Intersect(ING) Variables - York U

Intersect(ING)VariablesJamesA.Walker(LaTrobeUniversity)

⽴川市 Tachikawa •August2016

(ING):VariationinFinalConsonant

• Variablerealizationasvelar[ŋ]oralveolar[n]• Wellstudiedinbothproduction(e.g.Fischer1958;Labov 1966;Trudgill 1974….)andperception(e.g.Campbell-Kibler 2009…)

• Historicalconvergence(Houston1985;Labov 1989):• Verbalnoun–inge/ynge >-ing• Participle–inde >-ind >-in

• Velarvariantahypercorrectionorspellingpronunciation(Wells1982)?

• OccursinallvarietiesofEnglish• Socialconstraints(socialclass,sex/gender,ethnicity…)• Stylisticconstraints• Linguisticconstraints(phonologicalcontext,grammaticalstatus)

(ING):VariationintheVowel?

• CanadianEnglish:• Vancouver(Gregg1974/1992)

[ɪŋ],[in],[ɪn],[ən],[n],[iŋ]

• Ottawa(Woods1979/1999)[ɪŋ],[in],[ən] 0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

MultipleChoice

WordList Visual-Aural ReadingPassage

[-ɪŋ]

[-in]

[-ɪn]

[-ən]

[-Øn]

[-iŋ]

(ING):VariationintheVowel?

• Does(ING)havetwovariants,orthree?(ormore?)(e.g.Rosen2015;Rosen,Ankutowicz &D’Arcy2016)

• Arethetense-vowelvariantsontheriseinCanadianEnglish?(e.g.Chambers2009)

• Isthevowelvariationavailableforsocialevaluation?

Toronto– Tokyo– Melbourne

“ContactintheCity”(Hoffman&Walker2010)

StratificationofInformantsbyEthnicOrigin,GenerationandSex

EthnicOrigin:

British/Irish Chinese Filipino Greek Italian Jewish Korean Portuguese Punjabi

Gen:F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M

1st 8 6 5 4 5 2 4 2 6 4 0 2 1 0 5 1 4 3

2nd/3rd 6 6 11 11 7 9 1 3 10 8 0 1 1 1 4 2 13 13

Total: 14 12 16 15 12 11 5 5 16 12 0 3 2 1 9 3 17 16

EthnicityTotal: 26 31 23 10 28 3 3 12 33

GrandTotal: 169

(AsofJuly31,2017)

ExtractingandCoding(ING)

• VariableContext• Word-finalunstressed-ing

• SocialFactors• Speaker• Ethnicbackground• Generation• Sex/gender

• LinguisticFactors• Grammaticalstatus

• Verb,Noun,Adjective,-thing,Preposition

• Consonant• Velar[ŋ]vs.Apical[n]• (“stopped”velar[ŋk],[ŋg])

• Vowel• Lax[ɪ]vs.Tense[i]

Inter-coderreliability>90%

Inter-coderreliability<90%

speak[in]

think[iŋ]

shin[iŋg]

DataTranscription

• Time-alignedtranscriptioninELAN

ExtractingTokens

• ForcedalignmentwithFAVE(Rosenfelder etal.2011)• Force-alignssegmentsintranscriptionwithwave-forminsoundfile• ProducesTextGrid

CodingTokens

• UsingFAVE-Extract• ExtractsandmeasuresvowelformantsusingTextGrid andsoundfile• Normalises tokensusingLobanov method• Locatesunstressedfinal–ing andtakemeasurementat50%point

InformantsCodedfor(ING)

EthnicOrigin:



1st 8 6 5 4 2 3 6 3 5 1 1 1

2nd/3rd 6 6 11 10 1 3 9 8 4 2 10 11

Total: 14 12 16 14 3 6 15 11 9 3 11 12

EthnicityTotal: 26 30 9 26 12 23

GrandTotal: 126 8,910tokens

(AsofJuly31,2017)

InformantsConsideredinthisStudy

EthnicOrigin:



1st 8 6

2nd/3rd 6 6 11 10 1 3 9 8 4 2 10 11

Total: 14 12 11 10 1 3 9 8 4 2 10 11

EthnicityTotal: 26 21 4 17 6 21

GrandTotal: 85 7,004tokens

OverallDistributionof(ING)Tokens

• PlottedwithRpackagephonR(McCloy2016)• Highdegreeofoverlap!





Butnotcomplete overlapofmeansorstandarddeviations!

