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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 46
May 1949
INTERPRETING GROUND CONDITIONS
FROM GEOLOGIC MAPS
Prepared by the
Geologic Division eVetCe
ge 10 bull o CO
e09 e-ci)eoyNso
QE
U58c No46 1949
75
LiSRARrj Bureau of Reclamation
Denver Colorado
e QE 75 u58c 46
US Geological Survey Circular 46
UNITED ERIOR
WASHINGTON D C
Free on application to the Director Geological Survey Washington 26 D C
GPO D FS0 92249 250 BOOKS
BUREAU OF RECLAMATION DENVER LIBRARY
1 1M11111111111111 92026537
INTERPRETING GROUND CONDITIONS
FROM GEOLOGIC MAPS
Prepared by the Geologic Division
Intelligent planning for heavy construction water supply or other land utilization requires advance knowledge of ground conditions in the area It is essential to know
1) the topography that is the configuration of the land surface
2) the geology and soils that is the deposits that compose the land and its weathered surface and
3) the hydrology that is the occurrence of water whether under or on the ground
These elements usually are considered in planning land developshyments that involve much investment detailed surveys generally are made of the topography geology soils and hydrology at the site selected for development Such detailed surveys are essential but equally essential and often overlooked is the need for general surveys prior to site selection
Only if the general surveys have been made is it possible to know that a particular site is most suitable for the purpose and that no situashytions in the tributary areas that might affect the project have been overshylooked Moreover the general regional relations must be known in order to properly interpret the geology soils and hydrology at a particular locality In brief both the general and the specific are needed in order to avoid costly mistakes either during or after development
The accompanying maps illustrate how a general geologic map can be used for interpreting grc d conditions during a planning stage prior to site selection The topographic and geologic maps which provide the basic data have been simplified from some existing ones The intershypretive sheets are intended to provide some examples of the kinds of information that trained persons can read from such basic maps
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ALPINE QUADRANGLE
0 9 RG W
4i
-_mdash -
4500- 41
0 I_ I_ I_ I_
5 Miles I
Topographic maps show quantitatively the configuration of the land surface This is accomplished by drawing contours that represent level lines on the earths surface Irregularities in the contour lines reflect the ground plan shape of the land forms the spacing between the contours measures the amount of slope In addition topographic maps show the works of man such as roads railroads and buildings and drainage features such as perrenial streams intermittent streams springs and marshes
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
CC
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ALPINE QUADRANGLEGEOLOGICAL SURVEY
N N_ N -k bulljdegbullI
c szbull-bullbull
4h11111111112140 l
cPr 1 A r QbsV
1
cc74rclfft4cl A07
1302t444-4
IAMIAt1117 44 ftJ_
-bullbullbullbullbullbullbull re fr
A i
41(0401atoow_promitwocer
A Z
5 Miles0 L_ 21c3i 4ic
EXPLANATION
Young fan deposits gravel with admixed sand silt and clay
Ple
isto
cene
La
ke B
onn
eville
de
pos
its
____
__
dbull__
___-
-
Q bsi Qbc
Gravel member Sand member Silt member Clay somber gravel and sand clean sand forms lake bottom lake bottom in delta deposits offshore bars and deposit deposit Ccdelta deposits op 4 50 1F-ci74C1 CO3 = SO3 Cldeg3 5deg3 3 3
CO3gtS0 iLci 3
Old fan deposits bouldery gravel with admixed sand silt clay Considerable caliche in upper layers
U
CL
BedroCk mostly limestone some quartzite
Fault dotted where concealed
GEOLOGIC MAP
UNITID STATES DEPARTMENT OF THI INTERIOR ALPINE QUADRANGLE
N WVAlsquo OtOLOOICAL SORVIV
bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull N14NbullNN$amp
bullbullbull lsquolsquobull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullsv
bull bullNbullbull
FIRST EVENT These ancient rocks folded and faulted upward to form mountains
THIRD EVENT This fault became active 5-10 feet of movement before Lake Bonneville time fault extends under lake beds and
FIFTH EVENT This fault again active 20 feet of displacement
may have recurrent movement anytime
SIXTH EVENT This fan and the small one 3 miles west were built on
SECOND EVENT This fan built of gravel etc eroded from mountain
top of Lake Bonneville deposits after the lake had disappeared These poet Bonneville fans are still being built
FOURTH EVENT Valley inundated by glacial Lake Bonneville Delta of gravel (Qbg) built at mouth of Alpine Canyon Shore currents moved sand (Qbs) westshyward on delta and in bars in front of delta Silt (Qbsi) deposited near-shore clay (Qbc) deposited offshore These lake deposits are underlain by the pre-Bonneville fans which represent the second event
READING GEOLOGIC HISTORY FROM THE GEOLOGIC MAP
UNITED STATICS DEPARTMENT OP INS INTERIOR OKOLOMDAL SURVEY ALPINE QUADRANGLE
N410AN
Qbsi
v a RG W
iii AQbc bdquobdquo
lsquo114 0 bdquo
bdquobdquobdquo 7oc)
04 1A
4=411=iN4IMM bdquobdquobdquobdquo bdquobdquobdquobdquov
Miles I 1 0
Hard rocks Good source for limestone or quartzite for building stone riprap Quarry operations would require drilling and blasting Limestone suitable for cement
2 This gravel is angular but silty poorly graded and contains considerable secondary line not suitable for concrete aggregate poor source for road metal
3 This gravel well rounded and well graded but contains considerable line not suitable for concrete aggregate excellent road metal
4 This gravel poorly graded fragments in part angular and in part well rounded deposit is free of secondary lime best source for concrete aggregate
Clay deposit contains lime and other water-soluble salts fair source for structural clay good source for seal clay not suitable for high grade ceramic purposes
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
5
_
UNITED STATEreg DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
010LOGIOAL SURVEY ALPINE QUADRANGLE
bullW bull s UIRdegVlsquo_5 _ _bdquo bdquo__I _ ilk _ -_ __bdquotbdquobull _ N oqI_ N I _k N srcIIIt N __ cbull ii
bull 1_ bull
bull bullbullbullbullbull 1bullbullbullbull bull bull Y Dbull(5 04_-_ - lelbullbull-bullbullbull bull bull bull1_ bull bull 4 Alsdeg bull __ _ - bull4i i bullbullbullbullbull_ li bullbullbullbull1bullbullF _ 4bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bull bull bull 7 i F i bull N)
iffI bullbull-iqiiiiQfgEf 001
0 ibullAo p )_bullbull-i-_ _-
si 1 _bullbull_ bull_ bull_ 0 bull_bull_ibull_1bullbull__ 0
bull e bullbull 55deg _bullbull_ _ iiiII_ bull bull__
bull I bull-2k_ __ xbullwk_10bullbull ___ bull --------_ b
QbsiA IIP7 rof
bull-----bull
ie-vrAzI 40c--Jbullbull _ AA AIAQ bdquo __ _er__it A_ __ r fir 7 gr Pi
rbdpl oi1111111111111deg Ae _ _ __ 10 i _41 __44 _ 4 _
Qbsi---- rrAo4070ore4r bull IPVIr4t1dc1dr9jvir
ii 41 ii c _ c7 3 0 1-9f7OR 0 2 _ _00p1-1- lsquo AV bull
i 2 Je ` _ 0 a R 0 r AlAralAffej 0 A
_ -- 4-f44ipeopir_ r bdquobdquo iii bdquo 00 bdquobullobc bull obic f bull04 bdquobdquo _ 40 gt bdquobdquobdquo bdquo bdquo bdquo 4_ 55bull A i 5 z _ _i iti lsquo -r _44bull oii J47)_ 40 40e W1
414 4
i1 3 o iiiiN
_ Z V iii i Oiii iii - _ iii
K Miles s
A Clay ground poor surface drainage no subsurface drainage road metal and fill for subgrades must be hauled from area B or C Ground easily excavated by power shovel or dozer operation Will require aubdrains
Gravelly and silty ground fairly adequate surface and subsurface drainage Good foundation
for roads or buildings Basement excavations must be shallow to avoid intersecting the groundshywater perched on the underlying impermeable Lake Bonneville beds This area lies across the projection of one of the recently active faults (see E)
Gravelly ground with excellent subsurface drainage ground easily excavated by power shovelC or dozer Excellent road foundation the deposit rests against one of the recently active
faults so buildings should be constructed to withstand shocks of intensity 8 R-F scale (see E)
Sandy ground underlain by silt at depths less than 8 feet good surface drainage down to theD silt Easily excavated by hand tools Basement excavations must be shallow to avoid intershysecting groundwater perched on the silt Good foundation for roads but clay is needed for binding sand
Two recently active faults Movement on either one may be renewed at any time causing earth-E quakes Buildings within a mile or so of the faults or their projection should be constructed to withstand shocks of intensity 8 R-F scale Five miles from the faults the shocks would not be expected to exceed intensity 5
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO FOUNDATION AND EXCAVATION CONDITIONS
UNITED lams ogrARTIAINT OF THE INTERIOR
OKOLOW0AL SURVEY
0
A B This old fan Groundwater is deposit under- perched on the lies all Lake impermeable lake Bonneville beds 10-15 feet deposits It below the surshyis an aquifer face of this that can be young fan reached by deposit This drilling in groundwater the south part however is of the area subject to
pollution by town sewage
oworexspwo I rAbull410 7070740X bullbullbull r
5 Miles
C Zone of seeps at edge of young fan deposits where shallow groundshywater (see box B) emerges at surface Seeps polluted
ALPINE QUADRANGLE
Moderate quantities of good quality groundwater available at base of this delta deposit about 40 feet below surface
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO PROBLEMS OF UNDERGROUND WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY ENGINEERING
UNITED STATES IMPARTMENT OP THE PRI1r1111011
GEOLOOMAL SURVEY ALPINE OfiALYRARELE
Vi
0 k
144bulliv 4 40ZOWOZ13011
1 VV
O
Permeability and Area elope of
Impermeable I elopes steep
Moderately permeable
2 elopes moderate
Nigbly permeable gentle slopes
3
Moderately permeable
4 low slopes
Impermeable and ground
5 nearly flat
bull I i lel) bdquo4iZiiZ ii0lsquo17 400 -
bull
Swat condition
Maximum coefficient of runoff
Little runoff during moderate storms considerable runoff during severe storms
Practically no runoff even following most severe stores
Moderate runoff during severe storms
Inter steads in pools for long periods after rains
II i
4
5 Miles
4W __J 41ty OA Wood control drainage and
canal problems
Principal source of floods that would be hazardous in valley
Subject to floods from canyon during severe storms may discharge floods from surface runoff Moderate seepage losses can be expected from canals
Mo flood control problem Reservoirs and canals require sealing to avoid excessive seepage losses
Subject to flash floods from canyoncModerate seepage losses can be expected from reservoirs and canals
Ground readily flooded and difficult to draincMo seepage losses from reservoirs or canals
X Lewer limit of perennial flow in streams draining mountain
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO SURFACE WATER PROBLEMS SUCH AS FLOOD CONTROL DRAINAGE CANAL CONSTRUCTION ETC
4
