Interwar periodInterwar period

An Uncertain Peace: The An Uncertain Peace: The Search for Security Search for Security

The French Policy of Coercion The French Policy of Coercion Treaty of Treaty of

Versailles tried to Versailles tried to create create nationalism by nationalism by creating new creating new states and states and redrawing redrawing bordersborders

-It failed to stop -It failed to stop border disputes border disputes among the among the countriescountries

Reason for FailureReason for Failure

Woodrow Wilson hoped the League of Woodrow Wilson hoped the League of Nations could solve these problemsNations could solve these problems

-The League of Nations wasn’t successful -The League of Nations wasn’t successful because the U.S. didn’t joinbecause the U.S. didn’t join

-It could only place economic sanctions on -It could only place economic sanctions on violatorsviolators

This left France alone to defend itselfThis left France alone to defend itself -So France created alliances with Poland, -So France created alliances with Poland,

Czechoslovakia, Romania and YugoslaviaCzechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

1919–1924 France 1919–1924 France strictly enforced strictly enforced the Treaty of the Treaty of Versailles Versailles

This forced This forced Germany to pay a Germany to pay a large amount of large amount of war reparationswar reparations -132 billion marks -132 billion marks

or 33 billion dollarsor 33 billion dollars

Result of the Treaty of Versailles Result of the Treaty of Versailles

Germany was make Germany was make the second payment the second payment for 2.5 billionfor 2.5 billion -France sent its -France sent its

troops to occupy the troops to occupy the Ruhr ValleyRuhr Valley

-Collected -Collected reparations by reparations by mining German mining German lands and using their lands and using their factoriesfactories

Inflation in GermanyInflation in Germany Germany began to print Germany began to print

even more paper even more paper money which led to money which led to inflationinflation

The German Mark The German Mark became worthlessbecame worthless

-1914 – 4.2 marks -1914 – 4.2 marks equaled $1.00equaled $1.00-1923 – 130 billion -1923 – 130 billion equaled $1.00equaled $1.00

Economic disaster Economic disaster brought about political brought about political upheavals and failed upheavals and failed coups from communists coups from communists and the Nazisand the Nazis

Political upheavelsPolitical upheavels

Economic disaster brought about Economic disaster brought about political upheavals and failed coups political upheavals and failed coups from communists and the Nazisfrom communists and the Nazis

The Hopeful YearsThe Hopeful Years The new German The new German

government was led by government was led by Gustav StresemannGustav Stresemann

-Committed Germany to -Committed Germany to carry out the provisions carry out the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles of the Treaty of Versailles while seeking a new while seeking a new settlement to the settlement to the reparations reparations

Dawes ActDawes Act

The Dawes Act reduced war The Dawes Act reduced war reparations and only made Germany reparations and only made Germany pay what they could affordpay what they could afford

-Granted a $200 million for Germany -Granted a $200 million for Germany recoveryrecovery

-Also created American investments in -Also created American investments in Europe creating a new era of prosperityEurope creating a new era of prosperity

New Era of ProsperityNew Era of Prosperity The Treaty of Locarno guaranteed Germany’s The Treaty of Locarno guaranteed Germany’s

borders with France and Belgiumborders with France and Belgium Germany also entered the League of Nations in Germany also entered the League of Nations in

19261926 By 1924 all major nations in Europe had By 1924 all major nations in Europe had

established full diplomatic relations with established full diplomatic relations with communist Russia but still remained suspiciouscommunist Russia but still remained suspicious

The Soviet Union continued to support the The Soviet Union continued to support the Comintern (Communist International)Comintern (Communist International)

-An organization for a worldwide communist -An organization for a worldwide communist revolutionrevolution

The Great Depression The Great Depression

After WWI most Europeans states After WWI most Europeans states had returned to market economieshad returned to market economies

-But reparations and war debts -But reparations and war debts hurt the international economyhurt the international economy

Factors for the Great depressionFactors for the Great depression

Two factors played a Two factors played a role in the creation of role in the creation of the Great Depressionthe Great Depression -A downturn in -A downturn in

domestic economiesdomestic economies-The international -The international financial crisis led to financial crisis led to the collapse of the the collapse of the American stock American stock market in 1929market in 1929

Europe’s prosperity Europe’s prosperity was built upon was built upon American bank loans American bank loans to Germany to Germany

Rise of CommunismRise of Communism

1932–the worst year of the 1932–the worst year of the depression 40% (6 million) of depression 40% (6 million) of Germany was out of workGermany was out of work -Communism and fascism started -Communism and fascism started

gaining popularity gaining popularity

The Democratic States The Democratic States Universal SuffrageUniversal Suffrage Some states Some states

replaced universal replaced universal male suffrage with male suffrage with universal suffrageuniversal suffrage

-Male politicians -Male politicians rewarded women for rewarded women for their contributions to their contributions to WWI by giving them WWI by giving them the right to votethe right to vote-Except Italy, France -Except Italy, France and Spainand Spain

Great Britain Great Britain

After WWI Britain had serious After WWI Britain had serious economic difficultieseconomic difficulties -Lost many of its markets to the U.S. and -Lost many of its markets to the U.S. and

Japan during the warJapan during the war

-Loss of markets let to unemployment -Loss of markets let to unemployment

Labour PartyLabour Party 1923–the Labour 1923–the Labour

Party became the Party became the second most powerful second most powerful party in Britain after party in Britain after the Conservativesthe Conservatives -Ramsay MacDonald -Ramsay MacDonald

became the first became the first Labour PMLabour PM

-Rejected extreme -Rejected extreme social and economic social and economic experimentationexperimentation

-Only in power for 10 -Only in power for 10 monthsmonths

new era of prosperity new era of prosperity 1925–1929–Britain 1925–1929–Britain

returned to a new era returned to a new era of prosperityof prosperity

-The Conservatives -The Conservatives returned to power returned to power under PM Stanley under PM Stanley BaldwinBaldwin-The prosperity was -The prosperity was superficial as superficial as unemployment unemployment remained high & coal remained high & coal mines were out-dated mines were out-dated and inefficientand inefficient

