Interpretacion Curso Cat

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SOS ServicesAlert LevelHelpSheet

Identified IncreasingWearCompartment

Status

Measuresof:Deterioration

ContaminationFormulation

Urgent

Stop

DiagnoseRepair

Indicators

Monitor

Proceed with

Caution

Investigate

NormalContinue

Informational

Cost Savings


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ReferenceMaterialsforSOSServicesInterpretationI

Manyofthematerialsreferencedinthesetrainingmodulesareupdatedonaregularbasis. ThemostrecentversionsofthesedocumentsareavailableontheCatintranetsystemandontheWorldWideWeb.Theunderlinedportionoftheentryindicatesthebestplacetoviewthespecifiedmaterial.

ThematerialavailableontheCatintranetsystemisidentifiedbythefollowingcodes:SIS, KN,andGSL.AlloftheseCatintranetsitesrequireaCorporateWebSecurity(CWS)usernameand password.Thefollowingnotesexplainhowtoaccessthisinformationfromeachlocation.

ServiceInformationSystem(SIS):Typethefollowingaddressintoyourbrowser:https://sis.cat.comandpressenter.TheCWSpagewillappear;typeinyourCWSusernameandpassword.TheSIS homepagewillappearnext. OntheSIS homepage,gotoMediaSearchandtypeinthemedianumber.

GlobalSalesLibrary(GSL):Typethefollowingaddressintoyourbrowser:

https://gsl.cat.com/cda/layout?m=348519&x=7 andpressenter.TheCWSpagewillappear; typeinyourCWSusernameandpassword.ClickonSEARCHatthetopoftheGSLhomepage;typeinthemedianumberintheQUICKSEARCHbox.

KnowledgeNetwork(KN):Typethefollowingaddressintoyourbrowser:https://kn.cat.comandpressenter.TheKNhomepagewillappear;clickthemenuitemlabeledSearchKN.Inthesearchbox,typeinSOSServicesandpressenter.SelectSOSServicesfromthelistofKNcommunities.At theSOSServicessite,selectthemenuitemlabeledTools/Guides.ClickonthemenuitemlabeledDataAnalysisGuides.

Cat.com:Tofindfluidsinformationonthehttp://www.cat.com/site,gototheProductsmenuandselectParts.InthePartsmenu,selectFluids.Gotothedesiredmenuitemtoobtaindatasheets,fluidsrecommendations,andCatspecifications.

GeneralInformationonFluidsSEBD0640Oilandyourengine SISSEBD0970Coolantandyourengine SISSEBD0518KnowYourCoolingSystemSEBD0717DieselFuelandyourengine SISPEGJ0045ReportingParticleCount byISOCode GSL

SOSInterpretationGuidesPEDP8025OptimizingOilChangeIntervals KNPEGP9818CoolantAnalysis KNWearTablesWearTablesin.pdfformat KN

SOSServicesDataSheetsPEGJ0046UnderstandingSOSServicesTests GSL

PEGJ0047HowtoTakeaGoodOilSample GSLPEHP7052MakingtheMostofSOSServices GSLPEHJ0191SOSServices GSL

CatFluid RecommendationsSEBU6250CaterpillarMachineFluidsRecommendations SISSEBU6251CaterpillarCommercialDieselEngineFluidsRecommendations SISSEBU6385CaterpillarOn-HighwayDieselTruckEngineFluidsRecommendations SISSEBU70033600DieselEngineFluidsRecommendations forLubricants,Fuels,andCoolants SISSEBU6400CaterpillarGasEngineLubricant,Fuel,andCoolantRecommendations SIS
http://www.cat.com/http://www.cat.com/http://www.cat.com/http://www.cat.com/


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CatFluidsDataSheetsPEHJ0059DieselEngineOil(DEO)(WesternHemisphereexcludingBrazil)GSLPPHJ0072DieselEngineOil(DEO)(Brazilonly)GSLPEHJ0021DieselEngineOil(DEO)(EasternHemisphereexcludingUAE,SaudiArabia,Egypt)GSLPEHP7062FullSyntheticDEOPEHP7506Transmission/DriveTrainOil(TDTO)GSLPEHP8035SyntheticBlendTransmission/DriveTrainOil(TDTOTMS)GSLPEHJ0009HydraulicOil(HYDO)(NorthAmerica)PEHP9544HydraulicOil(HYDO)(outsideofNorthAmerica)GSLPEHP6047BiodegradableHydraulicOil(HEES)GSLPELE0905HydraulicOilFormulationChangeGSLPEHP9530FinalDriveandAxleOil(FDAO)GSLPEHP9570FinalDriveandAxleOilSynthetic(FDAOSyn)GSLPEHP7508GearOil(GO)GSLPEHJ0030SyntheticGearOil(SyntheticGO)GSLPEHP0004NaturalGasEngineOil(NGEO)GSLPEHP9574NaturalGasEngineOilEL250(NGEOEL250)GSLPEHJ0006NaturalGasEngineOilEL350(NGEOEL350)GSLPEHJ0067ExtendedLifeCoolant(ELC)GSLPEHP9554DieselEngineAntifreeze/Coolant(DEAC)GSLPEHJ0040NaturalGasEngineCoolantPremix50/50(NGEC)GSLPEHJ0237CatDieselFuelSystemCleanerGSL

CatFluidsSpecifications&IndustryStandardsCatECF-1DieselEngineOilRequirements Cat.comCatEC-1ExtendedLifeCoolantavailableonrequestfromCatFluidsEngineeringCatFD-1FinalDrive&AxleOil Cat.comCatTO-4TransmissionandDriveTrainOilRequirements Cat.comCatTO-4MMultigradeTransmissionandDriveTrainOilRequirements Cat.comCatBF-1BiodegradableHydraulicFluidRequirements Cat.com

API OilClassificationsAmericanPetroleumInstitutewww.API.orgEngineOilLicensingandCertificationSystemSAEViscosityGradesSocietyofAutomotiveEngineersInternationalwww.SAE.org

J300ViscositygradesforengineoilsJ306Viscositygradesforgearoils

ASTMStandardsAmericanSocietyofTestingandMaterialsInt.www.ASTM.orgD3306AutomobileandLightDutyCoolantD4985HeavyDutyCoolantD4485StandardSpecificationforPerformanceofEngineOils