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ALPINE QUADRANGLEGEOLOGICAL SURVEY
alb
Qbs
bull bull fffi lat
ijr Mlsquoleii5TOP7 472r
4i i = =bdquo_
Are7 70
= 404W 11 1Mlsquo9
4 5 Miles0 L 1 J
Mountainous area soil generally thin and stoney Locally there is a fossil soil having 10 foot of leached clay (an excellent source of structural clay) Principal watershed supplying valley area Forested
2 Stoney and in part bouldery ground In places covered by fossil soil (See 1) locally the leached clay has been eroded exposing strongly lime-enriched gravel and silt
Stoney ground Top foot is brown windblown silt containing well rounded gravel common large3 size 1 - 2 inches diameter Five to ten feet of lime-enriched gravel beginning a foot below the surface
4 Clean quarts sand grains -114 mm diameter well rounded stained by iron-oxide No silt matrix some lime carbonate cement Locally blown into low dunes
5 Stoney ground silt matrix Slightly lime-enriched sone less than a foot thick nadir surface layer of leached silt and gravel 6 inches thick
6 Silt ground Contains about 3 of water-soluble salts -- 15 of calcium carbonate and 15 of sulfates and chlorides of sodium and potassium These salts leached from top 6 inches and redeposited in next foot
Clay ground Contains about 4 of water-soluble salts -- 1 of calcium carbonate and 3 of7 sulfates and chlorides of sodium and potassium These salts locally form surface crusts around moist depressions
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO SOILS AND LAND UTILIZATION PROBLEMS
DATE DUE
GAYLORD PRINTED IN USA
LiSRARrj Bureau of Reclamation
Denver Colorado
e QE 75 u58c 46
US Geological Survey Circular 46
UNITED ERIOR
WASHINGTON D C
Free on application to the Director Geological Survey Washington 26 D C
GPO D FS0 92249 250 BOOKS
BUREAU OF RECLAMATION DENVER LIBRARY
1 1M11111111111111 92026537
INTERPRETING GROUND CONDITIONS
FROM GEOLOGIC MAPS
Prepared by the Geologic Division
Intelligent planning for heavy construction water supply or other land utilization requires advance knowledge of ground conditions in the area It is essential to know
1) the topography that is the configuration of the land surface
2) the geology and soils that is the deposits that compose the land and its weathered surface and
3) the hydrology that is the occurrence of water whether under or on the ground
These elements usually are considered in planning land developshyments that involve much investment detailed surveys generally are made of the topography geology soils and hydrology at the site selected for development Such detailed surveys are essential but equally essential and often overlooked is the need for general surveys prior to site selection
Only if the general surveys have been made is it possible to know that a particular site is most suitable for the purpose and that no situashytions in the tributary areas that might affect the project have been overshylooked Moreover the general regional relations must be known in order to properly interpret the geology soils and hydrology at a particular locality In brief both the general and the specific are needed in order to avoid costly mistakes either during or after development
The accompanying maps illustrate how a general geologic map can be used for interpreting grc d conditions during a planning stage prior to site selection The topographic and geologic maps which provide the basic data have been simplified from some existing ones The intershypretive sheets are intended to provide some examples of the kinds of information that trained persons can read from such basic maps
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ALPINE QUADRANGLE
0 9 RG W
4i
-_mdash -
4500- 41
0 I_ I_ I_ I_
5 Miles I
Topographic maps show quantitatively the configuration of the land surface This is accomplished by drawing contours that represent level lines on the earths surface Irregularities in the contour lines reflect the ground plan shape of the land forms the spacing between the contours measures the amount of slope In addition topographic maps show the works of man such as roads railroads and buildings and drainage features such as perrenial streams intermittent streams springs and marshes
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
CC
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ALPINE QUADRANGLEGEOLOGICAL SURVEY
N N_ N -k bulljdegbullI
c szbull-bullbull
4h11111111112140 l
cPr 1 A r QbsV
1
cc74rclfft4cl A07
1302t444-4
IAMIAt1117 44 ftJ_
-bullbullbullbullbullbullbull re fr
A i
41(0401atoow_promitwocer
A Z
5 Miles0 L_ 21c3i 4ic
EXPLANATION
Young fan deposits gravel with admixed sand silt and clay
Ple
isto
cene
La
ke B
onn
eville
de
pos
its
____
__
dbull__
___-
-
Q bsi Qbc
Gravel member Sand member Silt member Clay somber gravel and sand clean sand forms lake bottom lake bottom in delta deposits offshore bars and deposit deposit Ccdelta deposits op 4 50 1F-ci74C1 CO3 = SO3 Cldeg3 5deg3 3 3
CO3gtS0 iLci 3
Old fan deposits bouldery gravel with admixed sand silt clay Considerable caliche in upper layers
U
CL
BedroCk mostly limestone some quartzite
Fault dotted where concealed
GEOLOGIC MAP
UNITID STATES DEPARTMENT OF THI INTERIOR ALPINE QUADRANGLE
N WVAlsquo OtOLOOICAL SORVIV
bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull N14NbullNN$amp
bullbullbull lsquolsquobull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullsv
bull bullNbullbull
FIRST EVENT These ancient rocks folded and faulted upward to form mountains
THIRD EVENT This fault became active 5-10 feet of movement before Lake Bonneville time fault extends under lake beds and
FIFTH EVENT This fault again active 20 feet of displacement
may have recurrent movement anytime
SIXTH EVENT This fan and the small one 3 miles west were built on
SECOND EVENT This fan built of gravel etc eroded from mountain
top of Lake Bonneville deposits after the lake had disappeared These poet Bonneville fans are still being built
FOURTH EVENT Valley inundated by glacial Lake Bonneville Delta of gravel (Qbg) built at mouth of Alpine Canyon Shore currents moved sand (Qbs) westshyward on delta and in bars in front of delta Silt (Qbsi) deposited near-shore clay (Qbc) deposited offshore These lake deposits are underlain by the pre-Bonneville fans which represent the second event
READING GEOLOGIC HISTORY FROM THE GEOLOGIC MAP
UNITED STATICS DEPARTMENT OP INS INTERIOR OKOLOMDAL SURVEY ALPINE QUADRANGLE
N410AN
Qbsi
v a RG W
iii AQbc bdquobdquo
lsquo114 0 bdquo
bdquobdquobdquo 7oc)
04 1A
4=411=iN4IMM bdquobdquobdquobdquo bdquobdquobdquobdquov
Miles I 1 0
Hard rocks Good source for limestone or quartzite for building stone riprap Quarry operations would require drilling and blasting Limestone suitable for cement
2 This gravel is angular but silty poorly graded and contains considerable secondary line not suitable for concrete aggregate poor source for road metal
3 This gravel well rounded and well graded but contains considerable line not suitable for concrete aggregate excellent road metal
4 This gravel poorly graded fragments in part angular and in part well rounded deposit is free of secondary lime best source for concrete aggregate
Clay deposit contains lime and other water-soluble salts fair source for structural clay good source for seal clay not suitable for high grade ceramic purposes
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
5
_
UNITED STATEreg DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
010LOGIOAL SURVEY ALPINE QUADRANGLE
bullW bull s UIRdegVlsquo_5 _ _bdquo bdquo__I _ ilk _ -_ __bdquotbdquobull _ N oqI_ N I _k N srcIIIt N __ cbull ii
bull 1_ bull
bull bullbullbullbullbull 1bullbullbullbull bull bull Y Dbull(5 04_-_ - lelbullbull-bullbullbull bull bull bull1_ bull bull 4 Alsdeg bull __ _ - bull4i i bullbullbullbullbull_ li bullbullbullbull1bullbullF _ 4bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bull bull bull 7 i F i bull N)
iffI bullbull-iqiiiiQfgEf 001
0 ibullAo p )_bullbull-i-_ _-
si 1 _bullbull_ bull_ bull_ 0 bull_bull_ibull_1bullbull__ 0
bull e bullbull 55deg _bullbull_ _ iiiII_ bull bull__
bull I bull-2k_ __ xbullwk_10bullbull ___ bull --------_ b
QbsiA IIP7 rof
bull-----bull
ie-vrAzI 40c--Jbullbull _ AA AIAQ bdquo __ _er__it A_ __ r fir 7 gr Pi
rbdpl oi1111111111111deg Ae _ _ __ 10 i _41 __44 _ 4 _
Qbsi---- rrAo4070ore4r bull IPVIr4t1dc1dr9jvir
ii 41 ii c _ c7 3 0 1-9f7OR 0 2 _ _00p1-1- lsquo AV bull
i 2 Je ` _ 0 a R 0 r AlAralAffej 0 A
_ -- 4-f44ipeopir_ r bdquobdquo iii bdquo 00 bdquobullobc bull obic f bull04 bdquobdquo _ 40 gt bdquobdquobdquo bdquo bdquo bdquo 4_ 55bull A i 5 z _ _i iti lsquo -r _44bull oii J47)_ 40 40e W1
414 4
i1 3 o iiiiN
_ Z V iii i Oiii iii - _ iii
K Miles s
A Clay ground poor surface drainage no subsurface drainage road metal and fill for subgrades must be hauled from area B or C Ground easily excavated by power shovel or dozer operation Will require aubdrains
Gravelly and silty ground fairly adequate surface and subsurface drainage Good foundation
for roads or buildings Basement excavations must be shallow to avoid intersecting the groundshywater perched on the underlying impermeable Lake Bonneville beds This area lies across the projection of one of the recently active faults (see E)
Gravelly ground with excellent subsurface drainage ground easily excavated by power shovelC or dozer Excellent road foundation the deposit rests against one of the recently active
faults so buildings should be constructed to withstand shocks of intensity 8 R-F scale (see E)
Sandy ground underlain by silt at depths less than 8 feet good surface drainage down to theD silt Easily excavated by hand tools Basement excavations must be shallow to avoid intershysecting groundwater perched on the silt Good foundation for roads but clay is needed for binding sand
Two recently active faults Movement on either one may be renewed at any time causing earth-E quakes Buildings within a mile or so of the faults or their projection should be constructed to withstand shocks of intensity 8 R-F scale Five miles from the faults the shocks would not be expected to exceed intensity 5
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO FOUNDATION AND EXCAVATION CONDITIONS
UNITED lams ogrARTIAINT OF THE INTERIOR
OKOLOW0AL SURVEY
0
A B This old fan Groundwater is deposit under- perched on the lies all Lake impermeable lake Bonneville beds 10-15 feet deposits It below the surshyis an aquifer face of this that can be young fan reached by deposit This drilling in groundwater the south part however is of the area subject to
pollution by town sewage
oworexspwo I rAbull410 7070740X bullbullbull r
5 Miles
C Zone of seeps at edge of young fan deposits where shallow groundshywater (see box B) emerges at surface Seeps polluted
ALPINE QUADRANGLE
Moderate quantities of good quality groundwater available at base of this delta deposit about 40 feet below surface
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO PROBLEMS OF UNDERGROUND WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY ENGINEERING
UNITED STATES IMPARTMENT OP THE PRI1r1111011
GEOLOOMAL SURVEY ALPINE OfiALYRARELE
Vi
0 k
