Alan 1953: The base of the Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition, 1949–52,

The Polar Record, Cambridge.Rekvik, Ole Petter 2000: Helge Ingstad – en samtidshistorie, Samtiden 2/3, Oslo.Rekvik, Ole Petter 2002: Ingstad, Helge. In Arntzen, Jon Gunnar (ed.): Norsk biografisk leksi-

kon, vol. 5, Oslo.Reusch, Hans 1910: Et par ord om Geologkongressen i Stockholm. Turen til Spitsbergen. The

newspaper Aftenposten, September 7th.Reymert, Per Kyrre 1980: Hammerfest – Norges første ishavsby 1778–1820, Heimen.Rieber, G.C. (the corporation) 1999: Konsernet G.C. Rieber i historisk perspektiv, Bergen.Rifbjerg, Klaus 2002: Nansen og Johansen, Copenhagen.Riffenburgh, Beau 1993: The Myth of the Explorer. The Press, Sensationalism, and Geographical

Discovery, London and New York.Riiser-Larsen 1958: Femti år for kongen, Oslo.Riiser-Larsen, Hjalmar 1930: Mot ukjent land. Norvegia-ekspedisjonen 1929–30, Oslo.


Rink, H.J. 1852–55: De danske Handelsdistricter i Nordgrønland, deres geographiske Beskaffenhedog produktive Erhvervskilder. I–II, Copenhagen.

Rink, Hinrich 1862: Om Aarsagerne til Grønlændernes og lignende, af Jagt levende, Nationersmaterielle Tilbagegang ved Berøring med Europæerne, Dansk Maanedsskrift, Copenhagen.

Rink, Hinrich 1892: Om Dr. Nansens Grønlandsrejse og dens Resultater, Geografisk tidsskrift,Copenhagen.

Risanger, Otto (ed.) 1978: Årbok for Svalbard –78, Tromsø.Riste, Olav 1995: London-regjeringa. Norge i krigsalliansen 1940–45, Oslo.Risting, Sigurd 1929: Svend Foyn. In H. Koht (ed.): Våre høvdinger, Trondheim.Robberstad, Knut 1976: Rettssoga, Oslo.Roberts, David 2004: Four against the Arctic. Shipwrecked on the Top of the World, London.Robin, Gordon de Q 1953: The Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition, 1949–52,

The Polar Record, Cambridge.Rode, Frederik 1826–27: Dagbog under mit Ophold i Finmarken som Sognepræst til Talvig

(1826–1827), The Norwegian National Library Collection of handwritten documents,manuscript no. 1187. Unpublished.

Rode, Frederik 1842: Optegnelser fra Finmarken, samlede i Aarene 1826–1834. Og senere udgivne somet Bidrag til Finmarkens Statistik, Skien.

Rolfsen, Nordahl 1896: Læsebok for folkeskolen, Kristiania.Roll-Hansen, Hege 1993: «Der Zug nach dem Norden». Norgesforestillinger i tysk nasjonal ideologi.

Master’s essay in history, University of Oslo.Roll-Hansen, Nils 1980: Johan Hjort og motstanden mot de praktisk-vitenskapelige fiskeriunder-

søkelser. In Roll-Hansen (ed.), Skandinavisk naturvitenskap og teknologi omkring år 1900. Oslo.Rossnes, Gustav 1993: Norsk overvintringsfangst på Svalbard 1895–1940. Norwegian Polar

Institute, Report no. 127, Oslo.Rossnes, Gustav 1995: Overvintringsfangst og bergverksdrift på Svalbard. Nye studier i Svalbards

historie, SMU, June 17th, 1994. Report no 2.Rossnes, Gustav 1996: Hvalfangstbase og kulturminne. Hektor Hvalfangststasjon – den sørlig-

ste av de norske landstasjonene i Antarktis, Norsk Sjøfartsmuseum. Yearbook, Oslo.Rudeng, Erik 1996: Den gjenfødte sagahelt. In Christensen, Olav and Audhild Skoglund (eds.):

Nansen ved to århundreskifter, Oslo.Rudwick, M.J.S. 1985: The Great Devonian Controversy. The Shaping of Scientific Knowledge

among Gentlemanly Specialists, Chicago.Ruud, Morten 2004: Svalbardtraktaten i norsk og internasjonal Svalbardpolitikk. In Tjelmeland,

Hallvard and Ketil Zachariassen (eds.), Inn i riket. Svalbard, Nord-Norge og Norge, Tromsø.Ryan, Simon 1996: The Cartographic Eye. How Explorers Saw Australia, Cambridge.Ryymin, Teemu 2003: «De nordligste finner.» Fremstillingen av kvenene i den finske litterære offent-

ligheten 1800–1939. Doctoral dissertation, University of Tromsø.Rædergård, Einar 1995: Helt glemt helt [Eivind Astrup], Fjell og vidde, no. 8, Oslo.Ræstad, Arnold 1912: Norges høihetsret over Spitsbergen i ældre tid. En folkeretshistorisk fremstil-

ling, Kristiania.Ræstad, Arnold 1912: Kongens strømme. Historiske og folkeretslige undersøkelser angående sjø-

territoriet, Kristiania.Ræstad, Arnold 1923: Grønland og Spitsbergen, Kristiania.Røberg, Ole Anders 2001: Vitenskap i krig og fred: Astrofysikeren Svein Rosseland i norsk forsknings-

politikk 1945–1965. Master’s essay in history, University of Oslo.Saga, Torbjørn 2000: Harpunjegere, novel, Tønsberg.Sale, Richard 2002: Polar Reaches. The history of Arctic and Antarctic exploration, Seattle.Sale, Richard 2002: To the ends of the Earth. Harper Collins, London.Sandbakken, Enok 1998: En hvalfangers beretning. Fra en førstereis’ dagbok, Larvik.


Sandbæk, Ragnar 1980: Barents Blues, Oslo.Sandbæk, Ragnar 2004: manuscript.Sars, G.O. 1900: Crustacea. Vol. 1, part 5 (137p + 36 Plates). In Fridtjof Nansen (ed.): The

Norwegian North Polar Expedition 1893–1896. Scientific Results. Christiania, London, NewYork, Bombay, Leipzig.

Sars, J.E. 1904: Norges politiske historie 1815–1885, Kristiania.Sars, J.E. 1909: Norges historie, vol. VI, second section, time period 1885–1905, Kristiania.Sars, M. 1865: Om de i Norge forekommende fossile Dyrelevninger fra Qvartærtiden, et Bidrag til

vor Faunas Historie. University program for the first semester 1864, Christiania.Sars, M. 1868: Mémoires pour servir à la connaissance des Crinoïds vivants. University program

for the first semester 1867, Christiania.Schild, Ingrid 1997: The politics of international collaboration in polar research, University of

Sussex, Brighton.Schilder, Günter 1984: Development and Achievements of Dutch Northern and Arctic

Cartography in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, Arctic 37, Boulder, Colorado.Schiøtz, O.E. 1901: Results of the Pendulum Observations and some Remarks on the

Constitution of the Earth’s Crust, vol. II, part. 8. (90p). In Fridtjof Nansen (ed.): TheNorwegian North Polar Expedition 1893–1896. Scientific Results. Christiania, London, NewYork, Bombay, Leipzig.

Schledermann, Peter 1990: Crossroads to Greenland. 3000 Years of Prehistory in the Eastern HighArctic, Calgary.

Schnitler, Carl W. 1911: Slegten fra 1814. Studier over norsk embedsmandskultur i klassicismenstidsalder 1814–1840, Kristiania.

Schnitler, Peter 1929–85: Major Peter Schnitlers grenseeksaminasjonsprotokoller 1742–1745, vol.1–3, Oslo.

Schroder, W. and K.H. Widerkehr 2001: Geomagnetic research in the 19th century. A case studyof the German contribution. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 63:1649–1660.

Schwach, Vera 2000: Havet, fisken og vitenskapen. Fra fiskeriundersøkelser til havforskningsinsti-tutt 1860–2000, Bergen.

Schaanning, H.T.L. [and R. Amundsen] 1933: Birds from Arctic North America. Ornithologicalresults of the Fram-Expedition 1898–1902 and the Gjøa-Expedition 1903–1906. NytMagazin for naturvidenskaberne 73: 137–165.

Scoresby, William 1820: An Account of the Arctic Regions with a History and Description of theNorthern Whale-Fishery, I–II, Edinburgh.

Scurla, H. 1955: Alexander von Humboldt. Sein Leben und Wirken, Berlin.Seawer, K.A. 1996: The frozen echo. Greenland and the exploration of North America, ca. A.D.