More InformationIRMPELJ1065CatDieselFuelSystemCleanerGSLIRMPELJ0525Cat256-4968DieselFuelConditionerGSLorSISTIBU4910FuelDilutionofEngineOilSISTIBU5064ElevatedAmountsofPotassiumandAluminuminOilSampleson2007CaterpillarEnginesSISPEGJ0042DriveTrain,Engine,HydraulicRepairIndicatorQuickReferenceGuideGSLorSISSEBF9066GuidelineforExaminingFailedPartsSISPEPJ0143SIS TrainingCDthroughMediaLogistics,seenextentrySEBF1021ImprovingComponentDurabilityseriesavailablethroughMediaLogisticsbycalling1-800-566-7782fromtheUnitedStatesorCanadaor309-266-0942fromoutsidetheUnitedStatesorCanada.Alternatively,[email protected].
http://www.api.org/http://www.api.org/http://www.api.org/http://www.sae.org/http://www.sae.org/http://www.sae.org/http://www.astm.org/http://www.astm.org/http://www.astm.org/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.astm.org/http://www.sae.org/http://www.api.org/


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13-March 2009

Caterpillar SOSServices Interpretation IAcronym Help Sheet

APIAmerican Petroleum Institute. This is a global organization that, along withother activities, produces standards and specifications for petroleum products.ASTM InternationalThis is an organization that develops technical standardsfor materials, products, systems and services. They originated as the AmericanSociety for Testing and Materials.Cat BF-1A Caterpillar biodegradable fluid specification.Cat DEACDiesel Engine Antifreeze/CoolantCat DEODiesel Engine OilCat DEO SYNSynthetic Diesel Engine OilCat DEO-ULSDiesel Engine Oil-Ultra Low SulfurCat ECFCaterpillar Engine Crankcase Fluid. This is a series of oil

specifications that CAT has developed.Cat ELCExtended Life CoolantCat FDAOFinal Drive and Axle OilCat GOGear OilCat MTOMultipurpose Tractor OilCat TDTOTransmission Drive Train OilCat TDTO TMS -Transmission Multi-SeasonCat TO-4A Caterpillar transmission and drive train oil specification. TO doesnot specifically stand for anything.CFA series of oil classifications from the API. These replace and update theCD and CE classifications.

CGIClean Gas Induction. This is a proprietary Caterpillar process designed torecirculate exhaust gas to ultimately provide cleaner emissions.CG-4An oil classification from the API. This standard addresses oilformulations designed for engines that must comply with 1994 EPA emissionsregulations.CH-4An oil classification from the API. This standard addresses oilformulations designed for engines that must comply with 1998 EPA emissionsregulations.CI-4An oil classification from the API. One reason this new standard wasintroduced was to address oil conditions in engines utilizing EGR technology.CJ-4An oil classification from the API. This standard addresses oil

formulations designed for engines that must comply with 2007 model year on-highway emissions standards. In addition to addressing oil conditions in EGRengines, this classification also address oils for other advanced aftertreatmentand particulate filtering engine technologies.DPFDiesel Particulate FilterECMElectronic Control ModuleEGRExhaust Gas Recirculation. A technology utilized by diesel enginemanufacturers to produce cleaner emissions.


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HEUIHydraulically Actuated Electronically Controlled Unit InjectorKNKnowledge Network. A series of communities managed by Caterpillar.These contain information bulletins, guides and tools as well as discussiongroups.NLGI- National Lubricating Grease Institute. This is a global organization

that promotes technical advancements and improvements in lubrication. TheNLGI also provides standards for lubricants.OMMOperations and Maintenance Manualppmparts per million. This is a way to describe very dilute concentrations.PSSRParts Sales and Service RepresentativesPSORParts and Service Operations Representative.SCA- Supplemental Coolant AdditiveSAESociety of Automotive Engineers. This is a global organization thatcreates and manages engineering standards. These include viscosity standardsfor oils.SISService Information System. This is a software tool produced by Caterpillar

that contains product information.TCTechnical Communicator.TGAThermogravimetric Analysis. This analysis involves heating a sample andmeasuring the changes in weight as compounds decompose due to highertemperatures.UFMUnsubtracted FTIR Method. A way to analyze oils using FTIR that doesnot require reference oil.


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SOSSM ServicesPositiononMachineProfiles

Machine Profiles were documents that contained specific information onCaterpillar machine models and engines. The primary purpose of these

documents was to provide the SOSServices interpreter with specifications andguidelines for cooled and lubricated compartments on Cat equipment. MachineProfiles were last published about fifteen years ago. At that time, thisinformation was typically found in many different paper documents.

Most of the information that was in the Machine Profiles can be gathered from avariety of accurate electronic sources. The chart on the following page shows alist of items that were covered by the Machine Profiles. For each item in the list,there are two or three sources available to obtain the desired information. All ofthe primary and secondary sources of information are electronic files. These filesare available to Caterpillar dealer personnel.

Three of these items may require additional intervention: Oil Transfer,Uncommon Contaminants, and Uncommon Wear Elements. Problems like thesethree are generally rare. Also, these problems are usually confined to a smallpopulation of machines or engines. If the interpreter suspects one of theseunusual problems, a Community Discussion can be initiated on the SOSServices Knowledge Network. Community Discussion items are responded to byother dealers, and by SOSServices personnel at Caterpillar.

Ultimately, it may be necessary to contact the dealerships TechnicalCommunicator (TC) and request assistance. The TC can search the Dealer

Solutions Network (DSN) for similar problems. If a similar problem is not found,the TC can submit a DSN request for information. This is the most efficient wayto report these types of problems. If the DSN discovers a significant productproblem, additional Caterpillar resources will be summoned to contain and solvethe problem.

The use of these information sources surpasses the support that was providedby Machine Profiles. The electronic data sources contain more information andthe information has a higher degree of accuracy. Additionally, the DSN is inplace to support the dealership, when new or unusual problems occur in Catequipment. The DSN can bring these problems to the forefront. Service

engineers and product engineers will then take action on these problems.Therefore, SOSServices will not be producing new Machine Profiles. Fifteenyears ago, they met a need in the program; now these needs can be met with avariety of new and improved sources.