144bulliv 4 40ZOWOZ13011
1 VV
O
Permeability and Area elope of
Impermeable I elopes steep
Moderately permeable
2 elopes moderate
Nigbly permeable gentle slopes
3
Moderately permeable
4 low slopes
Impermeable and ground
5 nearly flat
bull I i lel) bdquo4iZiiZ ii0lsquo17 400 -
bull
Swat condition
Maximum coefficient of runoff
Little runoff during moderate storms considerable runoff during severe storms
Practically no runoff even following most severe stores
Moderate runoff during severe storms
Inter steads in pools for long periods after rains
II i
4
5 Miles
4W __J 41ty OA Wood control drainage and
canal problems
Principal source of floods that would be hazardous in valley
Subject to floods from canyon during severe storms may discharge floods from surface runoff Moderate seepage losses can be expected from canals
Mo flood control problem Reservoirs and canals require sealing to avoid excessive seepage losses
Subject to flash floods from canyoncModerate seepage losses can be expected from reservoirs and canals
Ground readily flooded and difficult to draincMo seepage losses from reservoirs or canals
X Lewer limit of perennial flow in streams draining mountain
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO SURFACE WATER PROBLEMS SUCH AS FLOOD CONTROL DRAINAGE CANAL CONSTRUCTION ETC
4
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ALPINE QUADRANGLEGEOLOGICAL SURVEY
alb
Qbs
bull bull fffi lat
ijr Mlsquoleii5TOP7 472r
4i i = =bdquo_
Are7 70
= 404W 11 1Mlsquo9
4 5 Miles0 L 1 J
Mountainous area soil generally thin and stoney Locally there is a fossil soil having 10 foot of leached clay (an excellent source of structural clay) Principal watershed supplying valley area Forested
2 Stoney and in part bouldery ground In places covered by fossil soil (See 1) locally the leached clay has been eroded exposing strongly lime-enriched gravel and silt
Stoney ground Top foot is brown windblown silt containing well rounded gravel common large3 size 1 - 2 inches diameter Five to ten feet of lime-enriched gravel beginning a foot below the surface
4 Clean quarts sand grains -114 mm diameter well rounded stained by iron-oxide No silt matrix some lime carbonate cement Locally blown into low dunes
5 Stoney ground silt matrix Slightly lime-enriched sone less than a foot thick nadir surface layer of leached silt and gravel 6 inches thick
6 Silt ground Contains about 3 of water-soluble salts -- 15 of calcium carbonate and 15 of sulfates and chlorides of sodium and potassium These salts leached from top 6 inches and redeposited in next foot
Clay ground Contains about 4 of water-soluble salts -- 1 of calcium carbonate and 3 of7 sulfates and chlorides of sodium and potassium These salts locally form surface crusts around moist depressions
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO SOILS AND LAND UTILIZATION PROBLEMS
DATE DUE
GAYLORD PRINTED IN USA
BUREAU OF RECLAMATION DENVER LIBRARY
1 1M11111111111111 92026537
INTERPRETING GROUND CONDITIONS
FROM GEOLOGIC MAPS
Prepared by the Geologic Division
Intelligent planning for heavy construction water supply or other land utilization requires advance knowledge of ground conditions in the area It is essential to know
1) the topography that is the configuration of the land surface
2) the geology and soils that is the deposits that compose the land and its weathered surface and
3) the hydrology that is the occurrence of water whether under or on the ground
These elements usually are considered in planning land developshyments that involve much investment detailed surveys generally are made of the topography geology soils and hydrology at the site selected for development Such detailed surveys are essential but equally essential and often overlooked is the need for general surveys prior to site selection
Only if the general surveys have been made is it possible to know that a particular site is most suitable for the purpose and that no situashytions in the tributary areas that might affect the project have been overshylooked Moreover the general regional relations must be known in order to properly interpret the geology soils and hydrology at a particular locality In brief both the general and the specific are needed in order to avoid costly mistakes either during or after development
The accompanying maps illustrate how a general geologic map can be used for interpreting grc d conditions during a planning stage prior to site selection The topographic and geologic maps which provide the basic data have been simplified from some existing ones The intershypretive sheets are intended to provide some examples of the kinds of information that trained persons can read from such basic maps
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ALPINE QUADRANGLE
0 9 RG W
4i
-_mdash -
4500- 41
0 I_ I_ I_ I_
5 Miles I
Topographic maps show quantitatively the configuration of the land surface This is accomplished by drawing contours that represent level lines on the earths surface Irregularities in the contour lines reflect the ground plan shape of the land forms the spacing between the contours measures the amount of slope In addition topographic maps show the works of man such as roads railroads and buildings and drainage features such as perrenial streams intermittent streams springs and marshes
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
CC
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ALPINE QUADRANGLEGEOLOGICAL SURVEY
N N_ N -k bulljdegbullI
c szbull-bullbull
4h11111111112140 l
cPr 1 A r QbsV
1
cc74rclfft4cl A07
1302t444-4
IAMIAt1117 44 ftJ_
-bullbullbullbullbullbullbull re fr
A i
41(0401atoow_promitwocer
A Z
5 Miles0 L_ 21c3i 4ic
EXPLANATION
Young fan deposits gravel with admixed sand silt and clay
Ple
isto
cene
La
ke B
onn
eville
de
pos
its
____
__
dbull__
___-
-
Q bsi Qbc
Gravel member Sand member Silt member Clay somber gravel and sand clean sand forms lake bottom lake bottom in delta deposits offshore bars and deposit deposit Ccdelta deposits op 4 50 1F-ci74C1 CO3 = SO3 Cldeg3 5deg3 3 3
CO3gtS0 iLci 3
Old fan deposits bouldery gravel with admixed sand silt clay Considerable caliche in upper layers
U
CL
BedroCk mostly limestone some quartzite
Fault dotted where concealed
GEOLOGIC MAP
UNITID STATES DEPARTMENT OF THI INTERIOR ALPINE QUADRANGLE
N WVAlsquo OtOLOOICAL SORVIV
bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull N14NbullNN$amp
bullbullbull lsquolsquobull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullsv
bull bullNbullbull
FIRST EVENT These ancient rocks folded and faulted upward to form mountains
THIRD EVENT This fault became active 5-10 feet of movement before Lake Bonneville time fault extends under lake beds and
FIFTH EVENT This fault again active 20 feet of displacement
may have recurrent movement anytime
SIXTH EVENT This fan and the small one 3 miles west were built on
SECOND EVENT This fan built of gravel etc eroded from mountain
top of Lake Bonneville deposits after the lake had disappeared These poet Bonneville fans are still being built
FOURTH EVENT Valley inundated by glacial Lake Bonneville Delta of gravel (Qbg) built at mouth of Alpine Canyon Shore currents moved sand (Qbs) westshyward on delta and in bars in front of delta Silt (Qbsi) deposited near-shore clay (Qbc) deposited offshore These lake deposits are underlain by the pre-Bonneville fans which represent the second event
READING GEOLOGIC HISTORY FROM THE GEOLOGIC MAP
UNITED STATICS DEPARTMENT OP INS INTERIOR OKOLOMDAL SURVEY ALPINE QUADRANGLE
N410AN
Qbsi
v a RG W
iii AQbc bdquobdquo
lsquo114 0 bdquo
bdquobdquobdquo 7oc)
04 1A
4=411=iN4IMM bdquobdquobdquobdquo bdquobdquobdquobdquov
Miles I 1 0
Hard rocks Good source for limestone or quartzite for building stone riprap Quarry operations would require drilling and blasting Limestone suitable for cement
2 This gravel is angular but silty poorly graded and contains considerable secondary line not suitable for concrete aggregate poor source for road metal
3 This gravel well rounded and well graded but contains considerable line not suitable for concrete aggregate excellent road metal
4 This gravel poorly graded fragments in part angular and in part well rounded deposit is free of secondary lime best source for concrete aggregate
Clay deposit contains lime and other water-soluble salts fair source for structural clay good source for seal clay not suitable for high grade ceramic purposes
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
5
_
UNITED STATEreg DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
010LOGIOAL SURVEY ALPINE QUADRANGLE
bullW bull s UIRdegVlsquo_5 _ _bdquo bdquo__I _ ilk _ -_ __bdquotbdquobull _ N oqI_ N I _k N srcIIIt N __ cbull ii
bull 1_ bull
bull bullbullbullbullbull 1bullbullbullbull bull bull Y Dbull(5 04_-_ - lelbullbull-bullbullbull bull bull bull1_ bull bull 4 Alsdeg bull __ _ - bull4i i bullbullbullbullbull_ li bullbullbullbull1bullbullF _ 4bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bull bull bull 7 i F i bull N)
iffI bullbull-iqiiiiQfgEf 001
0 ibullAo p )_bullbull-i-_ _-
si 1 _bullbull_ bull_ bull_ 0 bull_bull_ibull_1bullbull__ 0
bull e bullbull 55deg _bullbull_ _ iiiII_ bull bull__
bull I bull-2k_ __ xbullwk_10bullbull ___ bull --------_ b
QbsiA IIP7 rof
bull-----bull
ie-vrAzI 40c--Jbullbull _ AA AIAQ bdquo __ _er__it A_ __ r fir 7 gr Pi
rbdpl oi1111111111111deg Ae _ _ __ 10 i _41 __44 _ 4 _
Qbsi---- rrAo4070ore4r bull IPVIr4t1dc1dr9jvir
ii 41 ii c _ c7 3 0 1-9f7OR 0 2 _ _00p1-1- lsquo AV bull
i 2 Je ` _ 0 a R 0 r AlAralAffej 0 A
_ -- 4-f44ipeopir_ r bdquobdquo iii bdquo 00 bdquobullobc bull obic f bull04 bdquobdquo _ 40 gt bdquobdquobdquo bdquo bdquo bdquo 4_ 55bull A i 5 z _ _i iti lsquo -r _44bull oii J47)_ 40 40e W1
414 4
i1 3 o iiiiN
_ Z V iii i Oiii iii - _ iii
K Miles s
A Clay ground poor surface drainage no subsurface drainage road metal and fill for subgrades must be hauled from area B or C Ground easily excavated by power shovel or dozer operation Will require aubdrains
Gravelly and silty ground fairly adequate surface and subsurface drainage Good foundation
for roads or buildings Basement excavations must be shallow to avoid intersecting the groundshywater perched on the underlying impermeable Lake Bonneville beds This area lies across the projection of one of the recently active faults (see E)
Gravelly ground with excellent subsurface drainage ground easily excavated by power shovelC or dozer Excellent road foundation the deposit rests against one of the recently active
faults so buildings should be constructed to withstand shocks of intensity 8 R-F scale (see E)
Sandy ground underlain by silt at depths less than 8 feet good surface drainage down to theD silt Easily excavated by hand tools Basement excavations must be shallow to avoid intershysecting groundwater perched on the silt Good foundation for roads but clay is needed for binding sand
Two recently active faults Movement on either one may be renewed at any time causing earth-E quakes Buildings within a mile or so of the faults or their projection should be constructed to withstand shocks of intensity 8 R-F scale Five miles from the faults the shocks would not be expected to exceed intensity 5