1000–1500, Stanford.Secord, J.A. 1982: King of Siluria. Roderick Murchison and the Imperial Theme in Nineteenth-

Century British Geology. Victorian Studies 25: 413–442.Secord, J.A. 1986: Controversy in Victorian Geology. The Cambrian-Silurian Dispute, Princeton.Segercrantz, Henrik 1989: Icebreakers. Their Historical and Technical Development,

Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 14, London.Seidenfaden, Gunnar 1938: Modern arktisk forskning, Stockholm.Seierstad, Ståle 1991: Arbeidsmarkedskunnskap for distrikts-Norge. Teori og empiri fra Nord-Norge,

Bodø.Seip, J.A. 1945: Et regime foran undergangen. Fredrik Stang – Ole Jacob Broch, Oslo.Seip, J.A. 1974, 1981: Utsikt over Norges historie. I–II, Oslo.Sejersted, Francis 1978: Den vanskelige frihet 1814–1851, vol. 10 in Knut Mykland (ed): Norges

historie, Oslo.


Sellæg, Johs. 1958: Selfangstnæringen, Polarboken, Oslo.Sennet, Richard 1992: Intimitetstyranniet, Oslo.Sexe, S.A. 1864: Om Sneebræen Folgefon, Christiania.Sexe, S.A. 1870: Gletscher-Experimenter, Christiania.Shetelig, Haakon 1944: Norske museers historie, Oslo.Simmons, H.G. 1906: The Vascular Plants in the Flora of Ellesmere Land. Report of the Second

Norwegian Arctic Expedition in the «Fram» 1898–1902. No. 2, Kristiania.Simmons, H.G. 1909b: Stray Contributions to the Botany of North Devon and some other Islands,

Visited 1900–1902. Report of the Second Norwegian Arctic Expedition in the «Fram»1898–1902. No. 19, Kristiania.

Simonsen, Povl 1957: Fra den første arkeologiske Svalbard-ekspedisjons arbeid, Polarboken 1957,Oslo.

Sivertsen, Erling 1951: Grunnlaget for den arktiske selfangst. In Vollan, Odd.Sivertsen, Jørgen 1973: Hammerfest. 1789–1914, Hammerfest.Sjømilitære Samfunds Marinekalender 1814–1934: Oslo 1934 (from naval calendars).Skagestad, Odd Gunnar 1975: Norsk polarpolitikk. Hovedtrekk og utviklingslinjer i norsk polar-

politikk 1905–1974. Master’s essay, Department of Political Science, University of Oslo.Skar, Alfred 1935: Fangstmenn, Oslo.Skar, Alfred 1935: Kvinnene fra Polarødet, Arbeidermagasinet no. 41, Oslo.Skeie, Jon 1933: Politikere og diplomater i Grønlandssaken, Oslo.Skevik, Kaare 1959–60: En pionerinnsats som ikke førte fram, Polarboken, Oslo.Slagstad, Rune 1998: De nasjonale strateger, Oslo.Slingsby, W.C. 1904: Norway. The Northern Playground, Edinburgh.Slaattelid, Aasmund 1938: Med kanon og kamera efter storhvalen, Oslo.Smedal, Gustav 1930: Erhvervelse av statshøihet over polarområder, Oslo.Smedal, Gustav 1934: Nasjonalt forfall. Tilbakeblikk og fremtidsmål i Grønlandssaken, Oslo.Smith, Valene L. 1989: Introduction. In Smith, Valene L.: Hosts and Guests. The anthropology

of Tourism, Philadelphia.Smith, Valene L. 1994: A sustainable Antarctic. Science and Tourism, Annals of Tourism Research,

vol. 21, no. 2, New York.Solberg, O. 1917: Det bergenske handelskompani av 1721 og Grønlands kolonisation, Bergens

Historiske Forenings Skrifter no. 23, Bergen.Solberg, Ole M. 1920: Finmarkens oldtid. En skisse. In Schøyen, Carl, Nordlandet, Kristiania.Sollied, P.R. 1919: Hvalfangsten fra Bergen i ældre tider, Bergen Historical Society Publications,

no. 24, Bergen.Sollied, P.R. 1922: Bergens grønlandsfart i tiden efter Egede, Det norske Geografiske Selskabs

Aarbok, 1919–21, Kristiania.Sommerfelt, S.C. 1833: Bidrag til Spitsbergens og Beeren-Eilands Flora, efter Herbarier,

medbragte af M. Keilhau. Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne 11: 232–246. With selectionsfrom Keilhau 1831 as a supplement: 246–251.

Splettstoesser, John and Melissa C. Folks 1994: Environment Guidelines for Tourism inAntarctica, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 21, no. 2, New York.

Spufford, Francis 1996: In May Be some Time. Ice and the English Imagination, London.Stafford, R.A. 1989: Scientist of Empire. Sir Roderick Murchison, scientific exploration andVictorian

imperialism. Cambridge.Staib, Bjørn 1965: På skidor mot Nordpolen. Bonnier, Stockholm.Staib, Bjørn 1965: North Toward the Pole on Skis, National Geographic, vol. 127 no. 2, February,

Washington.Staib, Bjørn 1965: On Skis toward the North Pole. New York.Staib, Bjørn O. 1962: Nanok. Over Grønland i Nansens spor, Oslo.


Stang, Fredrik 1931: Instituttet for sammenlignende kulturforskning. Beretning om dets virksom-het inntil sommeren 1931, Oslo.

Starkov, Vadim F. 1988: Russian Sites on Spitzbergen and the problem of Chronology.Fennoscandia archaeologica 5, Helsinki.

Stavseth, Reidar 1956: På nordnorsk kjøl.Vesteraalens Dampskibsselskab gjennom 75 år 1881–1956,Stokmarknes.

Steen, A.S. 1901: Terrestrial Magnetism, vol. II, part. 7. (196p + 17 Plates). In Fridtjof Nansen(ed.): The Norwegian North Polar Expedition 1893–1896. Scientific Results. Christiania,London, New York, Bombay, Leipzig.

Steffensen, Jan, Bjørg Greger, Arne Holand, Øysstein Rysst and Svein Jarle Framnes 2003:Melbutrålerne gjennom 50 år, Stokmarknes.

Steinert, Ragnar 1932: Med kokeri og hvalbåt, Oslo.Stenseth, Bodil 1993: En norsk elite. Nasjonsbyggerne på Lysaker 1890–1940, Oslo.Stenseth, Nils Chr., Alf Håkon Hoel, and Ingunn B. Lid (red.) 1993: Vågehvalen.Valgets kval, Oslo.Stokke, Olav S. and Ola Tunander (red.) 1994: The Barents Region. Cooperation in Arctic Europe,

Oslo/London.Storm, Gustav 1889: Ginnungagap i mythologien og i geografien, Arkiv för nordisk filologi, Lund

and Kristiania.Strøm, Albert and Birger Rasmussen 1970: Forsøksfiske etter reker i Barentshavet og Svalbard-

området juni–august 1970, Fiskets Gang, no. 50.Strøm, H. 1784: Physisk-Oeconomisk Beskrivelse over Eger-Præstegiæld i Aggershus Stift i Norge;

tillige med et geographisk Kort over samme, Copenhagen.Studentene fra 1897, Kristiania 1922.Størmer, Carl 1911: Bericht über eine Expedition nach Bossekop zwecks photographischer Aufnahmen

und Höhenmessungen von Nordlichtern, Videnskabs-Selskabets Skrifter, 1. Math.-naturv.Klasse, 1911, No 17, Kristiania.

Sullivan, Walter 1957: Quest for a Continent, London.Sullivan, Walter 1961: Assault on the Unknown. The International Geophysical Year, New York.Sunnanå, Klaus 1951: Dansk-norsk samarbeid på Vest-Grønland, Fiskaren, September 5th.Supan, Alexander 1897: Unbekannte Polargebiete, Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen 43, Gotha.Svalbard næringsutvikling 1994: Reiselivsplan for Svalbard.Svalbard næringsutvikling 1997: Reiselivsplan for Svalbard.Svalbard samfunnsdrift/Orkana forlag 2000: Øverst på jordkloden. Barn og unge på Svalbard,

Stamsund.Sverdrup, Harald Ulrik 1921: Blandt rentsjuktsjere og lamuter. In Amundsen, Roald:

Nordostpassagen, Kristiania.Sverdrup, Harald Ulrik 1922: Maud-ekspeditionens videnskabelige arbeide 1918–1919 og nogen

av dets resultater (written aboard the «Maud» in July of 1919), Naturen, 46, Bergen.Sverdrup, Harald Ulrik 1926: Tre år i isen med «Maud», Oslo.Sverdrup, Harald Ulrik 1926: «Maud»-ekspeditionens videnskabelige arbeide 1922–1925,

Naturen, 50, Bergen.Sverdrup, Harald Ulrik 1926:The tides on the north Siberian shelf.Their bearing on the existence

of land in the Arctic Sea and their dynamics, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences,16, Washington, D.C.

Sverdrup, Harald Ulrik 1927: Dynamics of tides on the North Siberian shelf; results from theMaud expedition, Geofysiske publikasjoner, 4, no. 5.

