Intersection Collision Avoidance - NVFC

Intersection collisions were the second leading cause for law enforcement motor vehicle crash related deaths

from 1982 – 2012 killing.

187officers.

(Emergency Vehicle Safety Initiative, FEMA,US Fire Administration, February 2014)

Intersection Collision Avoidance

QUICK LOOK: CONNECTED RESPONDER BENEFITS

PURPOSEIntersection movement assistance and collision warning systems are designed to detect and warn responders of approaching traffic at high-speed intersections using Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) sensors.

BENEFITReducing the risk of collisions at intersections, especially ones which are blind, will result in life safety, economic, and operational readiness improvements for the responder community and general public.

USE CASEA law enforcement officer on routine patrol receives a collision alert message while approaching a busy intersection with a partially obstructed view. Despite having the right of way, the officer is warned of an approaching vehicle that is likely to run the red light due to its speed, direction of travel, and observed driving behaviors. The officer reacts by slowing down to avoid the potential catastrophic broadside collision.

Research Finding: The timing of warnings/alerts to drivers is the lynchpin in this technology. A May 2016 NHTSA Report, Commercial Connected Vehicle Test Procedure Development and Test Results – Intersection Movement Assist, showed the feasibility of the technology, but that more work needs to be done, especially to modify warning messages after corrective action is taken by a driver.

FOR MORE INFORMATIONTransportation Safety Advancement Group (TSAG): www.tsag-its.org; Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office: www.its.dot.gov; ITS America: itsamerica.org

USD

OT,

ITS

JPO

, 201

6 Players: All Responders and Public

Priority: High

Integration: Telemetry and in-vehicle sensors can be leveraged

with Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I), and Vehicle to Pedestrian (V2P) alert and warning systems to mitigate the risk of responder vs. responder and responder vs. non-responder vehicle collisions.

This publication is the product of a cooperative agreement between RYLEX PSC and ITS-America.

NHTSA estimates that a connected vehicle safety application that helps drivers safely negotiate

intersections could help prevent

41 to 55percent of intersection crashes.

(USDOT, ITS JPO, 2016)

November 2016

CV Technologies which may help

prevent intersection collisions:

Signalized Left Turn AssistRed Light Violation WarningStop Sign Violation Warning

Vehicle to Vehicle CommunicationSignal Preemption

Intersection crashes represent

26% of all crashes and

50% of all crashrelated injuries.

NHTSA, “Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications: Readiness of V2V Technology for Application”

(August 2014) and FHWA, “Intersection Safety” (2016)

During 2011, public safety related motor vehicle crashes resulted in 34 fatalities involving ambulances,14 fatalities involving fire equipment, and 83 fatalities involving law enforcement vehicles.

Emergency Vehicle Traffic Signal Preemption


PURPOSEConnected vehicle traffic signal preemption systems are designed to transfer the normal operation of traffic signals to provide multiple emergency vehicles with prioritized access at intersections to allow safe passage and to mitigate the risk of collisions. These enhanced systems leverage Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) capabilities.

BENEFITTraffic signal preemption systems will expedite emergency vehicle response to an incident and reduce the risk of loss of life, injuries, and property damage associated with intersection collisions involving emergency vehicles. These collisions are common risks when operating vehicles under emergency conditions.

USE CASEAn ambulance is responding to a possible cardiac arrest involving a child at a local swimming pool. A fire engine company staffed with paramedics is also responding to the incident. Through Connected Vehicle technologies, traffic management systems detect the approaching emergency vehicles traveling with their emergency equipment activated. Traffic signals are automatically prompted to provide the emergency vehicles with the right-of-way. This expedites their safe response to the life-threatening emergency.

CASE STUDYMaricopa County, Arizona, leveraging a CV testbed, conducted an Emergency Vehicle Preemption (EVP) study to examine the challenges and efficiencies of various EVP technologies. The study found that CV technology can engage with multiple emergency

vehicles approaching a controlled intersection, evaluate multiple criteria, prioritize vehicle access through the intersection, and provide direction back to emergency vehicle operators. Source: Maricopa Association of Governments (MAG) Emergency Vehicle Preemption State of the Practice Study (July 2016)


Players: Fire and EMS

Priority: High

Integration: Traffic signal preemption systems have the ability to deconflict the intersection clearance of Connected Responder vehicles using V2V and V2I alerts and warnings. These systems are also integrated to expedite emergency responders while mitigating intersection collisions between responders and non-responders.


November 2016

INTERSECTIONSare the most common location across all disciplines for public safety motor

vehicle crashes.FEMA/USFA. “Emergency Vehicle Safety Initiative,”

February 2014

Use of emergency vehicle signal preemption in Fairfax County,

VA resulted in a 30 to 45 second reduction in time of transit through high traffic density intersections.