The Great Depression in BritainThe Great Depression in Britain

1929–as the Great Depression 1929–as the Great Depression startedstarted

-It wasn’t until 1936 that unemployment -It wasn’t until 1936 that unemployment droppeddropped

-All three parties took credit for this -All three parties took credit for this through the use of balanced budgets through the use of balanced budgets and protective tariffsand protective tariffs

Ignored the Ideas of economist John Ignored the Ideas of economist John Maynard Keynes Maynard Keynes

John Maynard Keynes John Maynard Keynes General Theory of General Theory of

Employment, Interest and Employment, Interest and MoneyMoney – argued – argued unemployment stemmed not unemployment stemmed not from overproduction but from from overproduction but from a decline in demanda decline in demand

Demand could be increased Demand could be increased by public works financed by public works financed through deficit spending by through deficit spending by government intervention into government intervention into the economythe economy

FranceFrance

Strongest power on the Continent after the Strongest power on the Continent after the defeat and demobilization of the Germanydefeat and demobilization of the Germany

-Biggest problem was the reconstruction of -Biggest problem was the reconstruction of northeastern Francenortheastern France

The conservative National Block led by The conservative National Block led by Raymond Poincaré tied France’s economy Raymond Poincaré tied France’s economy the payment of reparations by Germanythe payment of reparations by Germany-Lack of payments led to his invasion of the Ruhr-Lack of payments led to his invasion of the Ruhr

The Radicals and The Socialist The Radicals and The Socialist The National Block was replace by The National Block was replace by

the Cartel of the Left after he was the Cartel of the Left after he was forced to raise taxes to pay for the forced to raise taxes to pay for the Ruhr invasionRuhr invasion

Created by the Radicals and the Created by the Radicals and the SocialistSocialist

-Radicals were democratic small -Radicals were democratic small property ownersproperty owners

-Socialists were committed to -Socialists were committed to Marxist socialistMarxist socialist

-Their differences on many -Their differences on many issues failed to solve the issues failed to solve the financial problems of Francefinancial problems of France

Led to the return of Raymond Led to the return of Raymond Poincaré Poincaré

-1926–1929–stabilized the -1926–1929–stabilized the French economy French economy

The Great Depression in FranceThe Great Depression in France

France was not effected by the France was not effected by the depression as soon as other depression as soon as other countries because of its balanced countries because of its balanced economyeconomy -The economy was evenly divided -The economy was evenly divided

between urban and agriculturalbetween urban and agricultural

FascistsFascists During the 30’s many During the 30’s many

fascist groups, like those fascist groups, like those in Italy and Germany, in Italy and Germany, marched through the marched through the streets in protestsstreets in protests -These protests frightened -These protests frightened

many political parties into many political parties into believing that the fascists believing that the fascists would seize power causing would seize power causing many liberal parties to join many liberal parties to join togethertogether

Popular FrontPopular Front They created the They created the

Popular Front in 1936Popular Front in 1936 -Groups of communists, -Groups of communists,

socialists and radicals led socialists and radicals led by Leon Blum, it created by Leon Blum, it created work programs under the work programs under the French New DealFrench New Deal

Established the rights of Established the rights of collective bargaining, collective bargaining, 40 hour work weeks, 2 40 hour work weeks, 2 weeks paid vacations weeks paid vacations and minimum wageand minimum wage

The Retreat from Democracy: The The Retreat from Democracy: The Authoritarian and Totalitarian Authoritarian and Totalitarian

States States Modern Totalitarian Modern Totalitarian

State State Origins were found in Origins were found in

WWIWWI -Governments exercised -Governments exercised control over the economy, control over the economy, politics and personal politics and personal freedoms in order to freedoms in order to achieve victoryachieve victory -Used propaganda and -Used propaganda and communications to win communications to win over their peoples’ hearts over their peoples’ hearts and mindsand minds

Fascist ItalyFascist Italy

Benito Mussolini Benito Mussolini received a diploma received a diploma as an elementary as an elementary school teacherschool teacher

-Shortly after this -Shortly after this he became a socialisthe became a socialist

-He became editor -He became editor of the of the AvantiAvanti newspaper but was newspaper but was later expelled from later expelled from the socialist partythe socialist party

Mussolini Mussolini

Mussolini then create his Mussolini then create his Fascio di Fascio di CombattimentoCombattimento (League of Combat) (League of Combat) movementmovement

-He gained many supporters because -He gained many supporters because the Italian parliament was controlled by the Italian parliament was controlled by three parties incapable of governing three parties incapable of governing ItalyItaly

Mussolini’sMussolini’s Squadristi Squadristi

Industrial and agricultural strikes in Industrial and agricultural strikes in 1919 & 1920 created class warfare 1919 & 1920 created class warfare and violenceand violence -This gave Mussolini support from -This gave Mussolini support from

middle-class industrialistsmiddle-class industrialists -Mussolini then entered a political -Mussolini then entered a political

alliance with PM Giovanni Giolittialliance with PM Giovanni Giolitti -This gave him respectability and -This gave him respectability and

allowed him to use his allowed him to use his squadristisquadristi (Black (Black Shirts) for violenceShirts) for violence

Fascists take powerFascists take power 1921–the Fascists won 35 1921–the Fascists won 35

seats in the parliamentseats in the parliament -Black Shirts gained -Black Shirts gained

support from the upper support from the upper and middle classes and middle classes because they too feared because they too feared communism, socialism communism, socialism and disorderand disorder

The Fascists wanted to The Fascists wanted to march on Rome to seize march on Rome to seize powerpower

-Was a bluff but it -Was a bluff but it worked and the worked and the gov’t.capitulatedgov’t.capitulated

1922–King Victor Emmanuel 1922–King Victor Emmanuel III made Mussolini PM of ItalyIII made Mussolini PM of Italy

Fascists take powerFascists take power

The parliament issued the Acerbo The parliament issued the Acerbo LawLaw

Any party winning at least 25% of Any party winning at least 25% of the votes would hold a 2/3 majority the votes would hold a 2/3 majority of seats in the parliamentof seats in the parliament