Sverdrup, Harald Ulrik 1930: Polarfolk. In Brøgger, A.W. [et al.]: Folk og sprog, Oslo.Sverdrup, Harald Ulrik 1931: Fridtjof Nansen som vitenskapsmann, Norsk geografisk tidsskrift,

3, Oslo.Sverdrup, Harald Ulrik 1931: Hvorledes og hvorfor med «Nautilus», Oslo.


Sverdrup, Harald Ulrik 1933: General Report of the Expedition & Narrative of the Expedition,1918–1925, The Norwegian North Polar Expedition with the «Maud» 1918–1925, ScientificResults, 1, Bergen.

Sverdrup, Harald Ulrik 1938: Hos tundra-folket, Oslo.Sverdrup, Harald Ulrik (with Johnson, M.W. and R.H. Fleming) 1942: The Oceans.Their Physics,

Chemistry and General Biology, New York.Sverdrup, Harald Ulrik: Roald Amundsen. Et efterord til minneutgaven av Roald Amundsens

samlede reiseberetninger Oslo: Gyldendal. Proof print.Sverdrup, Jakob 1996: Inn i storpolitikken. 1940–1949, vol. 4 Norsk utenrikspolitikks historie, Oslo.Sverdrup, Otto 1903: Nyt Land. Fire Aar i arktiske Egne, vol. I–II, Kristiania.Sørensen, Einar 1979: Ishavsfangst gjennom 100 år, Tromsø.Sørensen, Jon 1931: Fridtjof Nansens saga (new editions in 1940 and 1942, in English in 1932,

in German in 1930), Oslo.Sørensen, Lars Normann 1958: Henry Rudi, Isbjørnkongen, Oslo.Sørensen, Lars Normann 1961: Gamle ishavsgaster imellom, Oslo.Sørensen, Marit 1991: Jentenes tur! Nuliaq-ekspedisjonen over Grønland 1990, Oslo.Sørensen, T. 2002, Skipper Junges ulykksalige Spitsbergen-tur, Tromsøboka den tredje, Tromsø.Sørensen, Øystein 1993: Fridtjof Nansen. Mannen og myten, Oslo.Sørensen, Øystein 1997: Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson og nasjonalismen, Oslo.Sørensen, Øystein 2001, Kampen om Norges sjel, vol. 3 Norsk idéhistorie, Oslo.Sørheim, Roger 1995: Spitsbergen-kullkomiteen. In Sørheim and Johannessen (eds.), Svalbard

– fra ingenmannsland til del av Norge, Trondheim.Sörlin, Sverker 1988: Framtidslandet. Debatten om Norrland och naturressursane under det indus-

triella gjennombrottet, Stockholm.Sörlin, Sverker 1997: Hans W:son Ahlmann, Arctic Research and Polar Warming. From a National

to an International Scientific Agenda, 1929–1952, Northern Studies, 14, Umeå.Sörlin, Sverker 2002: Rituals and resources of natural history.The North and the Arctic in Swedish

scientific nationalism. In Bravo, Michael and Sverker Sörlin (eds.): Narrating the Arctic. ACultural History of Nordic Scientific Practices, Canton, Mass.

Sörlin, Sverker, Robert Marc Friedman, Michael Harbsmeier, and Urban Wråkberg 1995: Detnordliga rummet. Polarforskningen och de nordiska länderna. Forskningsplan. Working Paperno.1, Stockholm.

Tammiksaar, Erki 2002: The contributions of Karl Ernst von Baer to the investigation of thephysical geography of the Arctic in the 1830s–1840s. Polar Record vol. 38, No. 205, April2002, Cambridge.

Tamnes, Rolf 1991: Svalbard og stormaktene. Fra ingenmannsland til kald krig 1870–1953,Defense Studies 7, Oslo.

Tamnes, Rolf 1992: Svalbard og den politiske avmakt. Striden om flyplass, olje og telemetristasjon,1955–1970, Defense Studies 1, Oslo.

Tamnes, Rolf 1997: Oljealder. 1965–1995, vol. 6 Norsk utenrikspolitikks historie, Oslo.Tande, Thorvald 1957: Norsk fiskeripolitikk. En analyse av fiskerinæringens utvikling siden 1920,

Oslo.Tefertiller, Casey 1997: Wyatt Earp. The Life Behind the Legend, New York.Thesen, Rolv 1991: Ein diktar og hans strid. Arne Garborgs liv og skrifter, Oslo.Thommesen, Toini 1994: Konkurranse, konsensus eller konflikt? Kulturminnevern på Svalbard,

FOK-programmets skriftserie no. 17, Norwegian Research Council.Thomsen,Th. 1912: Nogle Meddelelse om Polargrønlænderne, Det grønlandske Selskabs Aarsskrift,

Copenhagen.Thorseth, Ragnar 1981: Med kurs for Nordvestpassasjen, Oslo.Thorseth, Ragnar 1982: Ferden mot Nordpolen, Oslo.


Thorvaldsen, Gunnar 1996: Hvorfor dro vestfoldingene på hvalfangst i nord? Heimen.Lokalhistorisk Tidsskrift, no. 2, vol. 33.

Thorvik, Ole 1989: Møringer i fangst og strid. Episoder fra isbaks og krigsseilas, Elnesvågen.Tjeder, David 2002: Maskulinum som problem. Genusforskning om män, Historisk tidskrift

2, Stockholm.Tjeder, David 2003: The Power of Character. Middle-Class Masculinities, Stockholm.Tjosaas, Aslak 1995: Selfangere i storm, Øystese.Tolkatsjov, V.F. (ed.) 1996: Terra incognita Arktiki, Arkhangelsk.Tollefsen, Ivar E. 1994: Dronning Maud land, Oslo.Tolleshaug, Berit 2001: Fridtjof Nansen. En norsk helt i en gresk tragedie? Oslo.Torbergsen, Eirik J. 2003: Decca navigasjonssystem – slutt på en epoke, Arctandrias skrifter, no.

11, Tromsø.Tordsson, Bjørn 1999: Fire eksempler på identitetsdanning gjennom friluftsliv, memo, the

Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo.Torkildsen, Torbjørn 1996: Helge Ingstad. En biografisk innledning. In Ingstad, Helge:

Oppdagelsen av det nye land, Oslo.Treshnikov, A.F. 1982: Mikhail Lomonosov and the Northern Sea Route, Transactions of the Royal

Society of Canada 20, Ottawa.Trigger, Bruce G. 1996: Arkeologiens idéhistorie, Oslo.Tromholt, Sophus 1885: Under nordlysets straaler, København (original title: Under the Rays of

the Aurora Borealis. In the Land of the Lapps and Kvæns I–II, London, 1885).Troye, Vilhelm 1889: Thomas Carlyle. Hans liv og hans værk, Bergen.Tschernyschew,T. and P. Stepanow 1916: Obercarbonfauna von König Oscars und Heibergsland.

Report of the Second Norwegian Arctic Expedition in the «Fram» 1898–1902. No. 34. Kristiania.Tutein, Peter 1958: Grønn ungdom hele livet, Bergen.Tønnessen, Joh. N. 1967: Verdensfangsten 1883–1924, vol. 2 Den moderne hvalfangsts historie.

Opprinnelse og utvikling, Sandefjord.Tønnessen, Joh. N.1969: Den pelagiske fangst 1924–1937, vol. 3 Den moderne hvalfangsts historie.

Opprinnelse og utvikling, Sandefjord.Tønnessen, Joh. N. 1970: Den pelagiske fangst 1937–1969, vol. 4 Den moderne hvalfangsts historie.

Opprinnelse og utvikling, Sandefjord.Tønnessen, Joh. N. and A.O. Johnsen 1982: The history of modern whaling, London and Canberra.Ukhtomskij, L. 1883: Novaja Zemlja. Etnografitsjeskij etjud, St. Petersburg.Ulfstein, Geir 1995: The Svalbard Treaty. From Terra Nullius to Norwegian Sovereignty, Oslo.Ulvang, Oddvar M. 2000: Telekommunikasjoner på Spitsbergen 1911–1935, Tromsø.Ulvensøen, Jon 1991: Brennpunkt Nord.Værtjenestekrigen 1940–45, the Norwegian Armed Forces

Museum publications, pamphlet no. 6, Oslo.Underdal, Arild 1982: The Politics of International Fisheries Management.The Case of the Northeast

Atlantic, Oslo.Universitets- og skoleannaler (University and school records). Ny række. 20. aargang, 1905Ustvedt, Yngvar 1979: Det skjedde i Norge. Velstand – og nye farer. 1952–61, Oslo.Vaeth, J. Gordon 1959: Graf Zeppelin, London.Valle, K. 1956: En oversikt over konfliktene mellem Norge og Russland om selfangsten i Østisen i

tidsrommet 1893–1926. Master’s essay in political science, University of Oslo.Vaughan, Richard 1994/2001: The Arctic. A History, Sparkford.Vaughan, Richard 1999: The Arctic. A History, Stroud.Vesterlid, Jorunn 1992: Hvalfangerkoner og barn forteller. Hjemmelivet fra 1930 til 1967,

Sandefjord.Vik, Kjell 1984: Hvorfor gikk det så greitt? Om nedleggelsen av hvalfangstnæringen i Vestfold,

Vestfoldminne, Tønsberg.