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO FOUNDATION AND EXCAVATION CONDITIONS
UNITED lams ogrARTIAINT OF THE INTERIOR
OKOLOW0AL SURVEY
0
A B This old fan Groundwater is deposit under- perched on the lies all Lake impermeable lake Bonneville beds 10-15 feet deposits It below the surshyis an aquifer face of this that can be young fan reached by deposit This drilling in groundwater the south part however is of the area subject to
pollution by town sewage
oworexspwo I rAbull410 7070740X bullbullbull r
5 Miles
C Zone of seeps at edge of young fan deposits where shallow groundshywater (see box B) emerges at surface Seeps polluted
ALPINE QUADRANGLE
Moderate quantities of good quality groundwater available at base of this delta deposit about 40 feet below surface
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO PROBLEMS OF UNDERGROUND WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY ENGINEERING
UNITED STATES IMPARTMENT OP THE PRI1r1111011
GEOLOOMAL SURVEY ALPINE OfiALYRARELE
Vi
0 k
144bulliv 4 40ZOWOZ13011
1 VV
O
Permeability and Area elope of
Impermeable I elopes steep
Moderately permeable
2 elopes moderate
Nigbly permeable gentle slopes
3
Moderately permeable
4 low slopes
Impermeable and ground
5 nearly flat
bull I i lel) bdquo4iZiiZ ii0lsquo17 400 -
bull
Swat condition
Maximum coefficient of runoff
Little runoff during moderate storms considerable runoff during severe storms
Practically no runoff even following most severe stores
Moderate runoff during severe storms
Inter steads in pools for long periods after rains
II i
4
5 Miles
4W __J 41ty OA Wood control drainage and
canal problems
Principal source of floods that would be hazardous in valley
Subject to floods from canyon during severe storms may discharge floods from surface runoff Moderate seepage losses can be expected from canals
Mo flood control problem Reservoirs and canals require sealing to avoid excessive seepage losses
Subject to flash floods from canyoncModerate seepage losses can be expected from reservoirs and canals
Ground readily flooded and difficult to draincMo seepage losses from reservoirs or canals
X Lewer limit of perennial flow in streams draining mountain
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO SURFACE WATER PROBLEMS SUCH AS FLOOD CONTROL DRAINAGE CANAL CONSTRUCTION ETC
4
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ALPINE QUADRANGLEGEOLOGICAL SURVEY
alb
Qbs
bull bull fffi lat
ijr Mlsquoleii5TOP7 472r
4i i = =bdquo_
Are7 70
= 404W 11 1Mlsquo9
4 5 Miles0 L 1 J
Mountainous area soil generally thin and stoney Locally there is a fossil soil having 10 foot of leached clay (an excellent source of structural clay) Principal watershed supplying valley area Forested
2 Stoney and in part bouldery ground In places covered by fossil soil (See 1) locally the leached clay has been eroded exposing strongly lime-enriched gravel and silt
Stoney ground Top foot is brown windblown silt containing well rounded gravel common large3 size 1 - 2 inches diameter Five to ten feet of lime-enriched gravel beginning a foot below the surface
4 Clean quarts sand grains -114 mm diameter well rounded stained by iron-oxide No silt matrix some lime carbonate cement Locally blown into low dunes
5 Stoney ground silt matrix Slightly lime-enriched sone less than a foot thick nadir surface layer of leached silt and gravel 6 inches thick
6 Silt ground Contains about 3 of water-soluble salts -- 15 of calcium carbonate and 15 of sulfates and chlorides of sodium and potassium These salts leached from top 6 inches and redeposited in next foot
Clay ground Contains about 4 of water-soluble salts -- 1 of calcium carbonate and 3 of7 sulfates and chlorides of sodium and potassium These salts locally form surface crusts around moist depressions
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO SOILS AND LAND UTILIZATION PROBLEMS
DATE DUE
GAYLORD PRINTED IN USA
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ALPINE QUADRANGLE
0 9 RG W
4i
-_mdash -
4500- 41
0 I_ I_ I_ I_
5 Miles I
Topographic maps show quantitatively the configuration of the land surface This is accomplished by drawing contours that represent level lines on the earths surface Irregularities in the contour lines reflect the ground plan shape of the land forms the spacing between the contours measures the amount of slope In addition topographic maps show the works of man such as roads railroads and buildings and drainage features such as perrenial streams intermittent streams springs and marshes
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
CC
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ALPINE QUADRANGLEGEOLOGICAL SURVEY
N N_ N -k bulljdegbullI
c szbull-bullbull
4h11111111112140 l
cPr 1 A r QbsV
1
cc74rclfft4cl A07
1302t444-4
IAMIAt1117 44 ftJ_
-bullbullbullbullbullbullbull re fr
A i
41(0401atoow_promitwocer
A Z
5 Miles0 L_ 21c3i 4ic
EXPLANATION
Young fan deposits gravel with admixed sand silt and clay
Ple
isto
cene
La
ke B
onn
eville
de
pos
its
____
__
dbull__
___-
-
Q bsi Qbc
Gravel member Sand member Silt member Clay somber gravel and sand clean sand forms lake bottom lake bottom in delta deposits offshore bars and deposit deposit Ccdelta deposits op 4 50 1F-ci74C1 CO3 = SO3 Cldeg3 5deg3 3 3
CO3gtS0 iLci 3
Old fan deposits bouldery gravel with admixed sand silt clay Considerable caliche in upper layers
U
CL
BedroCk mostly limestone some quartzite
Fault dotted where concealed
GEOLOGIC MAP
UNITID STATES DEPARTMENT OF THI INTERIOR ALPINE QUADRANGLE
N WVAlsquo OtOLOOICAL SORVIV
bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull N14NbullNN$amp
bullbullbull lsquolsquobull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullsv
bull bullNbullbull
FIRST EVENT These ancient rocks folded and faulted upward to form mountains
THIRD EVENT This fault became active 5-10 feet of movement before Lake Bonneville time fault extends under lake beds and
FIFTH EVENT This fault again active 20 feet of displacement
may have recurrent movement anytime
SIXTH EVENT This fan and the small one 3 miles west were built on
SECOND EVENT This fan built of gravel etc eroded from mountain
top of Lake Bonneville deposits after the lake had disappeared These poet Bonneville fans are still being built
FOURTH EVENT Valley inundated by glacial Lake Bonneville Delta of gravel (Qbg) built at mouth of Alpine Canyon Shore currents moved sand (Qbs) westshyward on delta and in bars in front of delta Silt (Qbsi) deposited near-shore clay (Qbc) deposited offshore These lake deposits are underlain by the pre-Bonneville fans which represent the second event
READING GEOLOGIC HISTORY FROM THE GEOLOGIC MAP
UNITED STATICS DEPARTMENT OP INS INTERIOR OKOLOMDAL SURVEY ALPINE QUADRANGLE
N410AN
Qbsi
v a RG W
iii AQbc bdquobdquo
lsquo114 0 bdquo
bdquobdquobdquo 7oc)
04 1A
4=411=iN4IMM bdquobdquobdquobdquo bdquobdquobdquobdquov
Miles I 1 0
Hard rocks Good source for limestone or quartzite for building stone riprap Quarry operations would require drilling and blasting Limestone suitable for cement
2 This gravel is angular but silty poorly graded and contains considerable secondary line not suitable for concrete aggregate poor source for road metal
3 This gravel well rounded and well graded but contains considerable line not suitable for concrete aggregate excellent road metal
4 This gravel poorly graded fragments in part angular and in part well rounded deposit is free of secondary lime best source for concrete aggregate
Clay deposit contains lime and other water-soluble salts fair source for structural clay good source for seal clay not suitable for high grade ceramic purposes
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
5
_
UNITED STATEreg DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
010LOGIOAL SURVEY ALPINE QUADRANGLE
bullW bull s UIRdegVlsquo_5 _ _bdquo bdquo__I _ ilk _ -_ __bdquotbdquobull _ N oqI_ N I _k N srcIIIt N __ cbull ii
bull 1_ bull
bull bullbullbullbullbull 1bullbullbullbull bull bull Y Dbull(5 04_-_ - lelbullbull-bullbullbull bull bull bull1_ bull bull 4 Alsdeg bull __ _ - bull4i i bullbullbullbullbull_ li bullbullbullbull1bullbullF _ 4bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bull bull bull 7 i F i bull N)
iffI bullbull-iqiiiiQfgEf 001
0 ibullAo p )_bullbull-i-_ _-
si 1 _bullbull_ bull_ bull_ 0 bull_bull_ibull_1bullbull__ 0
bull e bullbull 55deg _bullbull_ _ iiiII_ bull bull__
bull I bull-2k_ __ xbullwk_10bullbull ___ bull --------_ b
QbsiA IIP7 rof
bull-----bull
ie-vrAzI 40c--Jbullbull _ AA AIAQ bdquo __ _er__it A_ __ r fir 7 gr Pi
rbdpl oi1111111111111deg Ae _ _ __ 10 i _41 __44 _ 4 _
Qbsi---- rrAo4070ore4r bull IPVIr4t1dc1dr9jvir
ii 41 ii c _ c7 3 0 1-9f7OR 0 2 _ _00p1-1- lsquo AV bull
i 2 Je ` _ 0 a R 0 r AlAralAffej 0 A
_ -- 4-f44ipeopir_ r bdquobdquo iii bdquo 00 bdquobullobc bull obic f bull04 bdquobdquo _ 40 gt bdquobdquobdquo bdquo bdquo bdquo 4_ 55bull A i 5 z _ _i iti lsquo -r _44bull oii J47)_ 40 40e W1
414 4
i1 3 o iiiiN
_ Z V iii i Oiii iii - _ iii
K Miles s
A Clay ground poor surface drainage no subsurface drainage road metal and fill for subgrades must be hauled from area B or C Ground easily excavated by power shovel or dozer operation Will require aubdrains
Gravelly and silty ground fairly adequate surface and subsurface drainage Good foundation
for roads or buildings Basement excavations must be shallow to avoid intersecting the groundshywater perched on the underlying impermeable Lake Bonneville beds This area lies across the projection of one of the recently active faults (see E)
Gravelly ground with excellent subsurface drainage ground easily excavated by power shovelC or dozer Excellent road foundation the deposit rests against one of the recently active
faults so buildings should be constructed to withstand shocks of intensity 8 R-F scale (see E)
Sandy ground underlain by silt at depths less than 8 feet good surface drainage down to theD silt Easily excavated by hand tools Basement excavations must be shallow to avoid intershysecting groundwater perched on the silt Good foundation for roads but clay is needed for binding sand
Two recently active faults Movement on either one may be renewed at any time causing earth-E quakes Buildings within a mile or so of the faults or their projection should be constructed to withstand shocks of intensity 8 R-F scale Five miles from the faults the shocks would not be expected to exceed intensity 5
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO FOUNDATION AND EXCAVATION CONDITIONS
UNITED lams ogrARTIAINT OF THE INTERIOR
OKOLOW0AL SURVEY
0
A B This old fan Groundwater is deposit under- perched on the lies all Lake impermeable lake Bonneville beds 10-15 feet deposits It below the surshyis an aquifer face of this that can be young fan reached by deposit This drilling in groundwater the south part however is of the area subject to
pollution by town sewage
oworexspwo I rAbull410 7070740X bullbullbull r
5 Miles
C Zone of seeps at edge of young fan deposits where shallow groundshywater (see box B) emerges at surface Seeps polluted
ALPINE QUADRANGLE