-The Fascists won 65% of the vote-The Fascists won 65% of the vote Allowed Mussolini to push for a full Allowed Mussolini to push for a full

dictatorship of Italydictatorship of Italy

Mussolini takes contolMussolini takes contol

1926–Mussolini established the framework 1926–Mussolini established the framework for his Fascist dictatorshipfor his Fascist dictatorship

PM was the head of state had the power to PM was the head of state had the power to legislate by decreelegislate by decree

Government could suspend any Government could suspend any publications disrespectful to the Catholic publications disrespectful to the Catholic Church, the monarchy or the stateChurch, the monarchy or the state

Police could arrest people without due Police could arrest people without due processprocess

All anti-Fascists parties were outlawedAll anti-Fascists parties were outlawed

Young ItaliansYoung Italians

Young Fascists Young Fascists groups were used to groups were used to promote fascism in promote fascism in the minds of young the minds of young ItaliansItalians -Create the perfect -Create the perfect

Italian through hard-Italian through hard-work, physical fitness, work, physical fitness, smart and inclined to smart and inclined to marriage marriage

FamilyFamily The family was the pillar of The family was the pillar of

the state and women were its the state and women were its foundationfoundation --Believed women should Believed women should

stay home and bare stay home and bare childrenchildren

-Working women increased -Working women increased male unemploymentmale unemployment

-Created laws that -Created laws that encouraged women to stay encouraged women to stay at home and have childrenat home and have children

-Would receive -Would receive supplementary pay, loans supplementary pay, loans and prizesand prizes

-Gold medals were given to -Gold medals were given to mothers of many childrenmothers of many children

Lateran Accords Lateran Accords Passed the Lateran Accords Passed the Lateran Accords

with the Catholic Churchwith the Catholic Church Recognized the Vatican City Recognized the Vatican City

as an independent stateas an independent state Recognized Catholicism as Recognized Catholicism as

the “sole religion of the the “sole religion of the state”state”

In return the Catholic In return the Catholic Church urged Italians to Church urged Italians to support Mussolini’s Fascist support Mussolini’s Fascist regime regime

Despite all this, Mussolini Despite all this, Mussolini didn’t achieve the same didn’t achieve the same degree of totalitarianism as degree of totalitarianism as Hitler and Stalin Hitler and Stalin

Hitler and Nazi Germany Hitler and Nazi Germany

Weimar Germany and the Rise of the Weimar Germany and the Rise of the NazisNazis

After WWI a democratic state called After WWI a democratic state called the Weimar Republic took over the Weimar Republic took over Germany led by Paul von HindenburgGermany led by Paul von Hindenburg

There were many problems and few There were many problems and few good leaders to solve themgood leaders to solve them

Problems with GermanyProblems with Germany Inflation erased the lifetime Inflation erased the lifetime

savings of most Germanssavings of most Germans -Created a depression with -Created a depression with

soaring unemployment ratessoaring unemployment rates These economic problems These economic problems

made it easier for Hitler to made it easier for Hitler to take over take over

Early life of HitlerEarly life of Hitler Hitler was born in Austria Hitler was born in Austria

and went to school to and went to school to become an artistbecome an artist

He was never a good He was never a good student and was not student and was not accepted to art schoolaccepted to art school

While in jail he wrote While in jail he wrote Mein Mein KampfKampf (My Struggle) (My Struggle) -He had a strong hatred -He had a strong hatred

toward Jews which helped to toward Jews which helped to mold his ideologymold his ideology

Hitler enter politics Hitler enter politics

After WWI he entered After WWI he entered the Munich political the Munich political scenescene

-He gained control over -He gained control over the German Worker’s the German Worker’s Party, one of many right-Party, one of many right-wing extremist groupswing extremist groups

-He renamed it the -He renamed it the National Socialist German National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) or Workers’ Party (NSDAP) or Nazi partyNazi party

The Nazi PartyThe Nazi Party The Nazis had their own The Nazis had their own

paramilitary force called the paramilitary force called the SturmabteilungSturmabteilung (SA) or (SA) or StormtroopsStormtroops

-Their job was to -Their job was to break up the meeting of break up the meeting of other political partiesother political parties

1923–The Weimar Republic 1923–The Weimar Republic appeared on the verge of appeared on the verge of collapse so the Nazis collapse so the Nazis attempted an armed uprising attempted an armed uprising to takeoverto takeover

-The Beer Hall -The Beer Hall Putsch was quickly crushed Putsch was quickly crushed and Hitler was sentenced and Hitler was sentenced to five years in jail for to five years in jail for treasontreason

The Nazi Seizure of Power The Nazi Seizure of Power

After the failed Beer Hall After the failed Beer Hall Putsch Hitler realized he Putsch Hitler realized he needed to win votes for needed to win votes for the Nazis to take overthe Nazis to take over

-Poor economy of -Poor economy of Germany allowed him to Germany allowed him to gain supportgain support

-The Nazi party -The Nazi party would attempt to gain would attempt to gain workers from the Socialist workers from the Socialist and Communist partiesand Communist parties

The Nazi PartyThe Nazi Party The Nazis ran on a The Nazis ran on a

principal called principal called FuhrerprinzipFuhrerprinzip or the or the leadership principleleadership principle

-The party -The party would pledge their would pledge their loyalty to Hitler and loyalty to Hitler and follow his direct ordersfollow his direct orders

-The Nazis -The Nazis became attractive to became attractive to the young of the young of Germany, attracting Germany, attracting 40% of their followers 40% of their followers from men under 30from men under 30

The Nazi PartyThe Nazi Party By 1932 the Nazi party became the By 1932 the Nazi party became the

largest in the Reichstaglargest in the Reichstag-Hitler’s followers were able to convince -Hitler’s followers were able to convince President Hindenburg to make Hitler President Hindenburg to make Hitler Chancellor in order to restructure the Chancellor in order to restructure the inefficient governmentinefficient government

Hindenburg would only allow three Nazis Hindenburg would only allow three Nazis into Hitler’s cabinetinto Hitler’s cabinet

-This would prevent a Nazi takeover of the -This would prevent a Nazi takeover of the governmentgovernment-Many underestimated Hitler, thinking they -Many underestimated Hitler, thinking they could manipulate him once he gained powercould manipulate him once he gained power

Hitler takes powerHitler takes power Hitler was able to convince Hitler was able to convince