Caterpillar SOSServicesJuly 2010


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Item Primary Source Secondary Source Tertiary Source

Serial Number Prefixes SIMSi validate serial number SIS SOS Services Manager

Machine Description Performance Handbook Global Sales Library

Engine Power Rating Performance Handbook TMI Web Global Sales Library

Powertrain Descriptions Performance Handbook SIS - Specifications Global Sales Library

Other Systems Performance Handbook SIS - Specifications Global Sales Library

Oil Change Interval SIS - OMM PM Checklist SOS Services Manager

Coolant Change Interval SIS - OMM PM Checklist SOS Services Manager

Filter Change Interval SIS - OMM PM Checklist SOS Services Manager

Sampling Intervals - All SIS - OMM PM Checklist SOS Services Manager

Sampling Procedures PEGJ0047 Global Sales Library-videoOil Capacity SIS - OMM PM Checklist SOS Services Manager

Coolant Capacity SIS - OMM PM Checklist SOS Services Manager

Fuel Capacity SIS - OMM PM Checklist SOS Services Manager

Recommended Fluids SEBU6250 (latest version) SIS - OMM

Oil Transfer SIS Parts Identification SIS - TIB SM SI Dealership TC and DSN

Common Contaminants Interpretation 1 Training Interp. 1 Help Sheets on KN SOS KN Knowledge Entries

Uncommon Contaminants SOS KN Knowledge Entries SIS - TIB SM SI Dealership TC and DSN

Common Wear Elements Interpretation 1 Training Interp. 1 Help Sheets on KN

Uncommon Wear Elements SOS KN Knowledge Entries SIS - TIB SM SI Dealership TC and DSN

Wear Tables SOS Services Manager SOS KN Request to SOS Services

SIS = Service Information System

SIMSi = Service Information Management SystemTMI = Engine Technical Marketing Information (access on SIS)

OMM = Operation and Maintenance Manual

PM Checklist = Planned Maintenance Checklist (access on SIS)

PEGJ0047 = How To Take A Good SOS Sample

SEBU6250 = Caterpillar Machine Fluids Information (available on SIS, and Cat.com)

TIB = Technical Information Bulletin

SM = Service Magazine

SI = Special Instruction

TC = Technical Communicator

DSN = Dealer Solutions Network

KN = Knowledge NetworkPage 8


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SOS ServicesOilAnalysisHelpSheet

The Overall Question

about Wear

1. Has the wear rate increased?

2. Has the oil deteriorated?

3. Is the oil contaminated?

4. Is this the correct oil?

SOS ServicesOil Tests

Four Questions about Wear

1 2 3 4

Wear Rate Deterioration Contamination Formulation

Aluminum X X

Barium X

Boron X X

Calcium X

Chromium X

Copper X

Iron X

Lead XMagnesium X

Molybdenum X X

Nickel X

Phosphorus X

Potassium X

Silicon X X X

Sodium X

Tin X

Zinc X

Nitration X

Oxidation XSoot X

Sulfation X

Particle Count X X

Fuel X

Glycol X

Water X

Viscosity X X X


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SOSServicesCoolant AnalysisHelpSheet

1. What type of coolant is being used?

2. Is freeze/boil protection adequate?

3. Is coolant condition acceptable?

4. Is coolant contaminated?

SOSServices

Coolant Tests

Four Questions about Coolant

1 2 3 4

Coolant T e

Freeze/Boil

Protection Condition ContaminationLabel Information X

Glycol Concentration X

Calculated

Freeze Protection X

Calculated

Boil Protection X

pH X X

Conductivity X X

Nitrite X

Precipitate X

Appearance X

Odor X X

Color X X

Foam XOil / Fuel Presence X


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Services Test Result Relationshi s

Common Problems in Multiple Compartments

Problem:ElevatedCuCompartments: All compartments with cooper core oil coolers, including mostengines, powershift transmissions, hydraulic systems, steering systems, and

some axlesAbnormalResults:

Cu

Problem: ElevatedAgCompartments: All compartments that contain rolling contact bearings, alsoreferred to as antifriction bearings. Compartments included are: transmissions,hydraulic systems, steering systems, axles, differentials, and final drives.

AbnormalResults:

Ag

Problem:DirtEntryCompartments: All

AbnormalResults: Si & Al, wih Si values 3 to 5 times higher than Al values

Fe

Particle Count Ca, Mg, K, & Na (from naturally occurring elements in the dirt)

Problem:CoolantEntry

Compartments:All water cooled compartments, including most engines,powershift transmissions, hydraulic systems, steering systems, and some axles

AbnormalResults: K and / or Na

Cu (if Cu oil cooler is present)

Si, B, Mo, & P (elements in coolant additives)

Viscosity increase

Problem:WaterEntryCompartments:All

AbnormalResults: Positive water (0.5% or more)

Fe

Si & Al (from probable dirt entry)


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Problem:BronzeComponentWearCompartments:All

AbnormalResults: Cu & Pb

Cu & Sn

Cu, Pb & Sn Fe

Problems within a Specific Compartment

Compartment:DieselEngineProblem: Soot

AbnormalResults:

Soot

Fe, Pb, Cr, Sn Viscosity increase

Compartment:DieselEngineProblem: Fuel Dilution

AbnormalResults: Viscosity decrease

Positive fuel on Set-a-Flash (4% maximum)

Fe (cylinder liners, crankshaft, camshaft, pushrods)

Pb & Sn (bearing overlay)

Cr & Mo (piston rings)

Cu, Pb, & Sn (bronze bushings)

Compartment:DieselorGasEngineProblem: Coolant Entry

AbnormalResults: K and / or Na

Cu (if Cu oil cooler is present)

Si, B, Mo, & P (elements in coolant additives)

Pb & Sn (bearing overlay) Fe (cylinder liner)

Viscosity increase


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Compartment:DieselorGasEngineProblem: Dirt Entry

AbnormalResults:

Si & Al, wih Si values 3 to 5 times higher than Al values

Fe (cylinder liners, crankshaft, camshaft, pushrods)

