Intisari

Disabilitas intelektual merupakan ketidaksempurnaan perkembanganmental berakibat pada keterlambatan perkembangan motorik, bicara danketerlambatan dalam penyesuaian diri dengan lingkungannya. Gejala umumdijumpai gangguan pertumbuhan otak, selain berpengaruh pada fungsi intelektual(rendah di bawah rata-rata <70), kemungkinan besar dapat mempengaruhipertumbuhan tulang kranial. Penyebabnya multifaktorial. Pada kedokteran gigianak, masalah kesehatan gigi mulut anak disabilitas intelektual yang seringterlihat salah satunya adalah maloklusi. Kendala serta masalah gigi mulut anakdisabilitas intelektual lebih kompleks dibanding anak normal.

Tujuan penelitian adalah menentukan perbedaan dan hubungan profil dankomponen dentokraniofasial anak disabilitas intelektual dan faktor yang berperanterhadap dentokraniofasial anak disabilitas umur 7-12 tahun.

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian epidemiologi analitik observasionaldengan rancang case control. Sebagai kelompok kasus: anak SLBN tipe Csedangkan kelompok kontrol adalah anak SDN Kota Yogyakarta umur 7-12tahun. Jumlah subyek 168 anak (84 anak disabilitas intelektual sedang dan 84normal). Diambil secara random dari 142 subyek disabilitas intelektual dan 204subyek normal yang masuk kriteria. Penelitian dilakukan mulai bulan Juli 2013sampai semua subyek terpenuhi.

Hasil penelitian didapatkan profil dentokraniofasial anak disabilitasintelektual umur 7-12 tahun bentuk kepala brakisefali odds ratio 2.43, wajaheuryprosop 1.57 dan rahang broad 0.68, berdasarkan jenis kelamin odds ratio1.26, 1.76 dan 1.09. Komponen dentokraniofasial didapatkan ukuran kranial lebihkecil, ukuran fasial lebih pendek dan ukuran dental lebih pendek secarabermakna dibanding anak normal. Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara bentukkepala dengan bentuk wajah dan bentuk rahang dengan kejadian disabilitasintelektual, demikian juga ukuran kranial dengan bentuk kepala dan bentuk wajah.Umur dan jenis kelamin berpengaruh terhadap profil dan komponendentokraniofasial anak disabilitas intelektual.

Kesimpulan; Terdapat perbedaan secara bermakna profil dentokraniofasialanak disabilitas intelektual berdasarkan umur dan jenis kelamin dibanding anaknormal. Ditemukan ukuran anteroposterior kepala anak disabilitas intelektuallebih pendek, ukuran ke arah lateral lebih lebar ditandai dengan terjadinyapenurunan IQ lebih awal umur 9 tahun dibanding anak normal. Ukuran komponendentokraniofasial anak disabilitas intelektual lebih pendek dibanding anak normal.Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara bentuk kepala, wajah dan rahang dengankejadian disabilitas intelektual, demikian juga dengan ukuran kranialberhubungan secara bermakna dengan bentuk kepala dan bentuk wajah. Umur danjenis kelamin berpengaruh terhadap profil dan komponen dentokraniofasial anakdisabilitas intelektual.

Kata Kunci : Profil dan komponen dentokraniofasial, disabilitas intelektual, anaknormal, IQ (Intellegence Quetient), umur dan jenis kelamin.

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Abstract

Intellectual disabilities is condition in imperfection of mental abilitydevelopmental which resulted in delay of motoric development, speech and delayin adaption with its environment. Common symptoms that was encounterd isbrain growth disorder, that to the effects on intellectual function (below average<70), and may affect the cranial bone growth. The cause of this symptomsmultifactorial. In dentistry, the dental health issue in intellectual disabilitieschildren's teeth often seen as malocclusion. The problems and management withintellectual disabilities children teeth are more complex than normal children.

The purpose of the research is to determine the differences andrelationship between the dentocraniofacial profiles and it’s component inintellectual disabilities children, and factors that contribute to dentocraniofacial ofthis child from age 7-12 years old.

This research is a case control study done by observational and analyticepidemiology study. As groups of case used SLBN type C children are taken forthe control group children from SDN Yogyakarta from age 7-12 years old aretaken. This study was carried out on 168 children (of these 84 are moderatellymental retarded and the other 84 child normal). It was randomizelly taken from142 intellectual disabilities subjects and 204 normal subjects who fulfill thecriteria. The research was conducted in July 2013 untill all subjects are fulfilled.

The results of this research were found that the profiles of thedentocraniofacial of this mentally retarded children was from age 7-12 years oldare head shape brachicephali with odds ratio 2.43, face shapes euryprosop oddsratio 1.57 and the jaw shape broad 0.68, while based on the gender of the oddsratio 1.26, 1.76 and 1.09. Component of dentocraniofacial was found to be asmaller cranial size, the size of the facial is shorter and the dental size is lesssmaller compare to its control is significantly. There is a significant relationshipbetween the shape of the head, the face shape and the shape of the jaw with theincidence of intellectual disabilities, as well as the size of the cranial is associatedsignificantly with the shape of the head and face shape. Age and gender influenceon the dentocariofacial profile and its components in children with intellectualdisabilities.

Conclusion; there is a significant difference in dentocraniofacial profile ofmentally retarded children compare to normal child based on age and gender.Found the size of the child’s head of intellectual disability antero-posteriorshorter, lateral the size of the wider decline marked by the IQ earlier aged 9 yearsthan normal children. The size components of the dentocraniofacial mentallyretarded children is significant more shorter than normal children. Age and genderinfluence on dentocraniofacial profile and component of the child's intellectualdisabilities. There is a significant relationship between the shape of the head, faceand jaw with the incidence of intellectual disabilities, as well as the related cranialsize significantly with the shape of the head and face.

Keywords: Profiles and components dentocraniofacial, intellectual disabilities,normal children, IQ (Intellegence Quetient), age and gender.

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