Hindenburg to issue an Hindenburg to issue an emergency decree giving emergency decree giving him emergency powershim emergency powers

-Suspended all rights and -Suspended all rights and replaced the police with replaced the police with the SAthe SA

The Reichstag passed the The Reichstag passed the Enabling Act allowing the Enabling Act allowing the suspension of the suspension of the constitution until the constitution until the emergency was declared emergency was declared overover

-This allowed Hitler to -This allowed Hitler to become a dictatorbecome a dictator-All German institutions -All German institutions came under Nazi control came under Nazi control through their program of through their program of GleichschaltungGleichschaltung

Hitler's Totalitarian stateHitler's Totalitarian state

Within 7 months of being appointed Within 7 months of being appointed chancellor Hitler had established the chancellor Hitler had established the foundations for a totalitarian statefoundations for a totalitarian state

-Civil service was purged of Jews & -Civil service was purged of Jews & democratic elementsdemocratic elements

-Concentration camps were established for -Concentration camps were established for opponentsopponents

-Trade unions were dissolved-Trade unions were dissolved

-All political parties except for the Nazis were -All political parties except for the Nazis were abolishedabolished

Hitler's Totalitarian stateHitler's Totalitarian state To many Germans, the To many Germans, the

Nazis offered a national Nazis offered a national awakeningawakening

-Nazis presented -Nazis presented a strong image of a new a strong image of a new Germany above parties Germany above parties and classesand classes

Only two sources of Only two sources of danger to Hitler’s danger to Hitler’s authority still existedauthority still existed

-The Armed -The Armed Forces and the SA that Forces and the SA that he createdhe created

The SAThe SA

The SA, under the leadership if Ernst The SA, under the leadership if Ernst Röhm, openly criticized Hitler and Röhm, openly criticized Hitler and spoke of the need for a “second spoke of the need for a “second revolution” and the replacement of revolution” and the replacement of the regular army by the SAthe regular army by the SA

-Hitler had Ernst Röhm and a -Hitler had Ernst Röhm and a number of other SA leaders were number of other SA leaders were assassinated in return for the army’s assassinated in return for the army’s supportsupport

The Third ReichThe Third Reich When Hindenburg died the When Hindenburg died the

office of Reich president was office of Reich president was abolished and Hitler became abolished and Hitler became the sole ruler of Germanythe sole ruler of Germany

-Public officials and -Public officials and soldiers were required to take an soldiers were required to take an oath of allegiance to Hitleroath of allegiance to Hitler

-This marks the beginning -This marks the beginning of the Third Reichof the Third Reich

The Nazi StateThe Nazi State Hitler now felt the real task was to develop the Hitler now felt the real task was to develop the

“total state”“total state” The development of an Aryan racial state that The development of an Aryan racial state that

would dominate Europe and possibly the world for would dominate Europe and possibly the world for generations to come required a massive generations to come required a massive movement in which the German people would be movement in which the German people would be actively involvedactively involved

Mass demonstrations and spectacles were Mass demonstrations and spectacles were employed to mobilize Germany as an instrument employed to mobilize Germany as an instrument for Hitler’s policiesfor Hitler’s policies

The Nazis established total economic control in all The Nazis established total economic control in all areas except for industryareas except for industry

-Hitler felt it was irrelevant who owned the means -Hitler felt it was irrelevant who owned the means of production as long as the owners recognized their of production as long as the owners recognized their master master

The Nazi’s economyThe Nazi’s economy The Nazis pursued the The Nazis pursued the

use of public works use of public works projects and grants to projects and grants to private construction firms private construction firms to foster employment and to foster employment and end the Great Depressionend the Great Depression

There is little doubt that There is little doubt that rearmament was a far rearmament was a far more important more important contributor to solving contributor to solving Germany’s Germany’s unemployment problemunemployment problem

-Unemployment stood at -Unemployment stood at 6 million in 1932 Less 6 million in 1932 Less than 500, 000 in 1937than 500, 000 in 1937

Acceptance of the Nazis Acceptance of the Nazis

The Nazis claimed full responsibility The Nazis claimed full responsibility for solving Germany’s economic for solving Germany’s economic problemsproblems

-This was an important factor in -This was an important factor in leading many Germans to accept the leading many Germans to accept the new regimenew regime

The German Labor FrontThe German Labor Front Robert Ley headed the Robert Ley headed the

single state-controlled single state-controlled labor unionlabor union

-Used a workbook to -Used a workbook to control all laborerscontrol all laborers-Every salaried worker -Every salaried worker had one in order to have had one in order to have a joba job-Only by submitting to the -Only by submitting to the policies of the Nazi policies of the Nazi controlled Labor Front controlled Labor Front could a worker obtain a could a worker obtain a workbookworkbook

Coercion Coercion The SA had been most visible in The SA had been most visible in

terrorizing the people, but after terrorizing the people, but after the purge the SS took controlthe purge the SS took control

-Originally created as -Originally created as Hitler’s personally bodyguard Hitler’s personally bodyguard the controlled the regular and the controlled the regular and secret police forcessecret police forces

Heinrich Himmler and the SS Heinrich Himmler and the SS functioned on the basis of two functioned on the basis of two principlesprinciples

-Terror – instruments of -Terror – instruments of repression & murder (police, repression & murder (police, concentration camps, concentration camps, execution squads)execution squads)

-Ideology – further the -Ideology – further the Aryan race (SS were a chosen Aryan race (SS were a chosen elite, thoroughly indoctrinated elite, thoroughly indoctrinated with racial ideologywith racial ideology

Hitler YouthHitler Youth

Churches and Churches and schools were brought schools were brought under Nazi controlunder Nazi control

The The Hitler JugendHitler Jugend – – Hitler YouthHitler Youth

-Female -Female counterpart was counterpart was Bund Bund Deutscher MädelDeutscher Mädel – – League of German League of German MaidensMaidens

The Nuremberg Laws The Nuremberg Laws

In 1935, the Nazis issued the In 1935, the Nazis issued the “Nuremberg Laws”“Nuremberg Laws”

