Intervening Obstacles

• Hinders migration• Historical- mountains deserts oceans• Modern Day- passports, visas

U.S. Quota Laws• 1924:• 1965• 1978• 1990• Preferences

– Family reunificaton (chain migration)– Skilled workers– diversity

• Brain Drain

Unauthorized immigration

• Characteristics of unauthorized immigrants– Source country– Children– Years in the United States– Labor Force– Distribution

Undocumented Immigration to the United

States• Undocumented immigrants– ½ enter legally

(students, tourists) but remain after they are supposed to leave

– ½ illegally cross the border without passport or visa

– Become “documented” with forged documents

– The minority caught are deported

• Americans divided on issue of immigration

• 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act– Could become

permanent residents if they could prove continuous residence & apply for citizenship after 5 years

– Few applied– Discouraged

immigration• it made it harder for recent

immigrants to get jobs because of employer fines

U.S. States as Immigrant Destinations

Fig. 3-8: California is the destination of about 25% of all U.S. immigrants; another 25% go to New York and New Jersey. Other important destinations include Florida, Texas, and Illinois.

U.S. Immigrant Destinations

• ¼ California• ¼ New York, Florida,Texas• Coastal Cities• Similar distribution whether legal or

illegal• Mexico California, Texas, Illinois• Caribbean New York, Florida• Chinese, Indians California, New York• Other Asians California

Undocumented Immigration:Mexico to Arizona

Fig. 3-7: The complex route of one group of undocumented migrants from a small village north of Mexico City to Phoenix, Arizona.

United States/Mexico Border

Characteristics of Migrants

• Gender- • Age and Education

Immigration Concerns in the United States

• Border Patrols• Workplace• Civil Rights• Local Inititives• Label controversy

– Unauthorized immigrant, undocumented immigrant, illegal alien

Immigration Concerns in Europe

• Sources• Opponents of Immigration• Europeans as Emigrants

Undocumented Immigrants in the US

Fig. 3-7: California, Texas, and Florida are the leading destinations for undocumented immigrants to the U.S.

U.S. - Mexico Border

at Tijuana

The U.S. side of the border is uninhabited and separated from Mexico by a fence

U.S. States as Immigrant Destinations

Fig. 3-8: California is the destination of about 25% of all US immigrants; another 25% go to New York and New Jersey. Other important destinations include Florida, Texas, and Illinois.

What are the “US gateway” states? Story of a migrant http://www.pbs.org/pov/alotrolado/lesson_plan.php#activity

Guest Workers

Migrants allowed into a country to fill a labor need, assuming the workers will go “home” once the labor need subsides

Have short term work visas Send remittances to home country

Guest Workers

in Europe

Fig. 3-9: Guest workers emigrate mainly from Eastern Europe and North Africa to work in the wealthier countries of Western Europe.

Global Remittances

http://www.economist.com/node/21553458/print

Turkish Kebab Stand in Germany

Gravity Model

• When applied to migration, larger places attract more migrants than do smaller places.

• Destinations that are more distant have weaker pull effect than do closer opportunities of similar caliber

AP Human Geography

GRAVITY MODEL

Gravity Model

• Uses size of location and distance as factors for travel

• Size of location takes precedent over distance• The gravity model can be used to estimate:• Traffic Flows • Migration between two areas • The number of people likely to use one central

place

The GRAVITY MODEL of MIGRATION is a model, derived from Newton's law of gravity.

Newton's law states that: "Any two bodies

attract one another with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.” 

The GRAVITY MODEL of MIGRATION is used to predict the degree of interaction between two places

When used geographically, the words 'bodies' and 'masses' are replaced by 'locations' and 'importance' respectively,.

Importance can be measured in terms of population numbers, gross domestic product, or other appropriate variable.

The gravity model of migration is therefore based upon the idea that as the importance of one or both of the location increases, there will also be an increase in

movement between them.

o The farther apart the two locations are, however, the movement between them will be less.

o This phenomenon is known as distance decay.

The simplistic version of the gravity model of migration is as follows:

Mij = gravity model prediction of migration between origin i and destination jPi = population of origin State iPj = population of destination State jdij = distance from origin i to destination j

 Mij

= 

Pi*Pj

dij2

CITY POPULATION (2012)ATLANTA 443,775

NEW YORK CITY 8,336,697

KNOXVILLE 182,200AUSTIN 842,592

LOS ANGELES 3,857,799CHICAGO 2,714,856

TULSA 393,987

COMPARE ATLANTA TO EACH OF THE CITIES LISTED

Ullman’s Spatial Interaction Model

AP Geography

Travel patterns for purchase of clothing and yard goods. A) Canadian rural cash-economy. B) Canadian older Mennonite sect.

Getis, Getis, Fellmann

Very different travel behaviors show the differences that may exist in the “action spaces” of different cultural groups occupying the same territory.

Chicago Travel Patterns: shows 96% of all trips.

What factors influence & create these patterns of interaction?

Getis, Geits, Fellmann

Edward Ullman’s Theory

• Spatial Interaction is controlled by three flow-determining factors.

1. Complementarity2. Transferability3. Intervening

Opportunity

Complementarity• For two places to

interact, one place must have a supply of an item for which there is an effective demand.

• Example: product: Oil - Interaction: US - Middle East

• Differences of place is not enough to create interaction.

• Example: rain forest and Greenland

What is Effective Demand?

• Desire for the item (demand)

• Purchasing Power - $$$

• Means to transport the product - rail, road, internet, ship etc.

Transferability

• Refers to mobility of a commodity

• Spatial interaction occurs only when acceptable costs of an exchange are met.

• Costs include both Time and Money

Transferability Function of Three Conditions.

• Characteristics and value of product.• The distance measured in time and

money.• The ability of the commodity to bear

the costs of movement.– Both physical and economic.– If the time and money costs are too

great interaction does not occur.– Buyer seeks substitute or goes without

product.

Intervening Opportunity• Closer opportunities

will reduce the the attractiveness of interaction with more distant- even slightly better- alternatives.

• Example -ski area in Big Bear. The snow is not as good as Tahoe. But people in Southern Calif. are more likely to ski in Big Bear.

A

B

C

Measuring Spatial Interactions

Key Concepts and Theories

Friction of Distance

• Distance has a retarding effect on human interactions because there are increasing penalties in time and cost associated with longer distances.

Space-Time Compression

• How do we measure relative distance - miles, time, cost?

• How is this different than absolute distance?

• What effects has information technology had on relative distance?

• Discuss - impacts on daily lives, cultural change, migration.

• Draw graphic to illustrate Space-Time Compression

RefugeesPeople who flee across an international boundary because of a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion

Refugees: Sources & Destinations

Fig. 3-1: Major source and destination areas of both international and internal refugees.

Hurricane Katrina Migrants

A major natural disaster represents an environmental push factor for forced migration.

Scene from The Grapes of Wrath

The Dust Bowl in the 1930s led to forced migration from the Great Plains to California and elsewhere.

• Subsaharan Africa• North Africa and Southwest Asia• South Asia• Southeast Asia• Europe

Regions of Dislocation

How Do Governments Affect Migration?

• Immigration laws

• U.S. history– Little

restriction– Quotas by

nationality– Selective

immigration