Vinje, A.O. 1870, Frå Tunsberg og Larvik, Dølen 1870, no. 14 and 19. A somewhat shortenedversion in A.O. Vinje 1967, Fjøllstaven min og andre ferdaskildringar, Oslo.

Vize, Vladimir Ju. 1948: Morja sovetskoj arktiki. Otsjerki po istorii issledovanij, Moscow–Leningrad.Vollan, Odd 1951: Ishavsfart. Selfangsten fra Sunnmøre gjennem femti år, Oslo.Vollan, Odd 1986: Selfangst i Norden. Mot isdekt hav, Ålesund.Vollan, Odd 1992: Ålesunds Skipperforening gjennom hundre år 1892–1992, Ålesund.Vongraven, Dag 2003: Svalbard - endelig en turistmagnet, På Norske Vinger, Braathens Airlines,

no. 5.Vorren, Tore 1992: Karl Pettersen. Ildsjel og banebryter, Ottar no. 191, Tromsø.Vorren, Tore 1993: To menn i isen. Fra ishavsskippernes historie, Oslo.Wahl, Ingveig Holand 2000: Forvaltning av fisket i havområdene ved Svalbard. Om opprettelsen

og utviklingen av et internasjonalt regime. Master’s essay, Department of Political Science,University of Tromsø.

Walker, J.M. 1991: Farthest north, dead water and the Ekman spiral, Part 2, Weather, 46 no.6, London.

Walton, D.W.H. (ed.) 1987: Antarctic Science, Cambridge & New York.Wenzel, Georg 1991: Animal Rights, Human Rights. Ecology, Economy and Ideology in the

Canadian Arctic, Toronto.Werenskiold, Werner 1925: Travelling in Polar Regions. In Brouwer, H.A. (ed.): Practical Hints

to Scientific Travellers, vol. II, The Hague.Weule, Karl 1915: De kulturløses kultur, Kristiania.Wexelsen, Einar 1993: Working Conditions and Work-related Injuries and Illnesses on Board

Norwegian Floating Factories after World War II. In Basberg, Bjørn L., Einar Wexelsenand Jan Erik Ringstad, Jan Erik (eds.): Whaling and history. Perspectives on the evolution ofthe industry, Sandefjord.

Whewell, W. 1837: History of the Inductive Sciences. From the earliest to the present times. I–III.London.

Wicken, Olav 1995: ColdWar in Space Research. Ionospheric Research and Military Communicationin Norwegian Politics. In Collett, John Peter (ed.): Making Sense of Space. The History ofNorwegian Space Activities, Oslo

Wikan, Steinar 2000: Johan Koren. Feltzoolog og polar-pioner, Oslo.Wille, C. 1882: Den Norske Nordhavs-Expedition 1876–1878/The Norwegian North-Atlantic

Expedition 1876–1878. IV. 1. Historisk Beretning/Historical Account. Christiania.Williams, Glyn 2002: Voyages of Delusion.The Search for the Northwest Passage in the Age of Reason,

London.Windmill 1948: United States Operation «Windmill», The Polar Record, Cambridge.Wisting, Oscar 1930: 16 år med Roald Amundsen. Fra pol til pol, Oslo.With, Nanna (ed.) 1920: Illustrert biografisk leksikon over kjendte norske mænd og kvinder,

Kristiania.Woldstad, Wanny 1956: Første kvinne som fangstmann på Svalbard, Oslo.Woldt, A. 1887: Kaptein Jacobsens Reiser til Nordamerikas Nordvestkyst 1881–83. Efter hans egne

Optegnelser, Kristiania.Woodman, David C. 1991: Unravelling the Franklin Mystery. Inuit Testimony, Montreal &

Kingston.Wråkberg, Urban 1993: Where Science Turns into Sports and Politics. The Decline of Swedish

Polar Research in the Early 20th Century. In Lindqvist, Svante (ed.): Center on the Periphery.Historical Aspects of 20th Century Swedish Physics, Canton, Mass.

Wråkberg, Urban 1996: Ett Babylon i Ultima Thule. Den geografiska namngivningen i deteuropeiska Arktis, The Northern Space. The International Research Network on the Historyof Polar Science Working Paper, no. 3, Umeå.


Wråkberg, Urban 1999: Vetenskapens vikingatåg. Perspektiv på svensk polarforskning 1860–1930,Stockholm.

Wråkberg, Urban 1999b: Andrée’s Folly. Time for Reappraisal? In Wråkberg, Urban (ed.): TheCentennial of S.A. Andrée’s North Pole Expedition. Proceedings of a Conference on S.A. Andréeand the Agenda for Social Science Research of the Polar Regions. Bidrag till Kungl. SvenskaVetenskapsakademiens Historia, no. 28, Stockholm.

Wråkberg, Urban 2001: Den internationella antarktisforskningen och Otto Nordenskjölds sydpolar-expedition 1901–03, Ymer 121, Stockholm.

Wråkberg, Urban 2002: The Politics of Naming. Contested Observations and the Shaping ofGeographical Knowledge. In Bravo, Michael and Sverker Sörlin (eds.): Narrating the Arctic.Collective Memory, Science, and the Nordic Nations, 1800–1940, Canton, Mass.

Wråkberg, Urban 2003: Ruiner i förfallande landskap. Arktiska spår av kultur, vetenskap ochindustri. In Avango, Dag and Brita Lundström (eds.), Industrins avtryck. Perspektiv på ettforskningsfält, Göteborg.

Wråkberg, Urban 2004: Delineating a Continent of Ice and Snow. Cartographic Claims ofKnowledge and Territory in Antarctica in the 19th and Early 20th Century. In Elzinga, Aant,David Turner, Torgny Nordin and Urban Wråkberg (eds.): Antarctic Challenges, Göteborg.

Ytreberg, Nils A. 1946: Tromsø bys historie, vol. 1, Tromsø.Ytreberg, Nils A. 1971: Tromsø bys historie, vol. 3, Tromsø.Zapffe, Fritz G. 1935: Roald Amundsen. Mitt samarbeide med ham gjennem 25 år, Oslo.Zapffe, Peter Wessel 1974 (1969): Barske glæder, Oslo.Zapffe, Peter Wessel 1977: Spøk og alvor. Epistler og leilighetsvers, Oslo.Zeller, Suzanne 1987: Inventing Canada. Early Victorian science and the idea of a transcontinen-

tal nation, Toronto.Zjilinskij, A. 1918: Rossija na Severe (K opisaniju zjizni i dejatelnosti M.K. Sidorova), Arkhangelsk.Ødegård, Helge 1998: Min første fangsttur. In Landmark and Landmark (eds.)Ødegård, Helge 1998: Til Vesterisen i 1940. In Landmark and Landmark (eds.).Ødegård, Helge 1998: Tronge tider. In Landmark and Landmark (eds.).Ødegaard, Torbjørn 2002: Hvalfangere i Sydishavet og Sør-Afrika 1910–1970, Fredrikstad.Øritsland, Nils Are (red.) 1986: Svalbardreinen og dens livsgrunnlag, Oslo.Østby, Jan 1939: Roald Amundsen (2nd edition in 1950), Oslo.Østby, Jan 1953: Hvalkongen. Eventyret om Svend Foyn, Oslo.Østenstad, Thorleif Fr. 1974: Særoppdrag i nord, Oslo.Østevik, Tore 1998: Snipp, snapp, snute – Beretning om livet om bord i hvalbåtene fra Vestfold på

fangstfeltene i Sydishavet, Tønsberg.Østreng, Willy 1974: Økonomi og politisk suverenitet. Interessespillet om Svalbards politiske status, Oslo.Østreng, Willy 1975: Det politiske Svalbard, Oslo.Østreng, Willy 1999: The natural and social challenges of the Northern Searoute, Doordrecht.Øynes, Per 1977: Rekefisket ved Jan Mayen, Fiskaren October 27th.Aas, Peter 1986: Et blad av Ishavets historie, Årbok for Malangen og Balsfjord historielag,

Storsteinnes.Aas, Steinar 2002: Tragedien Umberto Nobile. Polarhelt eller svikar? Oslo.Aasheim, Stein P. 1989: Vestkysten eller døden, Oslo.