Pb & Sn (bearing overlay) Cr & Mo (piston rings) Cu, Pb, & Sn (bronze bushings)

Compartment:GasEngineProblem: Oxidation or Nitration

AbnormalResults: Pb and Sn (bearing overlay)

Viscosity increase

Fe

Compartment:PowershiftTransmissionProblem: Friction Material Wear

AbnormalResults: Si or Cu & Pb (friction materials)

Fe (separator plates)

Particle Count or PQI increase

Oxidation

Compartment:PowershiftTransmission

Problem: Bearing or Bushing FailureAbnormalResults:

Cu & Pb or Cu & Sn (bushing or thrust washer)

Cr (rolling element bearing)

Fe (rolling element bearing, shaft, iron housing)


Compartment:PowershiftTransmissionProblem: Dirt Entry

AbnormalResults: Si & Al, wih Si values 3 to 5 times higher than Al values Fe (separator plates, gears)

Cu & Pb or Cu & Sn (bushing or thrust washer)



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Compartment:HydraulicorSteeringSystemProblem: Dirt Entry

AbnormalResults: Si & Al, wih Si values 3 to 5 times higher than Al values

Fe, Cr, (cylinder rods, cylinders, steel pump components)

Cu & Pb or Cu & Sn (bronze pump components) Particle Count increase

Compartment:HydraulicorSteeringSystemProblem: Incorrect Fluid

AbnormalResults: Zn


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Compartment:RadiatorProblem: Oil/FuelContamination

AbnormalResults: Visible oil/fuel layer/drops

Odor (abnormal, fuel, solvent)

Compartment:RadiatorProblem: OverheatingorRestrictedFlow

AbnormalResults: Low nitrites (NO2) Low pH

Odor (burnt, abnormal, ammonia)

Mix of magnetic and non-magnetic black solids

Compartment:Radiator

Problem: InternalReaction-AlAbnormalResults:

Low nitrites (NO2) High pH

Odor (abnormal, ammonia)

ELC color change (red->red/light)

Compartment:RadiatorProblem: IncompleteFastActingCleanerFlush

AbnormalResults: Ammonia Odor

High pH

Foam

Compartment:RadiatorProblem: SCAOverdosing

AbnormalResults: High nitrites, NO2>2600ppm High conductivity

Compartment: Radiator

Problem: ExhaustGas AbnormalResults: Low nitrites (NO2) Low pH (


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Problemas comunes en varios compartimentos

Problema: Cu elevados

Todos los compartimentos: compartimentos con enfriadores de aceite de cobre

fundamentales, incluidas la mayora de los motores, transmisiones elctricas,

sistemas hidrulicos, sistemas de direccin, yalgunos ejes

Los resultados anormales:

Cu

Problema: La elevacin de Ag

Los compartimentos: Todos los compartimentos que contienen los rodamientos

de contacto, tambin conocidas como rodamientos. Los compartimentos que se

incluyen son: transmisiones, sistemas hidrulicos, sistemas de direccin, ejes,

diferenciales y mandos finales. Los resultados anormales:

Ag

Problema: Los compartimentos de suciedad de entrada: todos los resultados

anormales:

Si y Al, wih valores de IE de 3 a 5 veces ms altos que los valores de Al

Fe

Partculas Conde

Ca, Mg, K, Na + (a partir de elementos naturales en la tierra)

Problema: Entrada del refrigerante

Todos los compartimientos: "agua" compartimentos refrigerados, incluyendo la

mayora de los motores, transmisiones elctricas, sistemas hidrulicos, sistemas

de direccin, y los ejes de algunos


K y / o Na

Cu (si es fresco Cu aceite est presente)

Si A, B, Mo, y P (elementos de aditivos de refrigerante)

aumento de la viscosidad

Problema: Los compartimientos de agua de entrada: todos los resultados

anormales:

Positivo agua (0,5% o ms)

Fe Si y Al (a partir de la entrada de tierra probable)

Problema: desgaste de los componentes de bronce

Todos los compartimientos:


Cu y Pb

Cu y Sn

Cu, Pb y Sn


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Services Test Result Relationshi s Fe

Los problemas dentro de un compartimiento especfico

Compartimiento: Motor DieselProblema: El holln


El holln

Fe, Pb, Cr, Sn


Compartimiento: Problema de motor diesel: Los resultados anormales de

combustible de dilucin:

disminuir la viscosidad

Combustible positiva en el conjunto-a-Flash (el 4% como mximo)

Fe (camisas de cilindro, cigeal, rbol de levas, varillas de empuje) Pb y Sn (superposicin de rodamiento)

Cr y Mo (aros de pistn)

Cu, Pb, y Sn (bujes de bronce)

Compartimiento: motor diesel o de gas



K y / o Na


Si A, B, Mo, y P (elementos de aditivos derefrigerante)

Pb y Sn (superposicin de rodamiento)

Fe (camisa)



Problema: La suciedad de entrada



Fe (camisas de cilindro, cigeal, rbol de levas, varillas de empuje)

Pb y Sn (superposicin de rodamiento) Cr y Mo (aros de pistn)


Compartimiento: Problema de gas del motor: Resultados de oxidacin o nitracin

anormales:



Fe


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Services Test Result Relationshi sCompartimiento: Transmisin Powershift

Problema: el desgaste por friccin de materiales


Si o Cu y Pb (materiales de friccin)

Fe (placas separadoras)

Partculas Conde o el aumento PQI

Oxidacin

Compartimiento: Problema de transmisin Powershift: Resultados de cojinetes o

bujes de fallo anormales:

Cu y Pb y Cu y Sn (lavadora buje o empuje)

Cr (cojinete de rodadura)

Fe (cojinete de rodadura, el eje, alojamiento de hierro)


Compartimiento: Transmisin Powershift


Los resultados anormales: Si y Al, wih valores de IE de 3 a 5 veces ms altos que los valores de Al

Bloqueo FE (placas separadoras, engranajes)



Compartimiento: sistema hidrulico o de direccin




Fe, Cr, (varillas de los cilindros, cilindros, componentes de acero de la bomba)

Cu y Pb y Cu y Sn (componentes de la bomba de bronce)