-Excluded Jews from German -Excluded Jews from German citizenship, forbade marriages and citizenship, forbade marriages and extramarital relations between Jews extramarital relations between Jews and Germansand Germans

-Separated Jews from the -Separated Jews from the Germans socially, politically, legallyGermans socially, politically, legally

KristallnachtKristallnacht Night of Broken GlassNight of Broken Glass The assassination of a The assassination of a

secretary in the German secretary in the German embassy in Paris by a young embassy in Paris by a young Polish Jew led to the burning of Polish Jew led to the burning of the synagogues and the the synagogues and the destruction of Jewish destruction of Jewish businessesbusinesses

-30,000 Jewish males -30,000 Jewish males were sent to concentration were sent to concentration campcamp

-Jews were barred from -Jews were barred from all public buildings & all public buildings & prohibited from owning, prohibited from owning, managing, or working in retail managing, or working in retail store store

WomenWomen

Seen as the bearers of the children Seen as the bearers of the children who would bring triumph of the who would bring triumph of the Aryan raceAryan race

-Women were destined to be wives -Women were destined to be wives and mothersand mothers

-Encouraged women to pursue -Encouraged women to pursue professional occupation that had direct professional occupation that had direct practical application such as social work practical application such as social work and nursingand nursing

Soviet RussiaSoviet Russia Civil War ended in Russia at the beginning of Civil War ended in Russia at the beginning of

19211921 The Red Terror and the Red Army’s victory The Red Terror and the Red Army’s victory

guaranteed the survival of the Communist guaranteed the survival of the Communist RegimeRegime

During the civil war Lenin pursued War During the civil war Lenin pursued War CommunismCommunism

The government nationalized transportation, The government nationalized transportation, communication, banks, mines, factories, and communication, banks, mines, factories, and businessesbusinesses

A drought from 1920-1922 caused widespread A drought from 1920-1922 caused widespread famine and industrial collapse not experienced to famine and industrial collapse not experienced to this extent in Russia beforethis extent in Russia before

NEP NEP 1921– Lenin ended War Communism and 1921– Lenin ended War Communism and

substituted the (NEP)substituted the (NEP) It was meant to be a temporary old It was meant to be a temporary old

capitalist systemcapitalist system Stores and small industries could be under Stores and small industries could be under

private ownershipprivate ownership Results of NEPResults of NEP

-Better markets and good harvest ended -Better markets and good harvest ended faminefamine

-Industry didn’t improve but rather -Industry didn’t improve but rather stagnatedstagnated

-NEP saved Communist Russia-NEP saved Communist Russia

Power StrugglePower Struggle Lenin died on January 21, 1924Lenin died on January 21, 1924

-Although the Communist Party was group ruled, Lenin -Although the Communist Party was group ruled, Lenin demonstrated a one-man rule over it.demonstrated a one-man rule over it.-His death caused a struggle for power in the Politburo-His death caused a struggle for power in the Politburo

Trotsky v. StalinTrotsky v. Stalin The Politburo was divided over the direction of The Politburo was divided over the direction of

RussiaRussia-The Left was led by Leon Trotsky and Joseph -The Left was led by Leon Trotsky and Joseph

StalinStalin-Trotsky led Russia to success of the Bolshevik -Trotsky led Russia to success of the Bolshevik

Revolution and the Red ArmyRevolution and the Red Army Stalin was the party general secretary Stalin was the party general secretary He appointed regional, district, city, and town He appointed regional, district, city, and town

party secretaries to favor his positionparty secretaries to favor his position He favored “Socialism in one country” not world He favored “Socialism in one country” not world

revolutionrevolution He used his position to control the Communist He used his position to control the Communist

party. party.

Stalin’s era beginsStalin’s era begins

Trotsky was expelled and murderedTrotsky was expelled and murdered Stalin ended the old Bolsheviks Stalin ended the old Bolsheviks

from the Politburo and established a from the Politburo and established a dictatorship overpowering any of dictatorship overpowering any of the past tsars. the past tsars.

The Stalin Era (1929-1939)The Stalin Era (1929-1939) Stalin implemented his Stalin implemented his

first 5 year plan that first 5 year plan that aimed to transform Russia aimed to transform Russia from an agricultural from an agricultural country to an industrial country to an industrial statestate

Emphasized production of Emphasized production of heavy machinery and heavy machinery and doubled oil production as doubled oil production as well as increased coal and well as increased coal and steel productionsteel production

5 year plans5 year plans

The social and The social and political costs of political costs of industrialization industrialization were enormouswere enormous

Millions of workers Millions of workers lived in povertylived in poverty

Wages declined and Wages declined and workers’ movements workers’ movements were constricted were constricted

KulaksKulaks After Lenin’s New Economic Policy a well to do After Lenin’s New Economic Policy a well to do

peasant class called kulaks who employed wage peasant class called kulaks who employed wage laborers and owned farmslaborers and owned farms

This contradicted Stalin’s communist society so This contradicted Stalin’s communist society so he eliminated all private farms to stimulate he eliminated all private farms to stimulate industrial growthindustrial growth

Stalin created artificial famines that killed 10 Stalin created artificial famines that killed 10 million peasants. million peasants.

To strengthen the party bureaucracy he sent To strengthen the party bureaucracy he sent resistors to labor camps in Siberia, tried and resistors to labor camps in Siberia, tried and condemned the Old Bolsheviks, and undertook a condemned the Old Bolsheviks, and undertook a purge of army officers, intellectuals, and ordinary purge of army officers, intellectuals, and ordinary citizenscitizens

FamilyFamily

Decline in birthrate led to a stress Decline in birthrate led to a stress on the importance of family which on the importance of family which praised motherhood, and outlawed praised motherhood, and outlawed abortion. abortion.