i n d e x 547

Adventfjord 147, 148Ahlmann, Hans Wilhelmson 321–324, 336Alaska 74, 81Albert, Prince of Monaco 147Allen, James van 340, 352Alps 36, 57–58Ameralik Fjord 52, 55Amund Ringnes Land 208Amundsen, Leon 248, 259Amundsen, Roald 61, 117, 201, 207–231,

240–279, 286, 452–458, 478Anderssen-Rysst, Torgeir 277Andreassen, Alf 130Andrée, Salomon August 102Antarctic Ocean 175, 176, 180, 376–383Antarctica 68, 70–71, 193, 211–213, 292,

307–308, 328–330, 337, 342–359,369–371, 463

Archangel 14, 35Archer, Colin 77, 114Arendal 15Arild, Ferdinand 272–273Arnesen, Liv 463, 470–471, 472Arnesen, Odd 279, 456Astrup, Eivind 79, 85, 236, 238–241, 243,

253Austfjordneset 141Australia 64, 328, 347Axel Heiberg Land 208

Baden-Powell, Sir George 114Balchen, Bernt 273, 326Balto, Samuel J. 43, 47, 49, 233

Bancroft, Ann 462, 470Barents Sea 8, 366, 421, 426, 429, 433,

435–444, 447, 477–479Barentsburg 148, 154, 158, 164, 344, 422,

426Barentsz, Willem 14, 281Baronen, Anders 233Baronen, Lars 233Barrow, John 60Bear Island 8, 13–15, 17–18, 20, 30, 37,

140, 147, 156, 158, 167, 279, 303,324, 343–344, 366–367, 411, 435

Bellsund 283, 384Belyy Ostrov 31Bennet, Steven 14Bennett, Floyd 272–273Bergen 15, 138, 204, 291, 307, 369Bering Sea 67Bering Strait 36, 71, 73, 74, 76, 81, 209Berkner, Lloyd 340–343Beutlich, Captain 150Birkeland, Kristian 35, 248Bjaaland, Olav 210, 217, 219, 220, 221,

223, 224, 227–230, 478Bjerknes, Wilhelm 203–204, 251, 254, 321Bjørnes, Georg 141, 143Bjørnson, Bjørnstjerne 107, 112, 453Blessing, Henrik Greve 82, 99Blåhuken 418Bohemanneset 148Bomann-Larsen, Tor 453, 456–458Bouvet Island 178, 180, 182, 343–344Braastad, Johan 300

INDE X

548 i n d e x

Braganzavågen 149Brandal, Peter 123Brandal, Ruben 131Breii, E. 37Brooks Range 275Bruce, William Speirs 313–314Brundtland, Gro Harlem 467Brækmo, Sivert 138Brøgger, Waldemar Christopher 75, 111,

195–198, 453Bugge, Alexander 314Byrd, Richard E. 272–273, 275Byron, Lord 58

Cagni, Lieutenant 65Cape Artichesky 478Cape Chelyuskin 80, 82, 251Cape Farewell 43, 55Cape Fligely 88Cape Horn 212Cape Linné 344, 348Cape Mitra 274, 281Cape Norvegia 330Cape Thordsen 140Carlsen, Elling 23, 30–32, 35Castberg, Captain 37Castberg, Frede 300Cecioni, Natale 270Christensen, Chr. 172Christensen, I.E. 307Christensen, Lars 183, 346, 389Christiania (Kristiania, Oslo) 55, 65,

106–107, 114, 149, 152, 204, 231,246, 277, 283, 478

Christianshaab 46Christophersen, Don Pedro 215, 223Coles Bay 148Conway, Martin 313Cook, Frederick 211, 236Cook, James 64, 172Crocker Land 259

Dahl, Odd 255Danish Island 100, 102Danmarkhamna 297Davies, Brian 401, 403Davis Strait 328De Long, George W. 73, 74Denmark Strait 390, 398

Devil’s Glacier 225, 229Devold, Hallvard 296, 297, 298, 300, 302,

206, 310Dickson, Oscar 61, 198Dieset (Resvoll-Holmsen), Hanna Marie

283Dietrichson, Leif Ragnar 259, 260Dietrichson, Oluf Christian 47

Eastern Ice Fields 20, 29, 31–33, 34, 122,123

Ebbesen, Lars 471, 472Edge Island 18Edlund, Erik 61Eielson, Ben 277Eilertsen, Bernhard 188Eilertsen, Åse 188Eisenhower, Dwight D. 341, 353Ekman, Vagn Walfrid 203–204Ekström, Bertil 331, 334Ella Lake 367Ellef Ringnes Land 208Ellesmere Island 73, 210, 462, 466Ellsworth, Lincoln 259–260, 262, 264–273,

278Elton, Charles 366Engan, Erling 417Erik Raude’s Land 298, 300, 303Eriksen, Alfred 247Eriksen, Ole 158, 161, 164Esmarch, August Wilhelm Stiernstedt 303Essen, Reinhold von 337Etienne, Jean-Louis 462Eva-Liv Island 97Everest, Robert 17

Faeroe Islands 432, 441, 444, 447, 448Fahlgren, Erik 13Farsund 15Fiennes, Sir Ranulph 463, 465–469,

473–474Filchner, Wilhelm 71Finckenhagen, O.I. 31Finnmark 8, 13–15, 17, 18, 20, 33, 324, 410Foyn, Svend 20–23, 36Franklin, Sir John 7, 60, 61Franklin, Sir John 7, 60–61Franz Joseph Land 29, 61, 65, 88, 91, 98,

102, 105, 220

i n d e x 549

Frederik VIII 303Frydenlund, Knut 403Fuchs, Vivien 463Fuglefjell 143, 145Funchal 212Færingehavn 431, 432

Gamél, August 108George III 172Gerhardsen, Einar 323, 476Giæver, John 308, 329, 333Gjelsvik, Tore 359–364, 372Gjertsen, Captain 176Gjøahavn 240Godthaab (Nuuk) 47, 52, 53, 55Godthul 174Goebbels, Joseph 307Goethe, Johann Wolfgang 58Gorbachev, Michail 427Gottwaldt, Birger 270, 274Gran, Trygve 232, 242, 258Greely, Adolphus 65, 73–78, 105Greenland 8, 40–55, 64, 73–74, 108,

110–114, 140, 141, 206–208, 211,217, 231, 233–240, 292–295,296–307, 308–310, 431–435,443,458–465

Greenland Strait 122, 125, 130Grefstad, Richard 414Greve, Tim 453, 458Grumant 17, 148, 426Grytvika 171, 172, 175, 181, 189, 193,

377, 378Grønfjorden 138, 282Gråhuken 29Gulf of St. Lawrence 125

Haakon VII 209, 275, 303Haakon VII Plateau 231Hagerup, Johan 139, 142Hague, The 299, 302–305, 356, 431, 443,

446Hall, Charles Francis 61Hallgren, Stig Eugen 334Hambro, Carl Joachim 291, 293, 294, 303,

305, 451Hammer, Håkon 256, 258, 259, 260Hammerfest 13, 17–21, 23, 26, 28, 30–33,

138, 149

Hamre, I.M. 147Hamsun, Knut 106, 116Hansen, Oluf 177Hanssen, Helmer 209, 215–221, 228–229,

250, 254Hansteen, Christopher 40Harang, Leiv 356Harloff, Lillemor 321Hassel, Sverre 208–210, 217–221, 224–228Hauan, Johan 23Hauge, Odd Harald 471, 472Havøysund 436Heiberg, Axel 198, 208Heiberg, Gustav 342, 346, 348, 354, 355Heine, Heinrich 58Helgeby, Carsten 403Helland, Amund 42Helland-Hansen, Bjørn 204, 251, 291, 321Hellstad, Captain 37Hendriksen, Peder 84, 208Heo, Young Who 466Hillary, Sir Edmund 463Hinlopen Strait 30Hiorthamn 167Hjort, Johan 204Hobart 230Hoel, Adolf 281–287, 289, 291–295,

297–315, 320Holler, Kjell 417Holm, Andreas 140Holmsen, Gunnar 282, 283Holt, Kåre 457Hopen 20, 422, 435, 437Horgen, Emil 270, 274Horn, Gunnar 294, 478Horn, Mike 478Hornsund 141, 143, 145, 146Hudson, Henry 14Huntford, Roland 244, 458Husvik Harbour 174, 378Hvalbukta 211, 213–215, 220Hyttevika 143

Iceland 20, 21, 29, 36, 313, 323, 340, 395,427, 432, 441, 443, 445, 448

Ingebrigtsen, Morten 182Isachsen, Gunnar 182, 210, 277, 281,

282–283, 285, 289, 291, 313–315Isaksen, Isak Nils 39

550 i n d e x

Isbjørnhamn 143, 145Isfjorden 29, 412Iversen, Thor 433

Jackson, Frederick 105, 111Jacobsen, Guttorm 131Jahre, Anders 192, 389Jakobsen, Guttorm 330, 339Jan Mayen 20, 23–24, 29–30, 37, 42, 140,