(Traffic Signal Preemption for Emergency Vehicles,A Cross-Cutting Study, FHWA January 2006)

Use of emergency vehicle signal preemption in Plano, TX, has

reduced intersection crashes from 2.3 per year to less than 1 every

five years.(Traffic Signal Preemption for Emergency Vehicles,

A Cross-Cutting Study, FHWA January 2006)

Work Zone, Incident Scene and Traffic Safety Alerts


PURPOSELeveraging V2X systems and Connected Vehicles provides drivers and emergency response personnel with warnings for work zone and incident scene incursions. Audible warnings to those working at an incident scene can provide notice to take a protective position in order to limit the risk of deaths, injuries, and property damage. Connected Vehicle drivers receive work zone and traffic incident alerts to facilitate a safe and slowed approach where responders and transportation workers are present.

The use of CV technology to alert and direct traffic approaching roadside or roadway incidents will contribute to saving lives, reducing injuries, and protecting property. These compelling traffic safety incident management objectives are detailed in standards such as the Standard for Traffic Control Incident Management Professional Qualifications (NFPA 1091), the Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program (NFPA 1500), 1500), and the USDOT Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (advance warning, transition, activity, and termination areas).

BENEFITWork Zone, Incident Scene and Traffic Safety alerts reduce incursions by inattentive drivers which result in deaths, injuries, and property damage, warn emergency personnel and transportation workers who are unprotected when an incursion is eminent, and mitigate the risk of secondary and tertiary incidents that require additional resources to manage and resolve.

Effective traffic control is one of the most important factors to ensuring the safety of emergency responders on the scene of roadside and roadway incidents.“Best Practices for Emergency Vehicle and Roadway Operations Safety in the Emergency Services.” International Association of Fire Fighters, AFL-CIO, and United States of America. (2010).

USE CASEA fatal multi-vehicle interstate traffic accident is being worked by a team of Connected Responders (police, fire, EMS, traffic management, and towing/recovery services). Approaching vehicles are warned of the incident via Connected Vehicle alerts and

messages. An approaching vehicle operated by an impaired driver begins to drift out of the travel lane and onto the shoulder without braking. A collision with Connected Responder vehicles and personnel out of their vehicles is imminent. An audible warning is broadcast to all responders on the scene, allowing them a few seconds to take protective action. The alarms and warnings limit the impact of the collision to property damage with no additional injuries or loss of life.


USD

OT,

ITS

JPO

, 201

6

Players: All Responders and Public

Priority: High

Integration: Technology could leverage V2X communications to alert other pedestrians and dismounted vehicle operators (and response personnel) through integrated vehicle warning systems (horns, sirens, sensors, etc.).


16%of law enforcement officers in Iowa report being struck or nearly struck while on the roadside over a three

year period.

(Law Enforcement Officer Motor Vehicle Safety Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, November 2014)

November 2016

Nearly half of roadside incidents occurred during a

traffic stop.(Law Enforcement Officer Motor Vehicle Safety Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, November 2014)

According to FBI Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted

reporting, 124 law enforcement officers struck and killed

by motor vehicles from 1998-2007 – 50 during a traffic stop, roadblock, 74 while directing traffic, assisting motorist, etc.

Road Weather Alerts and Warnings


PURPOSERoad weather alert and warning systems will notify drivers about unsafe conditions and roadway closures due to weather-related events through Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) transmitted messages.

BENEFITReducing the risk of collisions due to vehicles losing control or operating in impeded/inhibited sight situations due to weather will result in life safety, economic, and operational readiness improvements for the responder community and general public.

Strategic Decision Support: According to the FHWA, roadway weather warnings will not only provide critical information to emergency responders to adjust driving in response to potentially hazardous roadway conditions, but can also provide strategic decision making support for best routes to incidents for the responders, avoiding unsafe areas or roadways that may become congested or experience slower traffic due to roadway conditions. (FHWA. ”The Vision for Use of Connected Vehicle Data in Practical Road Weather Applications.” (April, 2012).)

USE CASEUnder moderate traffic conditions, the public, commercial vehicles, and connected responders are travelling on a mountainous rural interstate in late October. The risks of black ice are evaluated and updated based on Connected Vehicle technology

transmitting from passing vehicles. Connected Vehicles broadcast real-time alerts and warnings that cause other motorists to adjust their speed and expand their following distances. These alerts reduce the risks of single vehicle and chain reaction collision on the foggy mountain pass.

Roadway Weather Warnings would incorporate the use of a Vehicle Data Translator (VDT) which would gather data from a variety of internal and external sources and sensors in and on a vehicle to derive roadway and weather conditions. Examples of potential sources include: headlight and windshield wiper usage, ambient external temperature, activation of stability and traction control, differential wheel speed, etc. FHWA. “Roadway Weather and the Connected Vehicles.” (2011)


USD

OT,

ITS

JPO

, 201

6


Priority: High

Integration: Technology leverages V2I and V2V communications and standalone weather systems to warn drivers about inclement weather conditions that may impact travel conditions (e.g. black ice, standing water, snow, etc.). Real-time weather information is collected and transmitted using vehicle and roadway-based sensor systems.