Aumento del recuento de partculas


Problema: El fluido incorrecto


Zn


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Services Test Result Relationshi s Si y Al, wih valores de IE de 3 a 5 veces ms altos que los valores de Al

Fe (engranajes, vivienda)

Cr (rodamientos de elementos)


Partculas aumento Count o PQI aumento

Partculas en la tapa envasadoras de aceite de

Partculas en tapn de drenaje magntico Agua

Compartimiento: Diferenciales y mandos finales

Problema: Desgaste de frenos (nicamente para los ejes con frenos hmedos) de

los resultados anormales:

Si (material de friccin)

Fe (placas separadoras)

Oxidacin


Compartimiento: RadiadorProblema: El nivel de glicol incorrecta


% de glicol 65% o inadecuado para la temperatura ambiente

Compartimiento: Radiador

Problema: Petrleo / Combustible contaminacin


El aceite de Visible / capa de combustible / gotas

Olor (anormal, combustible, disolvente)


Problema: Flujo de sobrecalentamiento o Restringidas


Los nitritos bajos (NO2)

pH bajo

Olor (quemar, amonaco anormal)

Mezcla de slidos negros magnticos y no magnticos

Compartimiento: RadiadorProblema: La reaccin interna - Al



pH alto

Olor (amonaco anormal)

ELC cambio de color (rojo-> rojo / luz)


Problema: Incompleto Fast Flush Limpiador interino


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Services Test Result Relationshi sLos resultados anormales:

Amonaco Olor

pH alto

Espuma

Compartimiento: Problema del radiador: SCA La sobredosis de los resultados

anormales: Los nitritos altos, NO2> 2600ppm

Alta conductividad

Compartimiento: Problema del radiador: Resultados anormales de gases de

escape:


Un pH bajo (


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Problema: Los compartimientos de agua de entrada: todos los resultados

anormales:

Positivo agua (0,5% o ms)

Fe

Si y Al (a partir de la entrada de tierra probable)

Problema: desgaste de los componentes de bronce

Todos los compartimientos:


Cu y Pb

Cu y Sn

Cu, Pb y Sn

Fe

Los problemas dentro de un compartimiento especfico

Compartimiento: Motor Diesel

Problema: El holln


El holln

Fe, Pb, Cr, Sn


Compartimiento: Problema de motor diesel: Los resultados anormales de

combustible de dilucin:

disminuir la viscosidad

Combustible positiva en el conjunto-a-Flash (el 4% como mximo)







Los resultados anormales: K y / o Na


Si A, B, Mo, y P (elementosde aditivos de refrigerante)


Fe (camisa)




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Services Test Result Relationshi sProblema: La suciedad de entrada







Compartimiento: Problema de gas del motor: Resultados de oxidacin o nitracin

anormales:



Fe


Problema: el desgaste por friccin de materiales


Si o Cu y Pb (materiales defriccin) Fe (placas separadoras)


Oxidacin

Compartimiento: Problema de transmisin Powershift: Resultados de cojinetes o

bujes de fallo anormales:


Cr (cojinete de rodadura)

Fe (cojinete de rodadura, el eje, alojamiento de hierro)






Bloqueo FE (placas separadoras, engranajes)



Compartimiento: sistema hidrulico o de direccinProblema: La suciedad de entrada



Fe, Cr, (varillas de los cilindros, cilindros, componentes de acero de la bomba)

Cu y Pb y Cu y Sn (componentes de la bomba de bronce)

Aumento del recuento de partculas


Problema: El fluido incorrecto


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Services Test Result Relationshi sLos resultados anormales:

Zn


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Services Test Result Relationshi s pH bajo

Olor (quemar, amonaco anormal)

Mezcla de slidos negros magnticos y no magnticos


Problema: La reaccin interna - Al

Los resultados anormales: Los nitritos bajos (NO2)

pH alto

Olor (amonaco anormal)

ELC cambio de color (rojo-> rojo / luz)


Problema: Incompleto Fast Flush Limpiador interino


Amonaco Olor

pH alto

Espuma

Compartimiento: Problema del radiador: SCA La sobredosis de los resultados

anormales:

Los nitritos altos, NO2> 2600ppm

Alta conductividad

Compartimiento: Problema del radiador: Resultados anormales de gases de

escape:


Un pH bajo (


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SOS Services - Oil Analysis Guidelines 28April2011DieselEngineOils GasEngineOilsTest Parameters Guideline Test Parameters Guideline

WearElements FeCrCuSiAlSnPb WearTables1. WearElements FeCrCuSiAlSnPb WearTables1.

Additive Elements CaMgZnPMoBaB HelpSheet2. Additive Elements CaMgZnPMoBaB HelpSheet2.Coolant(monitor) NaorK 25ppmto250ppm Coolant(monitor) NaorK 25ppmto250ppmCoolant(actionrequired) NaorK >250ppm Coolant(actionrequired) NaorK >250ppmOxidationUFM 34max OxidationUFM 20maxSulfateUFM 34max NitrationUFM 12maxSootUFM Absorbance 60

SootTGA %weightofsoot 1.50%Viscositychange cSt@100C +/-3cSt Viscositychange cSt@100C +/-3cSt

FuelDilution-Positive3.

viscositydecrease belowSAEGrade

GCfueldilution >4% Water-Positive Water-PositiveWater-Trace Water-TraceGlycol-Positive(optional) Glycol-Positive(optional)

TransmissionOils,HydraulicOils,&GearOils

Test Parameters Guideline

WearElements FeCrCuSiAlSnPb WearTables1.

Additive Elements CaMgZnPMoBaB HelpSheet2.Coolant(monitor) NaorK 25ppmto250ppm

Coolant(actionrequired) NaorK >250ppm

OxidationUFM 17max

Viscositychange cSt@100C +/-2cSt

Water-Positive >0.5%Water-Trace 0.1%to0.5%Glycol-Positive(optional) 0.1%maxParticleAnalysis ISOcodeorcapimage TrendAnalysis

Caterpillar:ConfidentialYellow

1. WearTablesarewrittenintoSOSServicesManager,andare

availableontheSOSServicesKnowledgeNetwork

2.HelpSheetsareavailableontheSOSServicesKnowledgeNetwork

thatprovidetypicalrangesforadditiveelements

3.Confirmationofpositivefueldilution requiresaviscositydecrease,

and fuel dilution in excess of 4%. Specific fuel dilution guidelinesare availableontheSOSServicesKnowledgeNetwork

These guidelines are

intended for use by a trained

interpreter of oil sample test

results. Exceeding any of

these guidelines does not

indicate imminent failure of

the component. Likewise,

operating within all of these

guidelines does not assure

that component will not fail,

or wear out prematurely.