Moderate quantities of good quality groundwater available at base of this delta deposit about 40 feet below surface
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO PROBLEMS OF UNDERGROUND WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY ENGINEERING
UNITED STATES IMPARTMENT OP THE PRI1r1111011
GEOLOOMAL SURVEY ALPINE OfiALYRARELE
Vi
0 k
144bulliv 4 40ZOWOZ13011
1 VV
O
Permeability and Area elope of
Impermeable I elopes steep
Moderately permeable
2 elopes moderate
Nigbly permeable gentle slopes
3
Moderately permeable
4 low slopes
Impermeable and ground
5 nearly flat
bull I i lel) bdquo4iZiiZ ii0lsquo17 400 -
bull
Swat condition
Maximum coefficient of runoff
Little runoff during moderate storms considerable runoff during severe storms
Practically no runoff even following most severe stores
Moderate runoff during severe storms
Inter steads in pools for long periods after rains
II i
4
5 Miles
4W __J 41ty OA Wood control drainage and
canal problems
Principal source of floods that would be hazardous in valley
Subject to floods from canyon during severe storms may discharge floods from surface runoff Moderate seepage losses can be expected from canals
Mo flood control problem Reservoirs and canals require sealing to avoid excessive seepage losses
Subject to flash floods from canyoncModerate seepage losses can be expected from reservoirs and canals
Ground readily flooded and difficult to draincMo seepage losses from reservoirs or canals
X Lewer limit of perennial flow in streams draining mountain
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO SURFACE WATER PROBLEMS SUCH AS FLOOD CONTROL DRAINAGE CANAL CONSTRUCTION ETC
4
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ALPINE QUADRANGLEGEOLOGICAL SURVEY
alb
Qbs
bull bull fffi lat
ijr Mlsquoleii5TOP7 472r
4i i = =bdquo_
Are7 70
= 404W 11 1Mlsquo9
4 5 Miles0 L 1 J
Mountainous area soil generally thin and stoney Locally there is a fossil soil having 10 foot of leached clay (an excellent source of structural clay) Principal watershed supplying valley area Forested
2 Stoney and in part bouldery ground In places covered by fossil soil (See 1) locally the leached clay has been eroded exposing strongly lime-enriched gravel and silt
Stoney ground Top foot is brown windblown silt containing well rounded gravel common large3 size 1 - 2 inches diameter Five to ten feet of lime-enriched gravel beginning a foot below the surface
4 Clean quarts sand grains -114 mm diameter well rounded stained by iron-oxide No silt matrix some lime carbonate cement Locally blown into low dunes
5 Stoney ground silt matrix Slightly lime-enriched sone less than a foot thick nadir surface layer of leached silt and gravel 6 inches thick
6 Silt ground Contains about 3 of water-soluble salts -- 15 of calcium carbonate and 15 of sulfates and chlorides of sodium and potassium These salts leached from top 6 inches and redeposited in next foot
Clay ground Contains about 4 of water-soluble salts -- 1 of calcium carbonate and 3 of7 sulfates and chlorides of sodium and potassium These salts locally form surface crusts around moist depressions
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO SOILS AND LAND UTILIZATION PROBLEMS
DATE DUE
GAYLORD PRINTED IN USA
CC
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ALPINE QUADRANGLEGEOLOGICAL SURVEY
N N_ N -k bulljdegbullI
c szbull-bullbull
4h11111111112140 l
cPr 1 A r QbsV
1
cc74rclfft4cl A07
1302t444-4
IAMIAt1117 44 ftJ_
-bullbullbullbullbullbullbull re fr
A i
41(0401atoow_promitwocer
A Z
5 Miles0 L_ 21c3i 4ic
EXPLANATION
Young fan deposits gravel with admixed sand silt and clay
Ple
isto
cene
La
ke B
onn
eville
de
pos
its
____
__
dbull__
___-
-
Q bsi Qbc
Gravel member Sand member Silt member Clay somber gravel and sand clean sand forms lake bottom lake bottom in delta deposits offshore bars and deposit deposit Ccdelta deposits op 4 50 1F-ci74C1 CO3 = SO3 Cldeg3 5deg3 3 3
CO3gtS0 iLci 3
Old fan deposits bouldery gravel with admixed sand silt clay Considerable caliche in upper layers
U
CL
BedroCk mostly limestone some quartzite
Fault dotted where concealed
GEOLOGIC MAP
UNITID STATES DEPARTMENT OF THI INTERIOR ALPINE QUADRANGLE
N WVAlsquo OtOLOOICAL SORVIV
bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull N14NbullNN$amp
bullbullbull lsquolsquobull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullsv
bull bullNbullbull
FIRST EVENT These ancient rocks folded and faulted upward to form mountains
THIRD EVENT This fault became active 5-10 feet of movement before Lake Bonneville time fault extends under lake beds and
FIFTH EVENT This fault again active 20 feet of displacement
may have recurrent movement anytime
SIXTH EVENT This fan and the small one 3 miles west were built on
SECOND EVENT This fan built of gravel etc eroded from mountain
top of Lake Bonneville deposits after the lake had disappeared These poet Bonneville fans are still being built
FOURTH EVENT Valley inundated by glacial Lake Bonneville Delta of gravel (Qbg) built at mouth of Alpine Canyon Shore currents moved sand (Qbs) westshyward on delta and in bars in front of delta Silt (Qbsi) deposited near-shore clay (Qbc) deposited offshore These lake deposits are underlain by the pre-Bonneville fans which represent the second event
READING GEOLOGIC HISTORY FROM THE GEOLOGIC MAP
UNITED STATICS DEPARTMENT OP INS INTERIOR OKOLOMDAL SURVEY ALPINE QUADRANGLE
N410AN
Qbsi
v a RG W
iii AQbc bdquobdquo
lsquo114 0 bdquo
bdquobdquobdquo 7oc)
04 1A
4=411=iN4IMM bdquobdquobdquobdquo bdquobdquobdquobdquov
Miles I 1 0
Hard rocks Good source for limestone or quartzite for building stone riprap Quarry operations would require drilling and blasting Limestone suitable for cement
2 This gravel is angular but silty poorly graded and contains considerable secondary line not suitable for concrete aggregate poor source for road metal
3 This gravel well rounded and well graded but contains considerable line not suitable for concrete aggregate excellent road metal
4 This gravel poorly graded fragments in part angular and in part well rounded deposit is free of secondary lime best source for concrete aggregate
Clay deposit contains lime and other water-soluble salts fair source for structural clay good source for seal clay not suitable for high grade ceramic purposes
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
5
_
UNITED STATEreg DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
010LOGIOAL SURVEY ALPINE QUADRANGLE
bullW bull s UIRdegVlsquo_5 _ _bdquo bdquo__I _ ilk _ -_ __bdquotbdquobull _ N oqI_ N I _k N srcIIIt N __ cbull ii
bull 1_ bull
bull bullbullbullbullbull 1bullbullbullbull bull bull Y Dbull(5 04_-_ - lelbullbull-bullbullbull bull bull bull1_ bull bull 4 Alsdeg bull __ _ - bull4i i bullbullbullbullbull_ li bullbullbullbull1bullbullF _ 4bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bull bull bull 7 i F i bull N)
iffI bullbull-iqiiiiQfgEf 001
0 ibullAo p )_bullbull-i-_ _-
si 1 _bullbull_ bull_ bull_ 0 bull_bull_ibull_1bullbull__ 0
bull e bullbull 55deg _bullbull_ _ iiiII_ bull bull__
bull I bull-2k_ __ xbullwk_10bullbull ___ bull --------_ b
QbsiA IIP7 rof
bull-----bull
ie-vrAzI 40c--Jbullbull _ AA AIAQ bdquo __ _er__it A_ __ r fir 7 gr Pi
rbdpl oi1111111111111deg Ae _ _ __ 10 i _41 __44 _ 4 _
Qbsi---- rrAo4070ore4r bull IPVIr4t1dc1dr9jvir
ii 41 ii c _ c7 3 0 1-9f7OR 0 2 _ _00p1-1- lsquo AV bull
i 2 Je ` _ 0 a R 0 r AlAralAffej 0 A
_ -- 4-f44ipeopir_ r bdquobdquo iii bdquo 00 bdquobullobc bull obic f bull04 bdquobdquo _ 40 gt bdquobdquobdquo bdquo bdquo bdquo 4_ 55bull A i 5 z _ _i iti lsquo -r _44bull oii J47)_ 40 40e W1
414 4
i1 3 o iiiiN
_ Z V iii i Oiii iii - _ iii
K Miles s
A Clay ground poor surface drainage no subsurface drainage road metal and fill for subgrades must be hauled from area B or C Ground easily excavated by power shovel or dozer operation Will require aubdrains
Gravelly and silty ground fairly adequate surface and subsurface drainage Good foundation
for roads or buildings Basement excavations must be shallow to avoid intersecting the groundshywater perched on the underlying impermeable Lake Bonneville beds This area lies across the projection of one of the recently active faults (see E)
Gravelly ground with excellent subsurface drainage ground easily excavated by power shovelC or dozer Excellent road foundation the deposit rests against one of the recently active
faults so buildings should be constructed to withstand shocks of intensity 8 R-F scale (see E)
Sandy ground underlain by silt at depths less than 8 feet good surface drainage down to theD silt Easily excavated by hand tools Basement excavations must be shallow to avoid intershysecting groundwater perched on the silt Good foundation for roads but clay is needed for binding sand
Two recently active faults Movement on either one may be renewed at any time causing earth-E quakes Buildings within a mile or so of the faults or their projection should be constructed to withstand shocks of intensity 8 R-F scale Five miles from the faults the shocks would not be expected to exceed intensity 5
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO FOUNDATION AND EXCAVATION CONDITIONS
UNITED lams ogrARTIAINT OF THE INTERIOR
OKOLOW0AL SURVEY
0
A B This old fan Groundwater is deposit under- perched on the lies all Lake impermeable lake Bonneville beds 10-15 feet deposits It below the surshyis an aquifer face of this that can be young fan reached by deposit This drilling in groundwater the south part however is of the area subject to
pollution by town sewage
oworexspwo I rAbull410 7070740X bullbullbull r
5 Miles
C Zone of seeps at edge of young fan deposits where shallow groundshywater (see box B) emerges at surface Seeps polluted
ALPINE QUADRANGLE
Moderate quantities of good quality groundwater available at base of this delta deposit about 40 feet below surface
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO PROBLEMS OF UNDERGROUND WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY ENGINEERING
UNITED STATES IMPARTMENT OP THE PRI1r1111011
GEOLOOMAL SURVEY ALPINE OfiALYRARELE
Vi
0 k
144bulliv 4 40ZOWOZ13011
1 VV
O
Permeability and Area elope of
Impermeable I elopes steep
Moderately permeable
2 elopes moderate
Nigbly permeable gentle slopes
3
Moderately permeable
4 low slopes
Impermeable and ground
5 nearly flat
bull I i lel) bdquo4iZiiZ ii0lsquo17 400 -
bull
Swat condition
Maximum coefficient of runoff
Little runoff during moderate storms considerable runoff during severe storms
Practically no runoff even following most severe stores
Moderate runoff during severe storms
Inter steads in pools for long periods after rains
II i
4
5 Miles
4W __J 41ty OA Wood control drainage and
canal problems
Principal source of floods that would be hazardous in valley
Subject to floods from canyon during severe storms may discharge floods from surface runoff Moderate seepage losses can be expected from canals
Mo flood control problem Reservoirs and canals require sealing to avoid excessive seepage losses
Subject to flash floods from canyoncModerate seepage losses can be expected from reservoirs and canals
