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Interview vs interrogation. To question or converse with victims, witnesses, complainants and informants in order to obtain information. . The formal questioning of suspects or persons in order to obtain incriminating information and/or a confession. . Interview location. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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INTERVIEW VS INTERROGATION To question or
converse with victims, witnesses, complainants and informants in order to obtain information.
The formal questioning
of suspects or persons in order to obtain incriminating information and/or a confession.
INTERVIEW LOCATION No phones, pagers etc
No clocks/watches
No decorations
Sound proof
No windows
RESPONSIBILITIES OF INTERVIEWER
STRUCTURED INTERVIEW – FRAZEE THREE-STEP PROCESS1. Respondent tells the story in their own way
2. Officer uses notes to guide the respondent in retelling the story chronologically (step by step)
3. Officer reads back finalized notes
COGNITIVE INTERVIEW Purpose is to enhance recall Technique and its purpose described to the witness
Be careful not to suggest anything Do not stress the witness’s importance
Steps Witness describes the physical environment where the
incident took place Witness reports his feelings and reactions Witness mentions everything they can remember Witness recalls events in a different order Witness reports incident from another person’s point of
view
COGNITIVE APPROACHGoals of the Cognitive Approach
Examples of Interview Questions
Recall emotions or retrieve memory of the surroundings.
Describe the room in which the assault took place.
Report even the smallest details. Can you tell us what was on the wall?
Recall the events in a different order.
What did you do when you entered the room? What did you do when you found the body? What were you doing before you entered the room?
Alter the suspect’s or witness’ perspective.
Close your eyes and describe the scene as if you are watching it on tv.
INTERVIEWING CHILDREN AND JUVENILES Blurry line between right and wrong, between reality and
fantasy Children concentrate on the present
Easily influenced and manipulated
Unsophisticated, little life experience
Believe that everything will turn out OK once their parents or guardians become involved
INTERROGATIONA person will confess to an interrogator because: They like or respect
the interrogator
Hope they better their position with the police, family, employer, themselves etc
THE REID NINE STEPS OF INTERROGATION1. Direct Positive Accusation2. Theme Development:
3. Handling Denials4. Overcoming Objections:
5. Attaining the Subject’s Attention:
6. Handling Subject’s Passive Mood:
7. Presenting the Alternative Question:
8. Obtaining the Verbal Confession:
9. Elements of the Written Confession:
HARSH INTERROGATION TECHNIQUES:
THREATS AND DECEPTION Threats
Severe punishment Revocation of probation or parole Consequences to family and friends
Inducements Monetary rewards Leniency on their own cases
Tricks Defining a situation as non-custodial Misrepresenting the seriousness of a crime Psychological tricks (feigning sympathy, blaming
the victim) Fabricating evidence
DECEPTION CLUSTERS It is easier to control verbal clues than
non verbal
SIGNS OF A LIAR http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNcT9qGLvUc
INTERROGATION GUIDE 55% is body language 38% vocal inflection 7% what is actually said Liars deny in detail, truthful people deny
categorically Liars give rambling and indirect answers –
truthful people answer directly Changing subject & resorting to trivia is
typical of a deceptive person
GUIDE CONTINUED When a suspect answers with an answer you don’t want,
always ask “are you sure”. Truthful people will normally repeat the first answer without hesitation. Liars will hesitate before answering, change or hedge their answer.
Fail to recognize the question Refuse to answer the question Delay in answering “No” words
The Five second NO – “NO-noooooo” No – followed by crossing arms/ legs, closing eyes NO – before question is finished No – then look around No- shakes head
DECEPTION VERBAL CLUES
Stammering, Stuttering, slurring speech, hesitating or mental clocks
Make noises or sounds to stall for time: “Aahhu” “Ummm” Ohhh”
Nervous laughter Politeness of overly helpful, suggesting answers before the
question Skipping around a sentence, stopping a sentence,
restarting sentence Stalling: ask to repeat/rephrase question, answer w/
question Complaints – why are you picking on me Religious statements – oh my god, don’t you have anything
else to do Political statements – I know the mayor Memory lapses – no such thing in regard to significant
events
NEGATIVE BODY LANGUAGE SIGNALS
Stress / Nervousness Rocking motion of torso Leg swinging Foot or finger tapping Short breaths Tightly clenched hands Wringing hands Clearing throat Fidgeting in chair Scratching or rubbing back of hands
Defensive / Withdrawn Closed eyes Lowering of chin Hunching of shoulders Arms crossed Fists clenched Legs crossed Downcast eyes Face turned away Body turned slightly away
NEGATIVE SIGNALS CONTINUED
Doubt/Deception Pacing Pinching bridge of nose Lowered head Hand over mouth Rubbing eyes Sideways glance Rubbing nose Rubbing behind ear
Boredom Drumming on table Head in hand Drooping eyes Doodling
POSITIVE BODY LANGUAGE SIGNALS
Ready to Cooperate Sitting on edge of chair Tugging at pants Standing, hands on hips Tilting head Moving closer Touching Rubbing palms together
Openness Unbuttoned coat Uncrossed legs Moving closer Uncrossed arms
Evaluation Sitting on edge of chair Body leaning forward Slightly tilted head Hand on cheek Stroking chin Slightly squinting Slow cleaning of glasses Relaxed mouth, chin
forward Extended eye contact w/
slight one sided smile
FLAG EXPRESSIONS OF DECEPTION
“Really” “Really” – over emphasis To tell the truth--- To the best of knowledge--- I couldn’t lie to you--- Frankly speaking--- May my mother drop dead--- To be perfectly honest--- I knew this was going to happen--- Why would I want to do something like
this--- You’re just saying that because, I’m---
QUALIFYING & CAMOUFLAGE FLAG PHRASES
I’m not trying to evade the questions--- I’m not trying to confuse you--- You know you are looking at me like I’m
lying--- By the way--- Incidentally--- I already answered that question--- Like I told you before--- My mother didn’t raise me to---
HARSH INTERROGATION TECHNIQUES CAN LEAD TO FALSE CONFESSIONS
Even intelligent persons have falsely confessed to seek leniency
Many persons don’t understand the CJ process. They don’t appreciate that confessions are hard to “take back”
Persons who falsely confess often falsely implicate others Particularly vulnerable
Children and juveniles Less sophisticated Persons with mental handicaps Innocent persons with prior records or on probation or
parole, who may fear the consequences of being convicted at trial
MEMORY IS NOT FIXED -- IT’S MALLEABLE What can implant false memories?
Guided information (coaching or leading a subject) Using hypnosis to aid recall Providing false information
False memories can be implanted unwittingly Not on purpose but through a flawed interviewing
process
False memories can be just as emotional as true memories
Everyone is susceptible to some degree