Page 16


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Page 17

Classic Wear Combinations V4

Diesel EnginesTest Parameter Source

Fe, Cr cylinder liner, piston rings

Fe, Cr, Al cylinder liner, piston rings, aluminum piston skirt

Pb lower rod and main bearing overlayPb, Al, Fe lower rod and main bearings, crankshaft

K and/or Na, Cu ELC coolant contamination

Na, Si, Cu conventional coolant or DEAC contamination

Si >Al, Fe, Cr dirt, cylinder liner, piston rings

Si >Al, Fe, Pb, Cr dirt, cylinder liner, bearing overlay, piston rings

Cu > Pb or Cu > Sn bronze bushing or thrust washer

Cu > Pb, Sn bronze bushing or thrust washer

Soot, Fe, Pb, Cr Soot wear on cylinder liner, piston rings, bearings

Soot, Fe, Mo, Cr Soot wear on older engine with moly plasma coated toprings and on cylinder liners

Cu Cu oil cooler core leaching

Oxidation, Fe, Pb overheated oil, overextended oil drain

Sulfation, Fe high sulfur fuel, overextended oil drain

Viscosity increase,

Oxidation, Fe, Pboverheated oil, wear on cylinder liners, bearing overlay,

and piston rings

Viscosity increase, Soot, Fe,

Pb

very high soot, wear on cylinder liners, bearing overlay,

and piston rings

Viscosity decrease multigrade oil permanent viscosity shear

Viscosity decrease, Pb fuel dilution, wear on bearing overlay

Viscosity decrease, Fe,Pb severe fuel dilution, wear on cylinder liners, crankshaft,

and bearing overlay

Mo, B, Ba, Cu possible additive elements

water coolant entry, condensation, pressure washing


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Page 18


Gas EnginesTest Parameter Source

Oxidation, Pb overextended oil drain, overheated oil, A/F ratio

Oxidation, Pb, Fe, viscosity

increase

overextended oil drain, overheated oil. A/F ratio

Nitration operation on NOx peak, overextended oil drain

Si siloxane gas in fuel

Si >Al, Fe, Cr dirt, cylinder liner, piston rings

Si >Al, Fe, Pb, Cr dirt, cylinder liner, bearing overlay, piston rings




Mo, B, Ba, Cu possible additive elements

water coolant entry, condensation

Differentials & Final DrivesTest Parameter Source

Positive Water, Si > Al, Fe, Nawater entry, gear wear, dirt

Si > Al, Fe, Cr, Ni, ISO code dirt entry, gear wear, bearing wear

Ag Ag leaching from antifriction bearing cages or races

Fe, Cr, Ag, ISO code gear and bearing wear (possible pre-load problem)

Fe, ISO code Gears



Si, Fe, ISO code brake friction materials and separator plates

Cu, Pb, Fe, ISO code bronze brake materials and separator plates

Oxidation, viscosity increase overheated oil, overextended oil drain

viscosity decrease lower viscosity top-off oil

water worn or damaged seals, pressure washing


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Page 19


Powershift TransmissionsTest Parameter Source

Si, Fe, ISO code wet clutch friction material and separator plates

Cu, Pb, Fe, ISO code bronze friction material and separator plates

Si >Al, Fe, Cr, ISO code dirt, wear on gears and bearingsAl torque converter

Al, Cu, Fe, ISO code torque converter







Fe, Cr, Ag, ISO code antifriction bearings


viscosity decrease lower viscosity top-off oil

water coolant entry

Hydraulic & Steering SystemsTest Parameter Source


Fe, Cr, Cylinders

Si >Al, Fe, Cr, Cu, ISO code dirt, pump wear, cylinder & rod wear

Fe, Cr, Cu, ISO code pump or motor wear

Fe, Cr, Cu, Pb, Sn, ISO code pump or motor wear

Fe, Al, Cu, ISO code pump or motor wear


Fe, Cr, Ag, ISO code antifriction bearings

Si, Fe, ISO code wet brake friction material and separator plates

Zn < 900 PPM industrial hydraulic oilK and/or Na, Cu ELC coolant contamination



water coolant entry, condensation, pressure washing


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Page 20

SOSInterpretationTrainingTool:WearTableOverview

Engine Transmission Hydraulic Differential Final Drive

Average NAR MC NAR MC NAR MC NAR MC NAR MC Average

Fe 41 51 56 74 24 32 105 134 145 185 FeSi 9 12 13 17 17 21 19 25 40 52 Si

Al 5 6 4 5 4 6 3 4 8 11 Al

Pb 5 6 25 34 4 6 4 6 2 3 Pb

Sn 4 6 4 6 4 5 4 6 3 4 Sn

Cu 8 10 30 39 29 38 22 30 17 22 Cu

Cr 2 3 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 3 Cr

MAX NAR MC NAR MC NAR MC NAR MC NAR MC MAX

Fe 81 101 213 294 40 53 186 229 290 366 FeSi 13 16 28 36 46 57 30 39 90 119 Si

Al 9 11 7 9 8 11 5 6 17 22 Al

Pb 10 14 82 117 14 20 9 14 4 6 Pb

Sn 9 12 7 10 6 9 6 9 5 8 Sn

Cu 14 17 54 65 68 88 35 46 58 72 CuCr 6 8 1 2 4 5 2 3 10 12 Cr

min NAR MC NAR MC NAR MC NAR MC NAR MC min

Fe 21 26 18 23 15 19 45 56 81 106 FeSi 5 6 9 11 10 13 13 17 21 27 Si

Al 2 3 3 4 3 4 2 3 5 7 AlPb 2 3 3 4 2 3 1 2 2 3 Pb

Sn 0 1 3 4 2 3 2 3 2 3 Sn

Cu 5 7 17 24 16 21 9 12 4 6 CuCr 1 2 0 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 Cr

Engine Transmission Hydraulic Differential Final Drive

Tablewasconstructedusing15ExistingWear Tablescorresponding to threedifferentproduct families: fiveExcavators(315C,320C,330L,365B,385B),

five Off-HighwaysTrucks(769C, 775E, 777, 785, 793B) and five Track-TypeTractors (D4C,D5C, D7G, D9H, D11R). The values presented in the

table correspondtotheaverage,maximum(MAX)&minimum(min)WearTableNoActionRequired(NAR)andMonitorCompartment(MC)tablevalues.