340, 343, 430, 433, 443Jarlsberg, Fredrik Wedel 278, 288Johannesen, Edvard J. 71Johannesen, Søren 36Johansen, Asle T. 462Johansen, Fredrik Hjalmar 77, 94–106, 210,

212, 217, 220, 230, 245, 270Jonasen, Jonas Schanche 300Juell, Adolf 88

Kagge, Erling 465–467, 469, 473, 474, 479Kalinin, Mikhail, 323Kaminski, Marek 469Kane, Elisha Kent 61Kanin Nos 34Kanin Peninsula 17Kara Sea 19, 31, 35, 36, 71Keilhau, Balthazar 40Keltie, J. Scott 313Khabarovo 79, 250King William Land 61Kiær, Johan Aschehoug 285, 286Knox Coast 347, 349Knudsen, Gunnar 150, 248Kofoed, Einar 433Koht, Halvdan 307Kola Peninsula 34, 421, 425, 426Kolstad, Peder 300Kongsfjord 123, 147, 149, 272, 371Konow, Wollert 247Konyukhov, Fyodor 466Kosygin, Alexey 421Kotzebue Bay 275Krarup Nielsen, Aage 186Kristensen, Monica 463, 469–470, 478Kristiansand 15, 106, 114, 212Kristiansen, Kristian Trana 43, 47, 48, 51, 76Kruse, Just. P.C. 170Kyrö, Johannes Person 28

Lamont, James 147Lange, Halvard 321, 325, 356, 421Laptev Sea 80Larsen, Carl Anton 36, 67, 171, 172,

175–177Larsen, Erling 192Leith Harbour 174, 188, 192, 378Leiv Erikson 478Lena Delta 74Leningrad 323Lever, William 175Liestøl, Olav 340Liljequist, Gösta 274Lindberg, Odd F. 403–406Lindboe, Asbjørn 300Lindqvist, Gustav 145Lindstrøm, Adolf Henrik 208, 209,

216–220, 230, 241Linné, Carl von 40Lockwood, Lieutenant 73, 88, 105Longyear Valley 414Longyear, John Munro 148, 150Longyearbyen 147, 148, 149, 150, 162, 163,

164, 165, 170, 171, 289, 370, 410,412, 413, 414, 415, 421–425, 429

Lovén, Sven 36, 61Lund, Anton 209Lund, Julius Fredrik Macody 283–284Lykke, Ivar 275Lützow-Holm, Finn 277–278Lønø, Odd 144

Mack, Arild 171, 181Mack, Fritz 36, 37Madeira 212Magill, Robert N. 342, 346Malmberg, Finn 269Malthus, Robert 366Marie Byrd Land 336Markham, Albert 65Markham, Sir Clemens 114Marstrander, Carl 296, 300, 302Marstrander, Fredrik 300, 303Maske, Julie 463Masuda, Monica 463Matthew Straits (Matochkin Shar) 31Maudheim 326, 331McClintock, Leopold 60McMurdo 357, 467, 469

i n d e x 551

Melbu 435Melsom, Jacob 36Mezen 18Midbøe, Finn Backer 415Mikkelsen, Anders 20Mikkelsen, Peder 20Mo i Rana 417Mohn, Henrik 37–39, 74, 286, 313, 314Molotov, Vjatsjeslav 323, 324, 410, 411, 421Moncrieff, George 385Montesquieu, Charles 18Mossin, Katinka 463Mowinckel, Johan Ludvig 293, 294, 303,

305, 451Munk, Walther 325Mussolini, Benito 259, 268, 278Myggbukta 297, 302, 304, 310Myhre, Svein 277–278Märtha Louise 478

Nansen, Egil 478Nansen, Eva 82Nansen, Fridtjof 7, 9, 24, 43–55, 61,

64–65, 73–117, 195–210, 217, 219,220, 223, 230–253, 255, 277–278,285, 311, 324, 451–466, 469, 476,478

Nansen, Liv 82Napoeon, emperor 59Nathorst, Alfred 37New Fortuna Bay 174New Zealand 64, 175, 178, 213Newfoundland 125, 127, 392, 394, 396,

398–399, 403, 432Nicholas II 34Nilsa, Henrik 266Nilsen, Anton 140Nilsen, Mikal 127Nilsen, Nils 266Nilsen, Thorvald 215Nobel, Alfred 198Nobile, Umberto 267–269, 274, 276, 277,

278, 295, 456Nome, Alaska 253, 255, 275, 276Nordahl, Bernhard 85Nordaustlandet 30, 348, 460Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik 29, 35, 37–39, 45,

61, 64, 70–71, 76, 195, 198, 233, 321Norderval, Monrad 402

Norselbukta 334North Gate 30North Pole (magnetic) 209, 244North Pole 9, 61, 71, 73–76, 81, 107, 211,

255, 260–264, 266–267, 270,273–277, 346, 353, 369, 460–462,465–469, 473–474

North Pole Basin 206Northeast Passage 14, 39, 71, 76, 195, 253Northern Ice Fields 29, 33, 125, 394Northwest Passage 60, 61, 71, 208–209,

231, 240–241, 244–246, 253Novaya Zemlya 14, 17, 19, 29, 31, 33, 35,

39, 71, 79Nuuk (Godthaab) 47, 52, 53, 55Ny-Ålesund 123, 147, 148, 150, 154, 162,

164, 166, 170, 171, 262, 263, 270,271, 272, 275, 362, 371, 410,412–415, 417,418

Nygaardsvold, Johan 307

Ob 35, 36, 367Obdorsk 36Oftedal, Lars 298Olav Tryggvason 453Olonkin, Gennadij 250Olsen, Arne M 9Olsen, Nils E. 140Olsen, Trygve 436Omdal, Oskar 255–256, 259, 264, 266,

269, 270, 274Orheim, Olav 372Orvin, Anders K. 298, 320, 325, 340, 359Oscar II, king of Norway and Sweden 35Ousland, Børge 465–469, 474, 478–479

Pajala 39Parry, Sir William Edward 60, 65, 73Paulaharju, Samuli 39Payer, Julius 61, 71, 93, 98Peary 45, 73, 79, 85, 211, 227, 236, 238,

264, 459, 460Pedersen, Cato Zahl 471, 472Pensgård, Anne Marte 463Peter I Island 178, 343Petermann Land 93–94Petermann, August 61, 67, 70, 93Petterson, Lars 84, 88Plaisted, Ralph 460

552 i n d e x

Point Barrow 255, 256, 275Prestrud, Kristian 217, 219, 220, 245Prince Karl’s Forland 281, 313Prince Olav Harbour 174Prinsesse Astrid Coast 346, 347Pyramiden 148, 154

Qasiguanguit 46Queen Maud Land 180, 250, 307, 320,

323, 326, 330, 337, 343, 344, 346,349, 351, 354–355, 358

Quennerstedt, August 37Quisling, Vidkun 306, 308, 310

Ramm, Fredrik 269, 274Randby, Geir 465–466Rasmussen, Knud 239Ratzel, Friedrich 310–311Ravna, Ole N. 43, 47, 233Reece, Alan 334, 336Reese, Bjørn 458–459, 463Riddervold, Hans 35Rieber, Christian 402, 403Riiser-Larsen, Hjalmar 178, 180, 259–266,

267, 269, 270, 272–278Ringnes, Amund 208Ringnes, Ellef 208Rink, Heinrich 239–240Robertson, Charles 138Robin, Gordon 332, 336Rogstad, Egil 332, 334Rolfsen, Nordahl 75, 195, 453Ronne Shelf 470Roots, Frederick 333, 334Ross Sea 71, 176, 177, 328, 336Ross, James Clark 60, 64, 67Ross, John 60Rosseland, Svein 346Russekeila 348Ruud, Odd Ivar 141Rydning, Engineer 161Rygh, Per 303Røkke, Kjell Inge 435Rønne, Martin 250, 254

Salekhard 36Sandar 180, 188Sandefjord 21, 174, 180, 192, 193, 386Sars, Michael 36, 204

Schumacher 349Schytt, Valter 333, 334Scoresby Sound 297Scoresby, William 281Scott, Robert 61, 211, 232, 242Scott-Hansen, Sigurd 86, 88Sea of Pechora 14Sebulonsen, Ludvig 28Senni, Count 277Seven Islands 30, 88Seward Peninsula 275Shackleton Range 470Shackleton, Ernest 193, 211, 217, 226, 227,

470Shannon Island 297Siberia 35, 39, 42, 79–81, 199, 251, 254Sidorov, Michail 35–36Silver Spring, Maryland 340Simpson, Myrtle 463Skancke, Ragnar 308Skarbøvig Nils 431Skeie, Jon 300Skjerdal, Karl O. 417Skjoldborg, Per 276Smedal, Gustav 297, 298, 300, 302, 303,