Ground readily flooded and difficult to draincMo seepage losses from reservoirs or canals
X Lewer limit of perennial flow in streams draining mountain
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO SURFACE WATER PROBLEMS SUCH AS FLOOD CONTROL DRAINAGE CANAL CONSTRUCTION ETC
4
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ALPINE QUADRANGLEGEOLOGICAL SURVEY
alb
Qbs
bull bull fffi lat
ijr Mlsquoleii5TOP7 472r
4i i = =bdquo_
Are7 70
= 404W 11 1Mlsquo9
4 5 Miles0 L 1 J
Mountainous area soil generally thin and stoney Locally there is a fossil soil having 10 foot of leached clay (an excellent source of structural clay) Principal watershed supplying valley area Forested
2 Stoney and in part bouldery ground In places covered by fossil soil (See 1) locally the leached clay has been eroded exposing strongly lime-enriched gravel and silt
Stoney ground Top foot is brown windblown silt containing well rounded gravel common large3 size 1 - 2 inches diameter Five to ten feet of lime-enriched gravel beginning a foot below the surface
4 Clean quarts sand grains -114 mm diameter well rounded stained by iron-oxide No silt matrix some lime carbonate cement Locally blown into low dunes
5 Stoney ground silt matrix Slightly lime-enriched sone less than a foot thick nadir surface layer of leached silt and gravel 6 inches thick
6 Silt ground Contains about 3 of water-soluble salts -- 15 of calcium carbonate and 15 of sulfates and chlorides of sodium and potassium These salts leached from top 6 inches and redeposited in next foot
Clay ground Contains about 4 of water-soluble salts -- 1 of calcium carbonate and 3 of7 sulfates and chlorides of sodium and potassium These salts locally form surface crusts around moist depressions
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO SOILS AND LAND UTILIZATION PROBLEMS
DATE DUE
GAYLORD PRINTED IN USA
UNITID STATES DEPARTMENT OF THI INTERIOR ALPINE QUADRANGLE
N WVAlsquo OtOLOOICAL SORVIV
bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull N14NbullNN$amp
bullbullbull lsquolsquobull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullsv
bull bullNbullbull
FIRST EVENT These ancient rocks folded and faulted upward to form mountains
THIRD EVENT This fault became active 5-10 feet of movement before Lake Bonneville time fault extends under lake beds and
FIFTH EVENT This fault again active 20 feet of displacement
may have recurrent movement anytime
SIXTH EVENT This fan and the small one 3 miles west were built on
SECOND EVENT This fan built of gravel etc eroded from mountain
top of Lake Bonneville deposits after the lake had disappeared These poet Bonneville fans are still being built
FOURTH EVENT Valley inundated by glacial Lake Bonneville Delta of gravel (Qbg) built at mouth of Alpine Canyon Shore currents moved sand (Qbs) westshyward on delta and in bars in front of delta Silt (Qbsi) deposited near-shore clay (Qbc) deposited offshore These lake deposits are underlain by the pre-Bonneville fans which represent the second event
READING GEOLOGIC HISTORY FROM THE GEOLOGIC MAP
UNITED STATICS DEPARTMENT OP INS INTERIOR OKOLOMDAL SURVEY ALPINE QUADRANGLE
N410AN
Qbsi
v a RG W
iii AQbc bdquobdquo
lsquo114 0 bdquo
bdquobdquobdquo 7oc)
04 1A
4=411=iN4IMM bdquobdquobdquobdquo bdquobdquobdquobdquov
Miles I 1 0
Hard rocks Good source for limestone or quartzite for building stone riprap Quarry operations would require drilling and blasting Limestone suitable for cement
2 This gravel is angular but silty poorly graded and contains considerable secondary line not suitable for concrete aggregate poor source for road metal
3 This gravel well rounded and well graded but contains considerable line not suitable for concrete aggregate excellent road metal
4 This gravel poorly graded fragments in part angular and in part well rounded deposit is free of secondary lime best source for concrete aggregate
Clay deposit contains lime and other water-soluble salts fair source for structural clay good source for seal clay not suitable for high grade ceramic purposes
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
5
_
UNITED STATEreg DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
010LOGIOAL SURVEY ALPINE QUADRANGLE
bullW bull s UIRdegVlsquo_5 _ _bdquo bdquo__I _ ilk _ -_ __bdquotbdquobull _ N oqI_ N I _k N srcIIIt N __ cbull ii
bull 1_ bull
bull bullbullbullbullbull 1bullbullbullbull bull bull Y Dbull(5 04_-_ - lelbullbull-bullbullbull bull bull bull1_ bull bull 4 Alsdeg bull __ _ - bull4i i bullbullbullbullbull_ li bullbullbullbull1bullbullF _ 4bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bull bull bull 7 i F i bull N)
iffI bullbull-iqiiiiQfgEf 001
0 ibullAo p )_bullbull-i-_ _-
si 1 _bullbull_ bull_ bull_ 0 bull_bull_ibull_1bullbull__ 0
bull e bullbull 55deg _bullbull_ _ iiiII_ bull bull__
bull I bull-2k_ __ xbullwk_10bullbull ___ bull --------_ b
QbsiA IIP7 rof
bull-----bull
ie-vrAzI 40c--Jbullbull _ AA AIAQ bdquo __ _er__it A_ __ r fir 7 gr Pi
rbdpl oi1111111111111deg Ae _ _ __ 10 i _41 __44 _ 4 _
Qbsi---- rrAo4070ore4r bull IPVIr4t1dc1dr9jvir
ii 41 ii c _ c7 3 0 1-9f7OR 0 2 _ _00p1-1- lsquo AV bull
i 2 Je ` _ 0 a R 0 r AlAralAffej 0 A
_ -- 4-f44ipeopir_ r bdquobdquo iii bdquo 00 bdquobullobc bull obic f bull04 bdquobdquo _ 40 gt bdquobdquobdquo bdquo bdquo bdquo 4_ 55bull A i 5 z _ _i iti lsquo -r _44bull oii J47)_ 40 40e W1
414 4
i1 3 o iiiiN
_ Z V iii i Oiii iii - _ iii
K Miles s
A Clay ground poor surface drainage no subsurface drainage road metal and fill for subgrades must be hauled from area B or C Ground easily excavated by power shovel or dozer operation Will require aubdrains
Gravelly and silty ground fairly adequate surface and subsurface drainage Good foundation
for roads or buildings Basement excavations must be shallow to avoid intersecting the groundshywater perched on the underlying impermeable Lake Bonneville beds This area lies across the projection of one of the recently active faults (see E)
Gravelly ground with excellent subsurface drainage ground easily excavated by power shovelC or dozer Excellent road foundation the deposit rests against one of the recently active
faults so buildings should be constructed to withstand shocks of intensity 8 R-F scale (see E)
Sandy ground underlain by silt at depths less than 8 feet good surface drainage down to theD silt Easily excavated by hand tools Basement excavations must be shallow to avoid intershysecting groundwater perched on the silt Good foundation for roads but clay is needed for binding sand
Two recently active faults Movement on either one may be renewed at any time causing earth-E quakes Buildings within a mile or so of the faults or their projection should be constructed to withstand shocks of intensity 8 R-F scale Five miles from the faults the shocks would not be expected to exceed intensity 5
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO FOUNDATION AND EXCAVATION CONDITIONS
UNITED lams ogrARTIAINT OF THE INTERIOR
OKOLOW0AL SURVEY
0
A B This old fan Groundwater is deposit under- perched on the lies all Lake impermeable lake Bonneville beds 10-15 feet deposits It below the surshyis an aquifer face of this that can be young fan reached by deposit This drilling in groundwater the south part however is of the area subject to
pollution by town sewage
oworexspwo I rAbull410 7070740X bullbullbull r
5 Miles
C Zone of seeps at edge of young fan deposits where shallow groundshywater (see box B) emerges at surface Seeps polluted
ALPINE QUADRANGLE
Moderate quantities of good quality groundwater available at base of this delta deposit about 40 feet below surface
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO PROBLEMS OF UNDERGROUND WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY ENGINEERING
UNITED STATES IMPARTMENT OP THE PRI1r1111011
GEOLOOMAL SURVEY ALPINE OfiALYRARELE
Vi
0 k
144bulliv 4 40ZOWOZ13011
1 VV
O
Permeability and Area elope of
Impermeable I elopes steep
Moderately permeable
2 elopes moderate
Nigbly permeable gentle slopes
3
Moderately permeable
4 low slopes
Impermeable and ground
5 nearly flat
bull I i lel) bdquo4iZiiZ ii0lsquo17 400 -
bull
Swat condition
Maximum coefficient of runoff
Little runoff during moderate storms considerable runoff during severe storms
Practically no runoff even following most severe stores
Moderate runoff during severe storms
Inter steads in pools for long periods after rains
II i
4
5 Miles
4W __J 41ty OA Wood control drainage and
canal problems
Principal source of floods that would be hazardous in valley
Subject to floods from canyon during severe storms may discharge floods from surface runoff Moderate seepage losses can be expected from canals
Mo flood control problem Reservoirs and canals require sealing to avoid excessive seepage losses
Subject to flash floods from canyoncModerate seepage losses can be expected from reservoirs and canals
Ground readily flooded and difficult to draincMo seepage losses from reservoirs or canals
X Lewer limit of perennial flow in streams draining mountain
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO SURFACE WATER PROBLEMS SUCH AS FLOOD CONTROL DRAINAGE CANAL CONSTRUCTION ETC
4
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ALPINE QUADRANGLEGEOLOGICAL SURVEY
alb
Qbs
bull bull fffi lat
ijr Mlsquoleii5TOP7 472r
4i i = =bdquo_
Are7 70
= 404W 11 1Mlsquo9
4 5 Miles0 L 1 J
Mountainous area soil generally thin and stoney Locally there is a fossil soil having 10 foot of leached clay (an excellent source of structural clay) Principal watershed supplying valley area Forested
2 Stoney and in part bouldery ground In places covered by fossil soil (See 1) locally the leached clay has been eroded exposing strongly lime-enriched gravel and silt
Stoney ground Top foot is brown windblown silt containing well rounded gravel common large3 size 1 - 2 inches diameter Five to ten feet of lime-enriched gravel beginning a foot below the surface
4 Clean quarts sand grains -114 mm diameter well rounded stained by iron-oxide No silt matrix some lime carbonate cement Locally blown into low dunes
5 Stoney ground silt matrix Slightly lime-enriched sone less than a foot thick nadir surface layer of leached silt and gravel 6 inches thick
6 Silt ground Contains about 3 of water-soluble salts -- 15 of calcium carbonate and 15 of sulfates and chlorides of sodium and potassium These salts leached from top 6 inches and redeposited in next foot
Clay ground Contains about 4 of water-soluble salts -- 1 of calcium carbonate and 3 of7 sulfates and chlorides of sodium and potassium These salts locally form surface crusts around moist depressions
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO SOILS AND LAND UTILIZATION PROBLEMS
DATE DUE
GAYLORD PRINTED IN USA
UNITED STATICS DEPARTMENT OP INS INTERIOR OKOLOMDAL SURVEY ALPINE QUADRANGLE
N410AN
Qbsi
v a RG W
iii AQbc bdquobdquo
lsquo114 0 bdquo
bdquobdquobdquo 7oc)
04 1A
4=411=iN4IMM bdquobdquobdquobdquo bdquobdquobdquobdquov
Miles I 1 0
Hard rocks Good source for limestone or quartzite for building stone riprap Quarry operations would require drilling and blasting Limestone suitable for cement