Little effect on birthrates as Little effect on birthrates as women spent all day in factories women spent all day in factories

Dictatorship in the Iberian Dictatorship in the Iberian PeninsulaPeninsula

Parliamentary regimes had failed in Parliamentary regimes had failed in Spain and PortugalSpain and Portugal

-Both countries largely agrarian and -Both countries largely agrarian and illiterateilliterate-Dominated by landlords and Catholic -Dominated by landlords and Catholic clergyclergy

World War I brought industrial boom World War I brought industrial boom and inflationand inflation

-Spain’s parliamentary monarchy -Spain’s parliamentary monarchy couldn’t deal with couldn’t deal with social tensionssocial tensions

General Miguel Primo de RiveraGeneral Miguel Primo de Rivera Led successful military coup Led successful military coup

in September, 1923 to deal in September, 1923 to deal with inflationwith inflation

-Supported by King -Supported by King Alfonso XIIIAlfonso XIII

Created personal Created personal dictatorshipdictatorship

-Lasted until 1930 but -Lasted until 1930 but the Great Depression led to its the Great Depression led to its collapsecollapse

-Loss of support for -Loss of support for monarchymonarchy

A New RepublicA New Republic

King Alfonso XIII left Spain in 1931 King Alfonso XIII left Spain in 1931 and New Spanish republic was and New Spanish republic was institutedinstituted

Governed by democrats and reform Governed by democrats and reform socialistssocialists

-Control of government passed -Control of government passed between leftists and rightistsbetween leftists and rightists

This led to the creation of the Popular This led to the creation of the Popular FrontFront

The Popular FrontThe Popular Front

Was an antifascist coalitionWas an antifascist coalition-Contained democrats, socialists, -Contained democrats, socialists,

and revolutionary leftand revolutionary left

-Considered unacceptable by -Considered unacceptable by senior army officers such as General senior army officers such as General Francisco FrancoFrancisco Franco

Led Spanish military forces against Led Spanish military forces against governmentgovernment

Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War Complicated by foreign Complicated by foreign

interventionintervention The Popular Front was The Popular Front was

supported by the Soviet Unionsupported by the Soviet Union Franco’s Force was aided by Franco’s Force was aided by

fascist regimes in Italy and fascist regimes in Italy and Germany Germany

-Hitler used this as -Hitler used this as an opportunity to test new an opportunity to test new weaponsweapons

Eventually General Franco’s Eventually General Franco’s forces wore down the Popular forces wore down the Popular FrontFront

-Franco captured -Franco captured Madrid on March 28, 1939 Madrid on March 28, 1939 ending the warending the war

Franco’s DictatorshipFranco’s Dictatorship

Franco established a dictatorship Franco established a dictatorship that lasted until his death in 1975that lasted until his death in 1975

-The government was non-fascist -The government was non-fascist but unlikely to oppose fascist Italy or but unlikely to oppose fascist Italy or Nazi GermanyNazi Germany

Franco’s GovernmentFranco’s Government-Favored large landowners, business, -Favored large landowners, business, and Catholic clergyand Catholic clergy

Antonio SalazarAntonio Salazar

Military junta’s Military junta’s finance ministerfinance minister

Became “strong Became “strong man” of regime man” of regime around 1930around 1930

Controlled Controlled Portugese Portugese government for government for next 40 yearsnext 40 years

The Expansion of Mass Culture The Expansion of Mass Culture and Mass Leisure and Mass Leisure

Radio and MoviesRadio and Movies Technological advances Technological advances

paved the way for a paved the way for a revolution in mass revolution in mass

communicationcommunication Marconi discovered wireless Marconi discovered wireless

radio waves and the first radio waves and the first broadcast was a concert by broadcast was a concert by soprano Nellie Melba in soprano Nellie Melba in London.London.

Permanent broadcasting Permanent broadcasting facilities in the United facilities in the United States, Europe, and Japan States, Europe, and Japan were builtwere built

Motion PicturesMotion Pictures

Motion Pictures were developed in the Motion Pictures were developed in the 1890’s 1890’s

The first were novelties and music halls.The first were novelties and music halls. Right before WWI full length films were Right before WWI full length films were

shown,shown, -40% of industrial adults usually saw a -40% of industrial adults usually saw a

movie once a week, then it became 60%movie once a week, then it became 60%

-Mass entertainment came with theaters-Mass entertainment came with theaters

Mass culture Mass culture

There was a change There was a change to mass cultureto mass culture

People became People became focused on the lives focused on the lives of actors and of actors and actressesactresses

-Marlene -Marlene Dietrich in Dietrich in Blue Angel Blue Angel gave new views on gave new views on women’s sexuality women’s sexuality

Political purposes for Radios and Political purposes for Radios and MoviesMovies

Radios offered great opportunities to reach Radios offered great opportunities to reach a large number of people a large number of people

-People were impacted with radios just as -People were impacted with radios just as much as they were with live speechesmuch as they were with live speeches

Nazi’s encouraged radio listening Nazi’s encouraged radio listening -They urged manufacturers to produce cheaper -They urged manufacturers to produce cheaper radios that could be bought with payment radios that could be bought with payment plans plans -They used loud speakers, which were installed -They used loud speakers, which were installed throughout the streets, to encourage radio throughout the streets, to encourage radio listening as well listening as well

Propaganda FilmsPropaganda Films

Film was used for Film was used for propaganda as wellpropaganda as well

Joseph Geobbels, the Joseph Geobbels, the propaganda minister propaganda minister of Nazi Germany, of Nazi Germany, made a special film made a special film section in his Ministry, section in his Ministry, and encouraged films and encouraged films to be made that to be made that supported and spread supported and spread the Nazi messagethe Nazi message

Mass Leisure Mass Leisure After WWI people had a lot After WWI people had a lot

more leisure time with new more leisure time with new work patternswork patterns

-The eight hour work day -The eight hour work day became normal for most became normal for most businessesbusinesses

Sporting events became Sporting events became popular for audiences and popular for audiences and were very competitivewere very competitive

-The World Cup of 1930 -The World Cup of 1930 contributed to nationalistic contributed to nationalistic rivalriesrivalries

-Stadiums needed to be -Stadiums needed to be larger to accommodate larger larger to accommodate larger audiences audiences

TravelTravel Travel opportunities Travel opportunities

expanded people’s leisureexpanded people’s leisure The technology used to The technology used to

create planes for WWI create planes for WWI improved civilian air travel improved civilian air travel as well for the wealthy and as well for the wealthy and adventurous.adventurous.