305, 307, 308, 310Smith-Jensen, Toralf 401Snow White Field 429, 448Solberg, Halvor 342–344, 354South Cape 30South Gate 30South Georgia 171South Orkney Islands 174South Pole 68, 211, 215, 218–231, 456,

463, 467–474Spitsbergen 8, 14, 17–19, 30–31, 36–37,

121, 126, 138, 140–141, 147–154,158, 163, 272, 281–290, 313–314,410, 433

St. Petersburg 34Staib, Bjørn 458–462, 463, 473, 474Stalin, Josef 323, 339Stanley, Henry 236Stauning, Th. 298Staxrud, Arve 282, 285, 286Steenstrup, Japetus 36Steger, Will 462Storegga 122Storm, Gustav 314

i n d e x 553

Stromnes Harbour 174Stroud, Mike 466Strømme, Engineer 161Stubberud, Jørgen 217, 219, 220Sundbeck, Knut 250, 254Sunnmøre 121–122, 125, 128, 137Svalbard 15, 17–20, 28, 33, 37, 71, 138,

140–149, 152–166, 170, 260, 281,287, 289, 291–295, 303, 311–315,320, 324, 339–340, 342–343, 348,358–361, 370–372, 410–430, 444–448

Svartisen 37Svatoy Nos 34Svea 148, 149, 154, 170, 410, 424Svendsen, Alfred 146Sverdrup Islands 80Sverdrup, Einar 169, 170Sverdrup, Harald Ulrik 321, 322, 324–326,

329, 333, 339, 341, 342, 344,346–347, 349, 354

Sverdrup, Otto Neumann Knoph 42–56,77–80, 84, 87, 89–90, 99–103, 106,207–209, 244–245, 251–254, 258,277, 359

Syse, Jan P. 466Sæterdal, Anders 141, 145, 146Sørensen, Jon 453–454Sørensen, Marit 463Sørlie, Petter 177Sørsdal, Leif 389

Terre Adélie 328Thommessen, Rolf 268, 277, 300Thorseth, Ragnar 462Thue, Klaus N. 140Thule 460Tobiesen, Jakop 29Tobiesen, Sivert 29Tordsson, Bjørn 474Torell, Otto 36–37, 61Torup, Sophus 78Tromsø 18, 21, 23, 26, 28, 33, 127,

128–131, 147–150, 370, 392Trondheim 15, 106, 114, 148

Uemura, Naomi 462Urville, Dumont d’ 67, 328

Vaidaguba 122Van Mijenfjorden 139, 142Varangerfjord 34Vardø 76, 78, 106, 116, 138Vaygach 31Veblen, Thorstein 117Velkomstpynten 29Verlegenhook 30Vestfjord 34Vik, Rolf 364, 366Vinje, Torgny 340Vogelhoek 281

Wainright 256Weddell Sea 67, 71, 336, 347Werenskiold, Erik 453Western Ice Fields 20, 21, 23–24, 29, 37,

122, 126, 127, 130, 390, 395, 403Weyprecht, Karl 61, 71Whale Sound 236White Sea, the 14, 17, 23, 24, 29, 31, 34,

122, 125–127, 130, 291, 290, 392Wiesener, Peder 163Wilander, Hjalmar 37Wilczek, Count 61Wilhelm II, emperor 106Wilhelmsen, Werner 394, 295Wilkes, Charles 67Wilkins, Hubert 277Wilson, Ove 333, 334Wisting, Oscar 217, 219–221, 227–229,

250, 254–255, 269–270, 274–275, 456Woldstad, Wanny 141, 143, 146

Yamal Peninsula 31, 39Yenisey 35, 36, 39, 367Yugor Strait 79, 250Yugorskiy Shar 31

Zapffe, Fritz 262, 264, 272, 273Zapffe, Peter Wessel 278Zeppelin, Count Ferdinand von 267

Øritsland, Torgeir 402Østby, Jan 456, 457Øverland, Arnulf 256

Ålesund 122, 123, 128, 138Aasheim, Stein P. 462, 466

Page 6: Photo: Pål Hermansen, Samfoto.Page 7: Photo: Gunnar Markussen, The

Polar Museum in Tromsø.Page 10–11: Photo: Per Eide, Samfoto.Page 12: Öfver land och haf. Illustrerade

reseskildringar från alla verdsdelar,Stockholm 1878–1879.

Page 13: Photo: Gunnar Markussen, ThePolar Museum in Tromsø.

Page 16: Öfver land och haf. Illustreradereseskildringar från alla verdsdelar,Stockholm 1878–1879.

Page 19: Tromsø University Museum,University of Tromsø.

Page 22: Fridtjof Nansen, Blant sel og bjørn.Min første Ishavs-ferd, Oslo 1924.

Page 25: The Norwegian Maritime Museum,Oslo.

Page 27: Photo: Mats Forsberg.Page 32: Die oesterreichische Nordpol-

Expedition 1872–1874, München 1875.Page 38: The Royal Swedish Academy of

Sciences, Stockholm.Page 41: Archiv for Mathematik og Natur-

videnskab, First volume, Kristiania1876.

Page 44: Aquarelle: Thorleif Holmboe 1889,The National Library of Norway.

Page 47: Photo: Siems & Co, 1888, TheNational Library of Norway.

Page 50: The Fram Museum, Oslo.Page 53: Aquarelle: Thorleif Holmboe in

Paa ski over Grønland 1890, The

National Library of Norway.Page 54. Drawing: Andreas Bloch in Paa ski

over Grønland 1890, The NationalLibrary of Norway.

Page 56: Photo: Olav Bjaaland, 1911,The National Library of Norway.

Page 57: Photo: Gunnar Markussen,The Polar Museum in Tromsø.

Page 63: The Fred Goldberg collection.Page 69: The Royal Swedish Academy of

Sciences, Stockholm.Page 72: The Norwegian Polar Institute,

Tromsø.Page 75: Fridtjof Nansen 1861–1893. Ed.

Waldemar C. Brøgger and NordahlRolfsen, København 1896.

Page 77: The National Library of Norway.Page 83: Map: Fridtjof Nansen, Naturen,

1890.Page 86: Photo: Fridtjof Nansen, 1894, The

National Library of Norway.Page 90, 95 and 101: Photo: Fridtjof

Nansen, 1895, The National Library ofNorway.

Page 104: Drawing: Andreas Bloch, ca.1897, The National Library of Norway.

Page 109: Photo: Worm-Petersen, 1896, TheOslo City Museum.

Page 113: Photo: Fridtjof Nansen, 1894,The National Library of Norway.

Page 115: The Norwegian CanningMuseum, Stavanger.

Page 117: Postcard, ca. 1889, The National

ILLUSTRATION CREDITS

554 i l l u s t r a t i o n c r e d i t s

i l l u s t r a t i o n c r e d i t s 555

Library of Norway.Page 118–119: Photo: Kjell Ove Storvik.Page 120: The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord.Page 121: Photo: Gunnar Markussen,

The Polar Museum in Tromsø.Page 124: Photo: Torger Singelstad.Page 129 and 134: The Polar Museum in

Tromsø.Page 137: Photo: Otto Sandnes. Tromsø

University Museum, University ofTromsø.

Page 139: Photo: Aksel Aker Koller, TheNorwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø.

Page 142: Photo: Stein P. Aasheim.Page 144: The Polar Museum in Tromsø.Page 151: Photo: Dalqvist. Tromsø


Page 156–157: Photo: Thor Iversen, TheThor Iversen Collection, Bergen.

Page 160: The Norwegian Polar Institute,Tromsø.

Page 165: Photo: Birger Amundsen.Page 168: Photo: Sverre A. Børretzen,

Aktuell, Scanpix.Page 173: Photo: Edward B. Binnie,

The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord.Page 179: Photo: Bentze, The Whaling

Museum, Sandefjord.Page 185: Photo: Switinbank, Royal

Geographical Society, London.Page 190 and 191: The Whaling Museum,

Sandefjord.Page 194: Photo: Anders Beer Wilse, 1924,

The Norwegian Museum of CulturalHistory, Oslo.

Page 195: Photo: Gunnar Markussen,The Polar Museum in Tromsø.

Page 197: Photo: The National Museum,Stockholm.

Page 200: In Northern Mists. Arctic explorationin early times. Vol II, Fridtjof Nansen.London 1911.

Page 205: Map. The Norwegian North PolarExpedition 1893–1896. Scientific resultsVol III. Ed. Fridtjof Nansen,Christiania, London, New York,Bombay and Leipzig 1902.

Page 210: The Fred Goldberg Collection.

Page 214 and 222: The National Library ofNorway.

Page 232: Photo: H.G. Ponting, 1911, RoyalGeographical Society, London.

Page 234: Photo: Roald Amundsen, TheMuseum of Cultural History, Universityof Oslo.