Disclaimer: This table is intended as a training tool to provide inisight to new interpreters into the general Wear Table levels. It is not

intended as an interpretationguidelineanditisnotmeanttoreplaceanyWearTable.


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Page 21

2 0.02 95 10

6 0.06 87 26

13 0.13 74 52

20 0.2 63 7430 0.3 50 100

35 0.35 45 110

40 0.4 40 120

45 - 46 0.45 - 0.46 35 130

52 - 53 0.52 - 0.53 30 140

60 - 61 0.60 - 0.61 25 150

69 - 70 0.69 - 0.70 20 160

81 - 83 0.81 - 0.83 15 170

98 - 102 0.98 - 1.02 10 180

126 - 134 1.26 - 1.34 5 190

231 2.31 0 200

UFM INTERPRETATION SYNOPSIS

SOSsm ServiceswillnowbereportingFT-IRresultsinanewformat. Theresultsforsoot,oxidation,sulfation,andnitrationwillbeunitlesswholenumbers(UFMUnsubtractedFT-IRMethodnumber)thatnolongerrepresent%Allowablevalues. Pleasenotethatthisnewmethodisstilltobeutilizedasatrendingmodule. Therewillbesamplesandoiltypesthatdonotfit thismodel. Pleaserefertothe

technicalpaperUn-SubtractedFTIRMethodologyforSOSsm Servicesforfurtherdetails. AlsonotethatallinformationinthisdocumentwasgatheredutilizingaPerkinElmerOilExpressFT-IRwith

SpectrumOnesoftwareandtheSOSsm ServicesManagerlaboratoryinformationmanagement

software.

Shownbelowisachartwithcomparisonsfornewsootvaluesandthecorrespondingabsorbance,%T, and%allowablevalues. Sincesootisonlythemeasureoflightpassagethroughasample,thereisadirectrelationshipbetweentheabsorbancevalueobtainedattheinstrumentlevelandtheresultingUFM,%T,and%allowablevalues.

UFM # Absorbance %TSoot %Allow. Component Compartment

UFMGuidelines

Soot Diesel Engine 30

Oxidation Diesel Engine 34

Oxidation Nat. Gas Engine 20

OxidationHydraulic &Non-engine 17

Nitration Nat. Gas Engine 12

Sulfate / COCDiesel Engine 34

* - Please note that this model does not include UFM guidelinesfor soot, nitration and sulfation in non-engine compartments.Those components do not provide crucial information for non-engine compartments.

Water Screen % Water UFM #

Possible 0.10% 31

Probable 0.50% 35

TheUFMvaluesforoxidation,sulfation,andnitrationarenotdirectlyrelatedtotheabsorbancevalueobtainedattheinstrumentlevel. Absorbanceisasinglepointmeasurement,whereasournewmethodofFT-IRanalysisactuallymeasuresthepeakareainaspecificwavenumberrange. Becausethisnewmeasurementisnolongerasinglepoint,wearenotabletodirectlycorrelateprevious%allowablevalueswiththeUFMvaluesyouwillseeonyourreports. Shownaboveisatablesummarizingthevaluesforoxidation,sulfation,andnitrationtobeusedasguidelinesduringoilinterpretation. Pleaserefertothetechnicalpaperlistedaboveformoredetails.

ThewaterscreeninformationcomesoutoftheSpectrumOnesoftwareasWaterPetroleumLube. The

valueinthisareaisalsoaUFMnumber,anddoesnotrepresent%waterinthesample(seeabovetable). Also,the%waterandcorrespondingUFMnumberdonotexhibitalinearrelationship.Therefore,youcannotextrapolate%waterdatausingtheUFMnumber. Asamplewithawater

petroleumlubeUFMnumberoflessthan31willbenegativeforwaterscreen. SOSsm ServicesManagerwillassignawatertesttothissampleandcompletethetestbyenteringanegativevalue. AsamplewithawaterpetroleumlubeUFMnumberof31to34willindicateapossibleforwaterscreen,

SOSsm ServicesManagerwillassignawatertest,andit willremainincompleteuntilatechnicianperformsaphysicalconfirmationofpresenceofwaterandenterstheresult. Asamplewithawater

petroleumlubeUFMnumberof35orgreaterwillindicateaprobableforwaterscreen,SOSsm ServicesManagerwillassignawatertest,andit willremainincompleteuntilatechnicianperformsa physical


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confirmationofpresenceofwaterandenterstheresult.


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Soot-TGA

Soot-%Allowable

200

180

160

140

120

10080

60

40

20

0

SOS Services Soot Help Sheet 18 Dec 2008CatSoot in %AllowablevsCatUFMnumber

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210220 230 240

UFMnumber

TGASoot in %Weight vsCatUFMnumber

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360

UFMnumber


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Interpretation Guidelines for Fuel Dilution Results in Caterpillar Off-Highway Diesel Engines

Two Caterpillar service documents were released to address the subject of fueldilution in off-highway diesel engines. These documents are a Special

Instruction REHS3007, and a Technical Information Bulletin TIBU4910. Theseservice documents provide test guidelines for the oil viscosity test and the GCfuel dilution test. These documents do not provide interpretation guidelines forSOSServices interpreters at the dealership.

This document provides a series of interpretations that can be used whenrelaying fuel dilution recommendations to a customer. Use of theseinterpretations will provide the customer with a clear understanding of theproblem, and the recommended action. These interpretations will also provide alevel of commonality between Cat dealers. This is especially important tocustomers that use more than one dealer for their oil analysis business.