Buses, private cars, and Buses, private cars, and trains became more trains became more affordable and more affordable and more popular for excursions to popular for excursions to beaches and holiday beaches and holiday resortsresorts

-Beaches were -Beaches were crowded with people from crowded with people from all classesall classes

Totalitarian Leisure?Totalitarian Leisure? Totalitarian regimes utilized mass leisure to Totalitarian regimes utilized mass leisure to

control the population and their recreationcontrol the population and their recreation In Italy, the Dopolavoro (afterwork) was created In Italy, the Dopolavoro (afterwork) was created

as a national recreation agency as a national recreation agency -Set up clubhouses with libraries, radios and -Set up clubhouses with libraries, radios and

athletic facilities in every town with auditoriums and athletic facilities in every town with auditoriums and travel agencies that arranged vacations with reduced travel agencies that arranged vacations with reduced rates.rates.

-The Dopolavoro introduced many Italians to -The Dopolavoro introduced many Italians to mass culture and allowed the Italian government to mass culture and allowed the Italian government to supervise recreational activitiessupervise recreational activities

Nazi Germany had adopted Kraft Durch Freude Nazi Germany had adopted Kraft Durch Freude (Strength through joy) similar to the Dopolavoro.(Strength through joy) similar to the Dopolavoro.

Cultural and Intellectual Trends in Cultural and Intellectual Trends in the Interwar Years the Interwar Years

Pre-war art was a haven of a Pre-war art was a haven of a small group of avant-garde small group of avant-garde artists and intellectualsartists and intellectuals

The impact of WWI made this The impact of WWI made this culture more acceptableculture more acceptable

-Optimistic liberal--Optimistic liberal-rationalists clichés of 1914 was rationalists clichés of 1914 was outdated by 1918.outdated by 1918.

The war devastated people The war devastated people and showed people that there and showed people that there was something wrong with was something wrong with western values.western values.

-Decline of the West -Decline of the West by by German writer Oswald Spengler, German writer Oswald Spengler, reflected the collapse of Western reflected the collapse of Western civilization civilization

Uncertainties Uncertainties

WWI seemed to confirm pre-war WWI seemed to confirm pre-war beliefs that humans were violent and beliefs that humans were violent and irrational animals who were irrational animals who were incapable of creating a sane and incapable of creating a sane and rational worldrational world

-The Great Depression and fascist -The Great Depression and fascist movements based on violence and movements based on violence and degradation added to the uncertainties degradation added to the uncertainties started by WWIstarted by WWI

Economic and Political Economic and Political Uncertainties Uncertainties

Political and economic uncertainties came Political and economic uncertainties came with social insecuritieswith social insecurities

WWI broke many traditional class attitudes WWI broke many traditional class attitudes especially about sexualityespecially about sexuality

-Short skirts, short hair, makeup and sun -Short skirts, short hair, makeup and sun tanning that were only previously used by tanning that were only previously used by prostitutes were being used by all womenprostitutes were being used by all women

This started discussions about sexual This started discussions about sexual matters matters

MarriageMarriage English Mary Stopes wrote English Mary Stopes wrote

Married LoveMarried Love which emphasized which emphasized sexual pleasure in marriagesexual pleasure in marriage

Dutch Theodore van de Velde Dutch Theodore van de Velde wrote wrote Ideal Marriage: It’s Ideal Marriage: It’s Psychology and Technique Psychology and Technique described female and male described female and male anatomy, birth control anatomy, birth control techniques, and it glorified techniques, and it glorified pleasure in marriagepleasure in marriage

Family planning clinics for Family planning clinics for working class were made like working class were made like those of middle class families in those of middle class families in Britain and the USBritain and the US

Nightmares and New Visions: Art Nightmares and New Visions: Art and Music and Music

Postwar artistic trends were largely Postwar artistic trends were largely workings of prewar developmentsworkings of prewar developments

Abstract Expressionism became even Abstract Expressionism became even more popularmore popular

-Prewar fascination with absurd -Prewar fascination with absurd and unconscious contents of the minds and unconscious contents of the minds seemed even more appropriate after seemed even more appropriate after WWI.WWI.

-This gave rise to the Dada -This gave rise to the Dada Movement and SurrealismMovement and Surrealism

DadaDada

Dadaism attempted to capture the Dadaism attempted to capture the purposelessness of lifepurposelessness of life

The Romanian-French poet, Tristan Tzara The Romanian-French poet, Tristan Tzara was one of the founders of Dadaismwas one of the founders of Dadaism

Dadaists tried to express the insanity of Dadaists tried to express the insanity of life by creating anti-artlife by creating anti-art

Hannah Hoch, the only female member of Hannah Hoch, the only female member of the Berlin Dada Club, used her work to the Berlin Dada Club, used her work to comment on women’s roles in mass comment on women’s roles in mass cultureculture

Hannah HochHannah Hoch

Tristan TzaraTristan Tzara

SurrealismSurrealism

A more important artistic movement A more important artistic movement was Surrealism. Surrealism sought a was Surrealism. Surrealism sought a reality beyond the material world. reality beyond the material world. They found this reality in the world of They found this reality in the world of the unconsciousthe unconscious

-They used logic to portray illogical -They used logic to portray illogical and their paintings were disturbing and and their paintings were disturbing and used evocative imagesused evocative images

-Salvador Dali was the most -Salvador Dali was the most famous of the realists famous of the realists

Salvador DaliSalvador Dali

Yves Tanguy Yves Tanguy

FunctionalismFunctionalism Functionalism in modern Functionalism in modern

architecture became architecture became widespread 1920s & 30s. widespread 1920s & 30s.

It meant that buildings It meant that buildings should be functional and should be functional and without unnecessary without unnecessary ornamentation.ornamentation.

The Bauhaus School of The Bauhaus School of Art, Architecture and Art, Architecture and Design in Weimar, Design in Weimar, Germany was founded by Germany was founded by Walter Gropius in 1919. Walter Gropius in 1919.

-This school wanted -This school wanted to blend fine arts with to blend fine arts with applied artsapplied arts

Mass CultureMass Culture

Artists and Artists and Musicians joined the Musicians joined the mass culture craze mass culture craze in order to attract a in order to attract a wider audiencewider audience

German, Kurt Weill, German, Kurt Weill, turned to jazz for his turned to jazz for his piece piece The The Threepenny OperaThreepenny Opera. .