Page 237: Drawing: Eivind Nilsen, ca. 1890,after a photo by Fridtjof Nansen, TheNational Library of Norway.

Page 242: Photo: Roald Amundsen, TheMuseum of Cultural History, Universityof Oslo.

Page 249: Painting: Eivind Engebretsen,1921, Photo: Ann Christine Eek, TheMuseum of Cultural History, Universityof Oslo.

Page 252: Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, archive.Page 257: The National Library of Norway.Page 261: Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, archive.Page 263: Photo: Paul Berge, 1925, The

National Library of Norway.Page 265: Knudsens Fotosenter.Page 271: Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, archive.Page 279: The National Library of Norway.Page 280: Photo: Adolf Hoel, 1907, The

Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø.Page 281: The Norway Post Philatelic Services.Page 284: Photo: Adolf Hoel, The

Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø.Page 290: The Norwegian Polar Institute,

Tromsø.Page 301: Photo: Thorolf Vogt, The

Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø.Page 304: Photo: Anders K. Orvin, The

Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø.Page 309: Private collection, Tom B. Jensen.Page 312: Map: Travaux topographiquea de

l’expédition Isachsen 1909–1910,Gunnar Isachsen, Kristiania 1915.

Page 315–316: Photo: Knut Bry.Page 318: Photo: Harald U. Sverdrup, 1951,

The Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø.Page 319: The Norway Post Philatelic

Services.Page 322: The Norwegian Polar Institute,

Tromsø.Page 332: Photo: Harald U. Sverdrup, The

Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø.

556 i l l u s t r a t i o n c r e d i t s

Page 335. Photo: Ove Wilson, TheNorwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø.

Page 338: Photo: Harald U. Sverdrup,The Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø.

Page 345: Photo: Charles Switinbank,The Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø.

Page 350: Photo: Torgny Vinje,The Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø.

Page 352: The Norwegian Polar Institute,Tromsø.

Page 357: Photo: U.S. Navy, The NorwegianPolar Institute, Tromsø.

Page 362: Photo: Ola Steine, The NorwegianPolar Institute, Tromsø.

Page 365: Photo: Pål Hermansen.Page 368: Photo: Mikael West Hammer, The

Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø.Page 371: Photo: Marzena Kaczmarska, The

Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø.Page 373: Photo: Jan Gunnar Winther, The

Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø.Page 374: Photo: Bentze, The Whaling

Museum, Sandefjord.Page 375: Postcard: Christian Rieber.Page 378: Photo: Switinbank, Royal

Geographical Society, London.Page 381: Photo: Ole Aanderud-Larsen, The

Whaling Museum, Sandefjord.Page 384: Photo: Mielche, The Whaling

Museum, Sandefjord.Page 389: Photo: Sverre A. Børretzen,

Aktuell, Scanpix.Page 391: Photo: Otto Sandnes, Tromsø


Page 393: Knudsens Fotosenter.Page 397: Photo: Ketil Zachariassen.Page 404: Photo: Leif R. Jansson, FLT Pica,

Scanpix.Page 407: Photo: Ketil Zachariassen.Page 408: Photo: Helge Sunde 1991, Samfoto.Page 409: Photo: Påål Hermansen, Samfoto.Page 413: Photo: Aage Storløkken, Aktuell,

Scanpix.Page 416: Photo: Gunnar Iversen, Aktuell,

Scanpix.Page 419: Photo: Aage Storløkken, Aktuell,

Scanpix.

Page 423: Photo: Sverre A. Børretzen,Aktuell, Scanpix.

Page 425: Photo: Ketil Zachariassen.Page 428 and 434: Photo: Torfinn Kjærnet.Page 439: Photo: Ola Røe.Page 449: Photo: Kjell Karlsson, Samfoto.Page 450: Photo: Ketil Zachariassen.Page 451: The Norway Post Philatelic Services.Page 455: Photo: Ketil Zachariassen.Page 461: Photo: Bjørn Staib.Page 464: Photo: Stein P. Aasheim.Page 468: Photo: Børge Ousland.Page 472: Photo: Knut Bry.Page 476: Scanpix.Page 480: The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord.Page 481: The Fred Goldberg Collection.

Thor Bjørn Arlov (born in 1958), dr.art. (in History), Associate Professor II, UniversityCenter in Svalbard; Senior Advisor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology(NTNU).

Susan Barr (born in 1946), mag.art., Advisor, Polar Issues, the Directorate for CulturalHeritage in Norway.

Roald Berg (born in 1954), dr.art., Professor of History, University of Stavanger.

Einar-Arne Drivenes (born in 1946), cand.philol., Associate Professor, Department ofHistory, University of Tromsø.

Harald Dag Jølle (born in 1971), cand.philol., University Research Fellow, Department ofHistory, University of Tromsø.

Åsa Elstad (born in 1956), dr. art. (in History), Curator with the Museum of the North.

Anne Eriksen (born in 1958), dr.philos., Professor, Department of Culture Studies andOriental Languages, University of Oslo.

Bjørg Evjen (born in 1952), dr.art. (in History), Research Fellow, Senter for Sámi Studies,University of Tromsø.

Bjørn-Petter Finstad (born in 1964), dr.art. (in History), Associate Professor, NorwegianCollege of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø.

Robert Marc Friedman (born in 1949), Ph.D., Professor of the History of Science,University of Oslo.

Narve Fulsås (born in 1953), dr.philos., Professor, Department of History, University ofTromsø.

THE AUTHORS

t h e a u t h o r s 557

Matti Goksøyr (born in 1952), cand.polit., dr.scient., Professor of History, NorwegianSchool of Sports Sciences.

Marit Anne Hauan (born in 1955), cand.philol., Associate Professor, Tromsø UniversityMuseum, University of Tromsø.

Dag O. Hessen (born in 1956), dr.philos., Professor of Biology, University of Oslo.

Geir Hestmark (born in 1958), dr.scient. and mag.art. (in Philosophy), Professor ofBiology, University of Oslo.

Alf Håkon Hoel (born in 1959), cand.polit., Associate Professor, Department of PoliticalScience, University of Tromsø.

Jens Petter Nielsen (born in 1949), cand.philol., Professor, Department of History,University of Tromsø.

Atle Næss (born in 1949), cand.philol., author.

Urban Wråkberg (born in 1956), M.Sc., Ph.D., Research Director, The Barents Institute,Kirkenes.

Picture editor:Ketil Zachariassen (born in 1969), cand.philol., University Research Fellow, Departmentof History, University of Tromsø.

A great many people have contributed to the realisation of Into the Ice. Firstly,the editors would like to thank the authors for their major contributions.Secondly, we wish to express our gratitude for the positive contributions fromour editorial advisory members. We are indebted to the Department of Historyat the University of Tromsø for its good working environment and the solidprofessional network it has provided. Finally, we wish to give special thanksto Elisabeth K. Akselvoll, Arve Andersen, Ann-Kristin Balto, Sigrun HøgetveitBerg, Narve Bjørgo, Vidar Bjørnsen, Erik Bjørnstad, Ida Blom, Dag I. Børresen,Olav Christensen, Pål Christensen, Lars Ivar Hansen, Mary Jones, KariMyklebost, Einar Niemi, Bengt Flygel Nilsfors, Svein-Olaf Nilssen, AneOhrvik, Åge Olsen, Olav Orheim, Fred Inge Presteng, Anders Ringen, JanErik Ringstad, Erik Rudeng, Morten Ruud,Teemu Ryymin, Ole Anders Røberg,Johanne Raade, Jørn Øyrehagen Sunde, Øystein Sørensen, HallvardTjelmeland,Stein Tronstad, Helge Vold, Helge A. Wold, and André Zachariassen.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

© Gyldendal Norsk Forlag AS 2006

Translated by Bruce Bawer, Deborah Dawkin, Joan S. Rongen and Erik SkuggevikThe King’s Mirror (p. 6) is translated from Old Norse by Laurence Marcellus Larson, 1917

General graphic design and cover design: Kristin Berg Johnsen / kobolt

Front cover photo: Fridtjof Nansen, 1894. Henrik Greve Blessing is on his way to takingalgae tests. The polar exploration vessel, Fram, is in the background. The Norwegian National Library.Back cover photo: © Trym Ivar Bergsmo, 1999. Samfoto.

Repro: RenessanseMedia A/S, Oslo 2006Printed in DenmarkPrinted by Nørhaven, 2006Paper: Arctic Volume 115g (1,12)Typeface: Adobe Garamond 11/13,5 pt og MetaPlus 9,2/13,5 ptISBN-10: 82-05-36185-1ISBN-13: 978-82-05-36185-0

This book has been published with support from:

The University of TromsøThe Norwegian Ministry of Foreign AffairsThe Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the PoliceStatoilThe Norwegian Polar InstituteGC Rieber Fondene

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored ina retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permissionof both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book.

Documents

Into the Ice – part 2