Almost 19%of law enforcement motor vehicle crash related fatalities from 1980 to 2008 occurred on wet, snowy, slushy, or ice covered roadways.

(Characteristics of Law Enforcement Officer’s Fatalities in Motor Vehicle Crashes, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, January 2011)

November 2016

1,258,978 weather related crashes (22% of vehicle crashes) with 445,303 persons injured (19% of crash injuries) and 5897 persons killed (16% of crash fatalities) from

2005-2014 FHWA. “How Do Weather Events Impact Roads?” (2016)

Wearable Technology for Connected Responders


PURPOSEIntegration of wearable technology with Connected Vehicle technology can provide additional data collection points for information exchange and provide mechanisms for communicating information to the emergency responder within the vehicle and while outside the vehicle.

BENEFITWearable technology allows emergency responders to receive mission-related information while allowing the responder to work in a hands-free environment and collecting a wide variety of mission-related information, which can be transmitted in real time to other responders and command centers or be viewed forensically at a future date.

USE CASEAn emergency responder is checking on crash victims on the scene of a multi-vehicle crash with injuries, occupying two lanes of a four lane highway. The responder is carrying a land mobile radio and wearing a smart watch that broadcasts his location as he moves through the crash scene on foot. Using V2P technology the system detects that an approaching vehicle may encroach upon the crash scene with a high probability for a secondary collision.. The CV system sends an audible alert to the emergency responder via his land mobile radio system and an audible and sensory alert via his smart watch. In the event that the responder is struck despite taking evasive action, data from an accelerometer, gyroscope (determining if the responder is “down”), impact-sensing clothing, and bio/physical monitoring is gathered and transmitted to other responding personnel as they near the scene.

CASE STUDYWhile there has been no specific integration between wearable and CV technologies for emergency responders, there have been recent tests and studies of wearable technologies for the responder community. The 2015 Urban Shield exercise in Northern California, which teamed law enforcement tactical teams with firefighters and EMS, was the platform for testing a new wearable smart gateway. The gateway provided capability for real-time video streaming and personal health diagnostics.

Intel: The Wearable Smart Gateway*: Revolutionary Wearable Tech for First Responders (January 2016)



Priority: Medium to High

Integration: Wearable technologies within the Emergency Responder domain can be integrated with Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) to provide additional information to responders, including critical alerts and warnings, and to provide awareness of responder health and status to other responders and command centers.


November 2016

Public Safety Wearable Technology

in Use TodayLand mobile radios

Cell phonesSmart phones

Pagers (Fire and EMS community)Smart watches

Body-worn camerasPersonal GPS devices

Officer/firefighter in distress

Public Safety Wearable

Technologies forUse in Future

Bio/physical status monitoring clothing and devices

Impact-detection clothing

Accelerometers and gyroscopes

Smart glasses

Wearable sensors (environmental, gunshot detection, etc.)

Peter Gene, @

flickr.com

Connected Vehicle Reference Implementation Architecture (CVRIA)


PURPOSEA user friendly online resource for Connected Vehicle (CV) technical standards, applications, and web-based training designed for technical and non-technical audiences

OVERVIEWThis ITS Joint Program Office sponsored web based library provides practitioners and technologists with a deeper understanding of Connected Vehicle technical and integration requirements. The CVRIA “one stop shop” is an essential forum to learn and share Connected Vehicle (CV) information.

CVRIA is an objective source

for technical guidance on Connected Vehicle networks, components, and communication protocols for responders and the information technology professionals that support them need. The CVRIA provides CV enterprise, functional, physical, and communications views of this important advancement in public and first responder safety.

INNOVATION SPRINGBOARDA working knowledge of the CVRIA provides end-users with the tools necessary to leverage emerging CV capabilities and to advance new applications based on clearly defined standards. Educated users of CV technologies may accelerate the design, testing, and deployment of new applications based on a working knowledge of CV components and communications protocols. Practical and technical innovations are expected to emerge from the broad community of potential users of the technology.


For more information on the CVRIA and to view CVRIA documentation visit: www.iteris.com/cvria/; White House Fact Sheet: Encouraging the Safe and Responsible Deployment of Automated Vehicles, September 19, 2016.

USD

OT, ITS JPO

, 2016

Players: All Responders, Information Technology Professionals, Fleet Managers, and Application Developers

Priority: High


November 2016

What is a Reference Implementation

Architecture?A Reference Implementation

Architecture is a primary means to address technology stakeholder

concerns and requirements. It results from collaboration between

stakeholders (practitioners) and designers (engineers) to create common language definitions and deployment concepts and approaches and often includes

Concept of Operations and System Requirements considerations.

10 million crashesin 2015

4.4 million injuriesand over 38,000 deaths

94% of accidentsare due to human error(ITERIS, Connected Vehicles, 2016)

Documents

Intersection Collision Avoidance - NVFC