TheaterTheater

Theater became popular as artists Theater became popular as artists tried to make an impact on popular tried to make an impact on popular audiencesaudiences

Director, Erwin Piscator offered plays Director, Erwin Piscator offered plays to workers on picket lines.to workers on picket lines.

-He hoped to reach workers -He hoped to reach workers through drama with political messages through drama with political messages

-Like many, he became frustrated -Like many, he became frustrated due to his inability to attract mass due to his inability to attract mass audiences.audiences.

TraditionalistTraditionalist Acceptance of Modern Art forms were not universalAcceptance of Modern Art forms were not universal Traditionalist denounced modern art as the Traditionalist denounced modern art as the

degeneracy and decadence in the arts.degeneracy and decadence in the arts.-Most evident in Nazi Germany and the Soviet -Most evident in Nazi Germany and the Soviet

Union Union -Hitler and the Nazis rejected modern art as -Hitler and the Nazis rejected modern art as

degenerate and Jewishdegenerate and Jewish-They believed they were the foundation for new -They believed they were the foundation for new

and genuine German art. This German art glorified the and genuine German art. This German art glorified the strong, healthy and heroic traits of the Aryan racestrong, healthy and heroic traits of the Aryan race

-In the Soviet Union, art was produced by the -In the Soviet Union, art was produced by the school of “Socialist Realism.” school of “Socialist Realism.”

-Both the German and Soviet art was intended to -Both the German and Soviet art was intended to spread social values useful to the ruling regime.spread social values useful to the ruling regime.

Socialist RealismSocialist Realism

MusicMusic

20th century revolution in music 20th century revolution in music paralleled the revolution in art. paralleled the revolution in art.

This started with the work of Igor This started with the work of Igor Stravinsky.Stravinsky.

Viennese composer Arnold Viennese composer Arnold Schonberg began to experiment with Schonberg began to experiment with radical new style where tonality is radical new style where tonality is abandoned. This was called Atonal abandoned. This was called Atonal music music

The Search for the Unconscious The Search for the Unconscious Surrealism by an interest in the unconscious, also Surrealism by an interest in the unconscious, also

influenced the literature of the erainfluenced the literature of the era Surrealist authors used the “Stream of Surrealist authors used the “Stream of

Consciousness” technique, which is simply telling Consciousness” technique, which is simply telling the reader the innermost thoughts of each the reader the innermost thoughts of each character and the dialogue present in their own character and the dialogue present in their own minds.minds.

-Irish author, James Joyce’s -Irish author, James Joyce’s UlyssesUlysses. This story is . This story is told by following the inner thoughts of each charactertold by following the inner thoughts of each character

-Virginia Woolf also adopted this technique-Virginia Woolf also adopted this technique-Wrote -Wrote Mrs. DallowayMrs. Dalloway and and Jacob’s RoomJacob’s Room, which , which

utilized the “Stream of Consciousness” technique to utilized the “Stream of Consciousness” technique to reveal the lead characters’ lives through their inner reveal the lead characters’ lives through their inner thoughts. thoughts.

Hermann HesseHermann Hesse Hermann Hesse’s works Hermann Hesse’s works

expressed the loneliness expressed the loneliness felt by humans in the felt by humans in the modern, mechanic world.modern, mechanic world.

-Influenced by Carl -Influenced by Carl Jung’s theories and Jung’s theories and Eastern religionsEastern religions

-He had two major -He had two major works, works, DemianDemian which was which was the study of incest, and the study of incest, and Steppen Wolf,Steppen Wolf, which which expressed the confusion of expressed the confusion of modern existence.modern existence.

PsychologyPsychology

Freud’s ideas became very popular. Freud’s ideas became very popular. His terminology, became universally His terminology, became universally

known, however, people known, however, people misinterpreted Freud’s theories and misinterpreted Freud’s theories and believed that unrestrained sex was believed that unrestrained sex was vital for mental health. vital for mental health.

Freud’s ideas caused psychoanalysis Freud’s ideas caused psychoanalysis to become a major career. to become a major career.

Carl Jung Carl Jung

Carl Jung, formally Carl Jung, formally supported Freud, then supported Freud, then formed his own theoriesformed his own theories

-Believed Freud -Believed Freud was too biased and was too biased and narrow-mindednarrow-minded

Jung studied dreams. Jung studied dreams. He claimed there were He claimed there were two parts to the two parts to the unconscious.unconscious.

Jung’s Unconscious Jung’s Unconscious ““Personal Unconscious” Personal Unconscious” ““Collective Unconscious.” This is consisted of Collective Unconscious.” This is consisted of

memories memories all humans have in common and archetypesall humans have in common and archetypes Archetypes are images from dreams that are also Archetypes are images from dreams that are also

common to all peoplecommon to all people Jung claims that these archetypes have no human Jung claims that these archetypes have no human

source and are shared by all, thus the mind is source and are shared by all, thus the mind is only partially individualonly partially individual

They exist to bring the human mind to a higher They exist to bring the human mind to a higher state of consciousness state of consciousness

The “Heroic Age of Physics” The “Heroic Age of Physics” Ernest Rutherford Ernest Rutherford

demonstrated that atoms demonstrated that atoms could be splitcould be split

By the 1940’s, seven By the 1940’s, seven subatomic particles had subatomic particles had been distinguished and been distinguished and plans for the production plans for the production of atomic bombs had of atomic bombs had begun.begun.

Uncertainty Principle Uncertainty Principle German physicist, Werner Heisenberg, made the German physicist, Werner Heisenberg, made the

“Uncertainty Principle.”“Uncertainty Principle.” This stated that the path of an electron could not This stated that the path of an electron could not

truly be seen because the light required to view truly be seen because the light required to view the path changes that path.the path changes that path.

In a broader view, this meant that uncertainty In a broader view, this meant that uncertainty was the root of all physical laws.was the root of all physical laws.

This shattered confidence in classical physics that This shattered confidence in classical physics that had claimed that everything had the potential to had claimed that everything had the potential to be predicted if all knowledge about the thing was be predicted if all knowledge about the thing was known.known.