2 This gravel is angular but silty poorly graded and contains considerable secondary line not suitable for concrete aggregate poor source for road metal
3 This gravel well rounded and well graded but contains considerable line not suitable for concrete aggregate excellent road metal
4 This gravel poorly graded fragments in part angular and in part well rounded deposit is free of secondary lime best source for concrete aggregate
Clay deposit contains lime and other water-soluble salts fair source for structural clay good source for seal clay not suitable for high grade ceramic purposes
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
5
_
UNITED STATEreg DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
010LOGIOAL SURVEY ALPINE QUADRANGLE
bullW bull s UIRdegVlsquo_5 _ _bdquo bdquo__I _ ilk _ -_ __bdquotbdquobull _ N oqI_ N I _k N srcIIIt N __ cbull ii
bull 1_ bull
bull bullbullbullbullbull 1bullbullbullbull bull bull Y Dbull(5 04_-_ - lelbullbull-bullbullbull bull bull bull1_ bull bull 4 Alsdeg bull __ _ - bull4i i bullbullbullbullbull_ li bullbullbullbull1bullbullF _ 4bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bull bull bull 7 i F i bull N)
iffI bullbull-iqiiiiQfgEf 001
0 ibullAo p )_bullbull-i-_ _-
si 1 _bullbull_ bull_ bull_ 0 bull_bull_ibull_1bullbull__ 0
bull e bullbull 55deg _bullbull_ _ iiiII_ bull bull__
bull I bull-2k_ __ xbullwk_10bullbull ___ bull --------_ b
QbsiA IIP7 rof
bull-----bull
ie-vrAzI 40c--Jbullbull _ AA AIAQ bdquo __ _er__it A_ __ r fir 7 gr Pi
rbdpl oi1111111111111deg Ae _ _ __ 10 i _41 __44 _ 4 _
Qbsi---- rrAo4070ore4r bull IPVIr4t1dc1dr9jvir
ii 41 ii c _ c7 3 0 1-9f7OR 0 2 _ _00p1-1- lsquo AV bull
i 2 Je ` _ 0 a R 0 r AlAralAffej 0 A
_ -- 4-f44ipeopir_ r bdquobdquo iii bdquo 00 bdquobullobc bull obic f bull04 bdquobdquo _ 40 gt bdquobdquobdquo bdquo bdquo bdquo 4_ 55bull A i 5 z _ _i iti lsquo -r _44bull oii J47)_ 40 40e W1
414 4
i1 3 o iiiiN
_ Z V iii i Oiii iii - _ iii
K Miles s
A Clay ground poor surface drainage no subsurface drainage road metal and fill for subgrades must be hauled from area B or C Ground easily excavated by power shovel or dozer operation Will require aubdrains
Gravelly and silty ground fairly adequate surface and subsurface drainage Good foundation
for roads or buildings Basement excavations must be shallow to avoid intersecting the groundshywater perched on the underlying impermeable Lake Bonneville beds This area lies across the projection of one of the recently active faults (see E)
Gravelly ground with excellent subsurface drainage ground easily excavated by power shovelC or dozer Excellent road foundation the deposit rests against one of the recently active
faults so buildings should be constructed to withstand shocks of intensity 8 R-F scale (see E)
Sandy ground underlain by silt at depths less than 8 feet good surface drainage down to theD silt Easily excavated by hand tools Basement excavations must be shallow to avoid intershysecting groundwater perched on the silt Good foundation for roads but clay is needed for binding sand
Two recently active faults Movement on either one may be renewed at any time causing earth-E quakes Buildings within a mile or so of the faults or their projection should be constructed to withstand shocks of intensity 8 R-F scale Five miles from the faults the shocks would not be expected to exceed intensity 5
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO FOUNDATION AND EXCAVATION CONDITIONS
UNITED lams ogrARTIAINT OF THE INTERIOR
OKOLOW0AL SURVEY
0
A B This old fan Groundwater is deposit under- perched on the lies all Lake impermeable lake Bonneville beds 10-15 feet deposits It below the surshyis an aquifer face of this that can be young fan reached by deposit This drilling in groundwater the south part however is of the area subject to
pollution by town sewage
oworexspwo I rAbull410 7070740X bullbullbull r
5 Miles
C Zone of seeps at edge of young fan deposits where shallow groundshywater (see box B) emerges at surface Seeps polluted
ALPINE QUADRANGLE
Moderate quantities of good quality groundwater available at base of this delta deposit about 40 feet below surface
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO PROBLEMS OF UNDERGROUND WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY ENGINEERING
UNITED STATES IMPARTMENT OP THE PRI1r1111011
GEOLOOMAL SURVEY ALPINE OfiALYRARELE
Vi
0 k
144bulliv 4 40ZOWOZ13011
1 VV
O
Permeability and Area elope of
Impermeable I elopes steep
Moderately permeable
2 elopes moderate
Nigbly permeable gentle slopes
3
Moderately permeable
4 low slopes
Impermeable and ground
5 nearly flat
bull I i lel) bdquo4iZiiZ ii0lsquo17 400 -
bull
Swat condition
Maximum coefficient of runoff
Little runoff during moderate storms considerable runoff during severe storms
Practically no runoff even following most severe stores
Moderate runoff during severe storms
Inter steads in pools for long periods after rains
II i
4
5 Miles
4W __J 41ty OA Wood control drainage and
canal problems
Principal source of floods that would be hazardous in valley
Subject to floods from canyon during severe storms may discharge floods from surface runoff Moderate seepage losses can be expected from canals
Mo flood control problem Reservoirs and canals require sealing to avoid excessive seepage losses
Subject to flash floods from canyoncModerate seepage losses can be expected from reservoirs and canals
Ground readily flooded and difficult to draincMo seepage losses from reservoirs or canals
X Lewer limit of perennial flow in streams draining mountain
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO SURFACE WATER PROBLEMS SUCH AS FLOOD CONTROL DRAINAGE CANAL CONSTRUCTION ETC
4
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ALPINE QUADRANGLEGEOLOGICAL SURVEY
alb
Qbs
bull bull fffi lat
ijr Mlsquoleii5TOP7 472r
4i i = =bdquo_
Are7 70
= 404W 11 1Mlsquo9
4 5 Miles0 L 1 J
Mountainous area soil generally thin and stoney Locally there is a fossil soil having 10 foot of leached clay (an excellent source of structural clay) Principal watershed supplying valley area Forested
2 Stoney and in part bouldery ground In places covered by fossil soil (See 1) locally the leached clay has been eroded exposing strongly lime-enriched gravel and silt
Stoney ground Top foot is brown windblown silt containing well rounded gravel common large3 size 1 - 2 inches diameter Five to ten feet of lime-enriched gravel beginning a foot below the surface
4 Clean quarts sand grains -114 mm diameter well rounded stained by iron-oxide No silt matrix some lime carbonate cement Locally blown into low dunes
5 Stoney ground silt matrix Slightly lime-enriched sone less than a foot thick nadir surface layer of leached silt and gravel 6 inches thick
6 Silt ground Contains about 3 of water-soluble salts -- 15 of calcium carbonate and 15 of sulfates and chlorides of sodium and potassium These salts leached from top 6 inches and redeposited in next foot
Clay ground Contains about 4 of water-soluble salts -- 1 of calcium carbonate and 3 of7 sulfates and chlorides of sodium and potassium These salts locally form surface crusts around moist depressions
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO SOILS AND LAND UTILIZATION PROBLEMS
DATE DUE
GAYLORD PRINTED IN USA
_
UNITED STATEreg DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
010LOGIOAL SURVEY ALPINE QUADRANGLE
bullW bull s UIRdegVlsquo_5 _ _bdquo bdquo__I _ ilk _ -_ __bdquotbdquobull _ N oqI_ N I _k N srcIIIt N __ cbull ii
bull 1_ bull
bull bullbullbullbullbull 1bullbullbullbull bull bull Y Dbull(5 04_-_ - lelbullbull-bullbullbull bull bull bull1_ bull bull 4 Alsdeg bull __ _ - bull4i i bullbullbullbullbull_ li bullbullbullbull1bullbullF _ 4bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bull bull bull 7 i F i bull N)
iffI bullbull-iqiiiiQfgEf 001
0 ibullAo p )_bullbull-i-_ _-
si 1 _bullbull_ bull_ bull_ 0 bull_bull_ibull_1bullbull__ 0
bull e bullbull 55deg _bullbull_ _ iiiII_ bull bull__
bull I bull-2k_ __ xbullwk_10bullbull ___ bull --------_ b
QbsiA IIP7 rof
bull-----bull
ie-vrAzI 40c--Jbullbull _ AA AIAQ bdquo __ _er__it A_ __ r fir 7 gr Pi
rbdpl oi1111111111111deg Ae _ _ __ 10 i _41 __44 _ 4 _
Qbsi---- rrAo4070ore4r bull IPVIr4t1dc1dr9jvir
ii 41 ii c _ c7 3 0 1-9f7OR 0 2 _ _00p1-1- lsquo AV bull
i 2 Je ` _ 0 a R 0 r AlAralAffej 0 A
_ -- 4-f44ipeopir_ r bdquobdquo iii bdquo 00 bdquobullobc bull obic f bull04 bdquobdquo _ 40 gt bdquobdquobdquo bdquo bdquo bdquo 4_ 55bull A i 5 z _ _i iti lsquo -r _44bull oii J47)_ 40 40e W1
414 4
i1 3 o iiiiN
_ Z V iii i Oiii iii - _ iii
K Miles s
A Clay ground poor surface drainage no subsurface drainage road metal and fill for subgrades must be hauled from area B or C Ground easily excavated by power shovel or dozer operation Will require aubdrains
Gravelly and silty ground fairly adequate surface and subsurface drainage Good foundation
for roads or buildings Basement excavations must be shallow to avoid intersecting the groundshywater perched on the underlying impermeable Lake Bonneville beds This area lies across the projection of one of the recently active faults (see E)
Gravelly ground with excellent subsurface drainage ground easily excavated by power shovelC or dozer Excellent road foundation the deposit rests against one of the recently active
faults so buildings should be constructed to withstand shocks of intensity 8 R-F scale (see E)
Sandy ground underlain by silt at depths less than 8 feet good surface drainage down to theD silt Easily excavated by hand tools Basement excavations must be shallow to avoid intershysecting groundwater perched on the silt Good foundation for roads but clay is needed for binding sand
Two recently active faults Movement on either one may be renewed at any time causing earth-E quakes Buildings within a mile or so of the faults or their projection should be constructed to withstand shocks of intensity 8 R-F scale Five miles from the faults the shocks would not be expected to exceed intensity 5
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO FOUNDATION AND EXCAVATION CONDITIONS
UNITED lams ogrARTIAINT OF THE INTERIOR
OKOLOW0AL SURVEY
0
A B This old fan Groundwater is deposit under- perched on the lies all Lake impermeable lake Bonneville beds 10-15 feet deposits It below the surshyis an aquifer face of this that can be young fan reached by deposit This drilling in groundwater the south part however is of the area subject to
pollution by town sewage
oworexspwo I rAbull410 7070740X bullbullbull r
5 Miles
C Zone of seeps at edge of young fan deposits where shallow groundshywater (see box B) emerges at surface Seeps polluted
ALPINE QUADRANGLE
Moderate quantities of good quality groundwater available at base of this delta deposit about 40 feet below surface
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO PROBLEMS OF UNDERGROUND WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY ENGINEERING
UNITED STATES IMPARTMENT OP THE PRI1r1111011
GEOLOOMAL SURVEY ALPINE OfiALYRARELE
Vi
0 k
144bulliv 4 40ZOWOZ13011
1 VV
O
Permeability and Area elope of
Impermeable I elopes steep
Moderately permeable
2 elopes moderate