Mixed-effectslinearregressionwithRbrul(Johnson2009)• Dependentvariable:• Lobanov-normalised F1valueofvowel:lowervalue=highervowel

• Independentvariables:• Speaker(random)• Ethnicity(+Generation)• Sex• Word(random)• Placeofsegmentpreceding(ING)(vowel,labial,alveolar,palatal,velar)• Placeofsegmentfollowingvowel(alveolarorvelar)• Grammaticalstatus(noun,verb,adjective,preposition,-thing)

Testforinteraction

Mixed-effectslinearregressionwithRbrul(Johnson2009)

BESTMODEL:Speaker[random],Word[random],PrecedingPlace(p =3.63x10-26),Ethnicity(+Generation)x FollowingPlace(p =0.000132),Sexx FollowingPlace(p =0.0144),GrammaticalStatus(p =0.0209)

1.PrecedingPlace

Vowel 41.177

Liquid 21.983

Alveolar -3.032

Labial -8.014

Palatal -18.208

Velar -33.706

2.EthnicBackground(+ Generation)x FollowingPlaceBritish/Irish(older)xalveolar 16.765

Greek(G2)xvelar 11.744

Chinese(G2)xvelar 4.201

Italian(G2)xvelar 4.145

British/Irish (younger)xalveolar 3.893

Punjabi (G2)xvelar 1.578

Portuguese(G2)xalveolar 1.012

Portuguese(G2)xvelar -1.012

Punjabi (G2)xalveolar -1.578

British/Irish (younger)xvelar -3.893

Italian(G2)xalveolar -4.145

Chinese(G2)xalveolar -4.201

Greek (G2)xalveolar -11.744

British/Irish(older)xvelar -16.765

Mixed-effectslinearregressionwithRbrul(Johnson2009)3.Sex x FollowingPlace

FemalexVelar 3.455

MalexAlveolar 3.455

FemalexAlveolar -3.455

MalexVelar -3.455

4.GrammaticalStatus

Preposition 17.535

-thing 12.700

Adjective -4.197

Noun -12.174

Verb -13.863

BESTMODEL:Speaker[random],Word[random],PrecedingPlace(p =3.63x10-26),Ethnicity(+Generation)x FollowingPlace(p =0.000132),Sexx FollowingPlace(p =0.0144),GrammaticalStatus(p =0.0209)

Conclusions

• Does(ING)havemorethantwovariants?• Betterviewedasco-variationbetweenthevowel([ə]⟷ [ɪ]⟷ [i])andtheconsonant([ŋ]~[n])

• Linguisticconditioning;• Precedingpalatal/velarà highervowel• Preposition/-thingà lowervowel

• Socialconditioning• [in]favouredbywomen,[iŋ]favouredbymen• SplitbetweenBritish/Irishspeakersandotherethnicgroups

• Arethetense-vowelvariantsuniquetoCanadianEnglish?(Ifso,why??)• Vowelin(ING)hasn’treceivedmuchattentioninothervarietiesofEnglish(AFAIK)• Placeoffollowingconsonantmayinfluenceperceptionofprecedingvowel• Morestudies!

Thaŋk you!

[email protected]

Special thaŋks to Mélissa Boisson, Gabrielle Lafortune and Yvette Freake!

ありがとうございました!

Generouslysupportedby:

Mixed-effectslinearregressionofF2withRbrul (Johnson2009)

BESTMODEL:Speaker[random],Word[random],PrecedingPlace(p =1.01x10-10),Ethnicity+Generationx FollowingPlace(p =0.000441),Sexx FollowingPlace(p =0.00821)

1.PrecedingPlace

Velar 91.341

Palatal 87.483

Alveolar 25.099

Labial -3.687

Vowel -82.728

Liquid -117.508

2.EthnicBackground(+ Generation)x FollowingPlaceBritish/Irish(younger)xvelar 40.292

Chinese(G2)xalveolar 38.632

Italian(G2)xalveolar 32.830

Portuguese(G2)xvelar 21.750

British/Irish (older)xalveolar 19.329

Greek(G2)xvelar 18.999

Punjabi(G2)xvelar 9.750

Punjabi(G2)xalveolar -9.750

Greek(G2)xalveolar -18.999

British/Irish (older)xvelar -19.329

Portuguese (G2)xalveolar -21.751

Italian(G2)xvelar -32.830

Chinese(G2)xvelar -38.632

British/Irish(older)xvelar -40.292

3.Sex x FollowingPlace

FemalexAlveolar 15.283

MalexVelar 15.283

FemalexVelar -15.283

MalexAlveolar -15.283

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Intersect(ING) Variables - York U