Nigbly permeable gentle slopes
3
Moderately permeable
4 low slopes
Impermeable and ground
5 nearly flat
bull I i lel) bdquo4iZiiZ ii0lsquo17 400 -
bull
Swat condition
Maximum coefficient of runoff
Little runoff during moderate storms considerable runoff during severe storms
Practically no runoff even following most severe stores
Moderate runoff during severe storms
Inter steads in pools for long periods after rains
II i
4
5 Miles
4W __J 41ty OA Wood control drainage and
canal problems
Principal source of floods that would be hazardous in valley
Subject to floods from canyon during severe storms may discharge floods from surface runoff Moderate seepage losses can be expected from canals
Mo flood control problem Reservoirs and canals require sealing to avoid excessive seepage losses
Subject to flash floods from canyoncModerate seepage losses can be expected from reservoirs and canals
Ground readily flooded and difficult to draincMo seepage losses from reservoirs or canals
X Lewer limit of perennial flow in streams draining mountain
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO SURFACE WATER PROBLEMS SUCH AS FLOOD CONTROL DRAINAGE CANAL CONSTRUCTION ETC
4
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ALPINE QUADRANGLEGEOLOGICAL SURVEY
alb
Qbs
bull bull fffi lat
ijr Mlsquoleii5TOP7 472r
4i i = =bdquo_
Are7 70
= 404W 11 1Mlsquo9
4 5 Miles0 L 1 J
Mountainous area soil generally thin and stoney Locally there is a fossil soil having 10 foot of leached clay (an excellent source of structural clay) Principal watershed supplying valley area Forested
2 Stoney and in part bouldery ground In places covered by fossil soil (See 1) locally the leached clay has been eroded exposing strongly lime-enriched gravel and silt
Stoney ground Top foot is brown windblown silt containing well rounded gravel common large3 size 1 - 2 inches diameter Five to ten feet of lime-enriched gravel beginning a foot below the surface
4 Clean quarts sand grains -114 mm diameter well rounded stained by iron-oxide No silt matrix some lime carbonate cement Locally blown into low dunes
5 Stoney ground silt matrix Slightly lime-enriched sone less than a foot thick nadir surface layer of leached silt and gravel 6 inches thick
6 Silt ground Contains about 3 of water-soluble salts -- 15 of calcium carbonate and 15 of sulfates and chlorides of sodium and potassium These salts leached from top 6 inches and redeposited in next foot
Clay ground Contains about 4 of water-soluble salts -- 1 of calcium carbonate and 3 of7 sulfates and chlorides of sodium and potassium These salts locally form surface crusts around moist depressions
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO SOILS AND LAND UTILIZATION PROBLEMS
DATE DUE
GAYLORD PRINTED IN USA
UNITED lams ogrARTIAINT OF THE INTERIOR
OKOLOW0AL SURVEY
0
A B This old fan Groundwater is deposit under- perched on the lies all Lake impermeable lake Bonneville beds 10-15 feet deposits It below the surshyis an aquifer face of this that can be young fan reached by deposit This drilling in groundwater the south part however is of the area subject to
pollution by town sewage
oworexspwo I rAbull410 7070740X bullbullbull r
5 Miles
C Zone of seeps at edge of young fan deposits where shallow groundshywater (see box B) emerges at surface Seeps polluted
ALPINE QUADRANGLE
Moderate quantities of good quality groundwater available at base of this delta deposit about 40 feet below surface
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO PROBLEMS OF UNDERGROUND WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY ENGINEERING
UNITED STATES IMPARTMENT OP THE PRI1r1111011
GEOLOOMAL SURVEY ALPINE OfiALYRARELE
Vi
0 k
144bulliv 4 40ZOWOZ13011
1 VV
O
Permeability and Area elope of
Impermeable I elopes steep
Moderately permeable
2 elopes moderate
Nigbly permeable gentle slopes
3
Moderately permeable
4 low slopes
Impermeable and ground
5 nearly flat
bull I i lel) bdquo4iZiiZ ii0lsquo17 400 -
bull
Swat condition
Maximum coefficient of runoff
Little runoff during moderate storms considerable runoff during severe storms
Practically no runoff even following most severe stores
Moderate runoff during severe storms
Inter steads in pools for long periods after rains
II i
4
5 Miles
4W __J 41ty OA Wood control drainage and
canal problems
Principal source of floods that would be hazardous in valley
Subject to floods from canyon during severe storms may discharge floods from surface runoff Moderate seepage losses can be expected from canals
Mo flood control problem Reservoirs and canals require sealing to avoid excessive seepage losses
Subject to flash floods from canyoncModerate seepage losses can be expected from reservoirs and canals
Ground readily flooded and difficult to draincMo seepage losses from reservoirs or canals
X Lewer limit of perennial flow in streams draining mountain
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO SURFACE WATER PROBLEMS SUCH AS FLOOD CONTROL DRAINAGE CANAL CONSTRUCTION ETC
4
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ALPINE QUADRANGLEGEOLOGICAL SURVEY
alb
Qbs
bull bull fffi lat
ijr Mlsquoleii5TOP7 472r
4i i = =bdquo_
Are7 70
= 404W 11 1Mlsquo9
4 5 Miles0 L 1 J
Mountainous area soil generally thin and stoney Locally there is a fossil soil having 10 foot of leached clay (an excellent source of structural clay) Principal watershed supplying valley area Forested
2 Stoney and in part bouldery ground In places covered by fossil soil (See 1) locally the leached clay has been eroded exposing strongly lime-enriched gravel and silt
Stoney ground Top foot is brown windblown silt containing well rounded gravel common large3 size 1 - 2 inches diameter Five to ten feet of lime-enriched gravel beginning a foot below the surface
4 Clean quarts sand grains -114 mm diameter well rounded stained by iron-oxide No silt matrix some lime carbonate cement Locally blown into low dunes
5 Stoney ground silt matrix Slightly lime-enriched sone less than a foot thick nadir surface layer of leached silt and gravel 6 inches thick
6 Silt ground Contains about 3 of water-soluble salts -- 15 of calcium carbonate and 15 of sulfates and chlorides of sodium and potassium These salts leached from top 6 inches and redeposited in next foot
Clay ground Contains about 4 of water-soluble salts -- 1 of calcium carbonate and 3 of7 sulfates and chlorides of sodium and potassium These salts locally form surface crusts around moist depressions
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO SOILS AND LAND UTILIZATION PROBLEMS
DATE DUE
GAYLORD PRINTED IN USA
UNITED STATES IMPARTMENT OP THE PRI1r1111011
GEOLOOMAL SURVEY ALPINE OfiALYRARELE
Vi
0 k
144bulliv 4 40ZOWOZ13011
1 VV
O
Permeability and Area elope of
Impermeable I elopes steep
Moderately permeable
2 elopes moderate
Nigbly permeable gentle slopes
3
Moderately permeable
4 low slopes
Impermeable and ground
5 nearly flat
bull I i lel) bdquo4iZiiZ ii0lsquo17 400 -
bull
Swat condition
Maximum coefficient of runoff
Little runoff during moderate storms considerable runoff during severe storms
Practically no runoff even following most severe stores
Moderate runoff during severe storms
Inter steads in pools for long periods after rains
II i
4
5 Miles
4W __J 41ty OA Wood control drainage and
canal problems
Principal source of floods that would be hazardous in valley
Subject to floods from canyon during severe storms may discharge floods from surface runoff Moderate seepage losses can be expected from canals
Mo flood control problem Reservoirs and canals require sealing to avoid excessive seepage losses
Subject to flash floods from canyoncModerate seepage losses can be expected from reservoirs and canals
Ground readily flooded and difficult to draincMo seepage losses from reservoirs or canals
X Lewer limit of perennial flow in streams draining mountain
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO SURFACE WATER PROBLEMS SUCH AS FLOOD CONTROL DRAINAGE CANAL CONSTRUCTION ETC
4
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ALPINE QUADRANGLEGEOLOGICAL SURVEY
alb
Qbs
bull bull fffi lat
ijr Mlsquoleii5TOP7 472r
4i i = =bdquo_
Are7 70
= 404W 11 1Mlsquo9
4 5 Miles0 L 1 J
Mountainous area soil generally thin and stoney Locally there is a fossil soil having 10 foot of leached clay (an excellent source of structural clay) Principal watershed supplying valley area Forested
2 Stoney and in part bouldery ground In places covered by fossil soil (See 1) locally the leached clay has been eroded exposing strongly lime-enriched gravel and silt
Stoney ground Top foot is brown windblown silt containing well rounded gravel common large3 size 1 - 2 inches diameter Five to ten feet of lime-enriched gravel beginning a foot below the surface
4 Clean quarts sand grains -114 mm diameter well rounded stained by iron-oxide No silt matrix some lime carbonate cement Locally blown into low dunes
5 Stoney ground silt matrix Slightly lime-enriched sone less than a foot thick nadir surface layer of leached silt and gravel 6 inches thick
6 Silt ground Contains about 3 of water-soluble salts -- 15 of calcium carbonate and 15 of sulfates and chlorides of sodium and potassium These salts leached from top 6 inches and redeposited in next foot
Clay ground Contains about 4 of water-soluble salts -- 1 of calcium carbonate and 3 of7 sulfates and chlorides of sodium and potassium These salts locally form surface crusts around moist depressions
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO SOILS AND LAND UTILIZATION PROBLEMS
DATE DUE
GAYLORD PRINTED IN USA
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ALPINE QUADRANGLEGEOLOGICAL SURVEY
alb
Qbs
bull bull fffi lat
ijr Mlsquoleii5TOP7 472r
4i i = =bdquo_
Are7 70
= 404W 11 1Mlsquo9
4 5 Miles0 L 1 J
Mountainous area soil generally thin and stoney Locally there is a fossil soil having 10 foot of leached clay (an excellent source of structural clay) Principal watershed supplying valley area Forested
2 Stoney and in part bouldery ground In places covered by fossil soil (See 1) locally the leached clay has been eroded exposing strongly lime-enriched gravel and silt
Stoney ground Top foot is brown windblown silt containing well rounded gravel common large3 size 1 - 2 inches diameter Five to ten feet of lime-enriched gravel beginning a foot below the surface
4 Clean quarts sand grains -114 mm diameter well rounded stained by iron-oxide No silt matrix some lime carbonate cement Locally blown into low dunes
5 Stoney ground silt matrix Slightly lime-enriched sone less than a foot thick nadir surface layer of leached silt and gravel 6 inches thick
6 Silt ground Contains about 3 of water-soluble salts -- 15 of calcium carbonate and 15 of sulfates and chlorides of sodium and potassium These salts leached from top 6 inches and redeposited in next foot
Clay ground Contains about 4 of water-soluble salts -- 1 of calcium carbonate and 3 of7 sulfates and chlorides of sodium and potassium These salts locally form surface crusts around moist depressions
THE GEOLOGIC MAP AS A GUIDE TO SOILS AND LAND UTILIZATION PROBLEMS
DATE DUE
GAYLORD PRINTED IN USA
DATE DUE
GAYLORD PRINTED IN USA