These example interpretations are written with the assumption that the customeris sampling at a recommended oil change interval. If the sample has very fewhours of operation, or if the sample has been run for an extended period of time,the interpreter may need to adjust the recommendation and change the alertlevel. In other words, these interpretations may not exactly fit every scenario;however, they do provide a common framework that addresses the mostcommon sample results. The interpreter should always use their experience andequipment history to make the best recommendation.


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none 11.0 to 12.4 4 P MC

none 9.0 to 11.0 4 PAR

none


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SOS Services OilViscosityHelpSheet 01Sep2008

From SAE J300 November 2007

From SAE J306 June 2005

Page 25


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SOSServices Oil Identification Help Sheet

DieselEngineOilsPossibleRangeofConcentrations

PPM PPM Compartments

TypicaladditiveElements

Ca 0 4000 DieselEngine HydraulicSystemsSteering

Systems

Mg 0 3000

Zn 900 1500P 800 1400Si 0 15

PossibleAdditiveElements

Mo 0 500B 0 500

Ba 0 500Cu 0 100

GasEngineOils PossibleRangeofConcentrations Compartments


Ca 0 2000 GaseousFuelEnginesMg 0 500Zn 0 400P 0 350

Si 0 15

PossibleAdditiveElementsMo 0 600B 0 300

Ba 0 2000

TO-4Oils PossibleRangeofConcentrations Compartments

TypicaladditiveElementsCa 2500 4000 PowershiftTransmission

Differential&FinalDrive

BrakingSystems

Hydraulic Systems

SteeringSystems

Zn 1100 1500P 1000 1400

PossibleAdditiveElementsMg 0 100Si 0 15

HydraulicOils PossibleRangeofConcentrations Compartments


Ca 0 4000 Hydraulic SystemsSteeringSystemsMg 0 3000Zn 900 1500P 800 1400Si 0 15

PossibleAdditiveElements

Mo 0 500B 0 500

Ba 0 500Cu 0 100

FD-1Oils PossibleRangeofConcentrations Compartments


Ca 200 400 FinalDrivesDifferentials without

frictionmaterials

B 50 150

P 200 400Zn 10 50

GL-5Oils PossibleRangeofConcentrations Compartments

TypicalAdditiveElementsP 500 1500 FinalDrives

Differentials inScrapersB 50 250

MTOOils PossibleRangeofConcentrations Compartments


Ca 2700 3700 FinalDrives&Differentials inBackhoe

Loaders Hydraulic

Systems

B 50 150Zn 800 1400P 900 1500

Page 26


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30 3 217 -16 103

31 2 217 -17 103

32 1 217 -17 103

33 -1 218 -18 103

34 -2 218 -19 103

35 -4 219 -20 104

36 -6 219 -21 104

37 -8 219 -22 104

38 -10 220 -23 10439 -12 220 -24 104

40 -14 220 -26 104

41 -16 221 -27 105

42 -18 221 -28 105

43 -20 221 -29 105

44 -22 222 -30 106

45 -24 222 -31 106

46 -26 223 -32 106

47 -28 223 -33 106

48 -30 224 -34 107

49 -32 224 -36 107

50 -34 225 -37 107

51 -37 225 -38 10752 -40 226 -40 108

53 -43 226 -42 108

54 -46 227 -43 108

55 -49 227 -45 108

56 -52 227 -47 108

57 -55 228 -48 109

58 -58 228 -50 109

59 -61 229 -52 109

60 -64 229 -53 109

61 -68 230 -56 110

62 -72 231 -58 111

63 -76 232 -60 111

64 -80 233 -62 112

65 -84 234 -64 112

66 -88 235 -67 11

67 -92 236 -69 11

68 -96 237 -71 11

69 -92 238 -69 11

70 -88 239 -67 11

71 -84 240 -64 11

72 -80 241 -62 11

73 -76 243 -60 11

74 -72 244 -58 1175 -68 245 -56 11

76 -64 246 -53 11

77 -60 248 -51 12

78 -56 249 -49 12

79 -52 251 -47 12

80 -48 253 -44 12

81 -44 255 -42 12

82 -42 257 -41 12

83 -39 259 -39 12

84 -36 261 -38 12

85 -33 263 -36 12

86 -30 264 -34 12

87 -28 268 -33 1388 -26 270 -32 13

89 -24 272 -31 13

90 -22 275 -30 13

91 -20 279 -29 13

92 -18 283 -28 13

93 -16 287 -27 14

94 -14 291 -26 14

95 -12 295 -24 14

96 -10 299 -23 14

97 -8 303 -22 15

98 -6 307 -21 15

99 -4 311 -P2a0ge 2 15

100 -2 314 -19 15

GLYCOL and TEMPERATURE HELP SHEET

% EG FP (oF) BP (

oF) FP (

oC) BP (

oC) % EG FP (

oF) BP (

oF) FP (

oC) BP (

oC) % EG FP (

oF) BP (

oF) FP (

oC) B

1 32 212 0 100

2 31 212 -1 100

3 30 212 -1 100

4 29 212 -2 100

5 28 212 -2 100

6 27 212 -3 100

7 26 212 -3 100

8 25 213 -4 101

9 24 213 -4 10110 23 213 -5 101

11 22 213 -6 101

12 21 213 -6 101

13 20 214 -7 101

14 19 214 -7 101

15 18 214 -8 101

16 17 214 -8 101

17 16 214 -9 101

18 15 214 -9 101

19 14 215 -10 102

20 13 215 -11 102

21 12 215 -11 102

22 11 215 -12 10223 10 215 -12 102

24 9 215 -13 102

25 8 216 -13 102

26 7 216 -14 102

27 6 216 -14 102

28 5 216 -15 102

29 4 216 -16 102

7


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Modified Stray Current Test

The standard test for stray current measures the current (AC & DC) from (a) coolant to

ground of battery, (b) from top of radiator, near clamp, to battery ground, (c) the outsideof the engine block to the battery ground.

This is done under the following conditions: (1) the engine and all accessories off, (2)the starter engaged accessories off, (3) all accessories turned on.

If there is a stray current only when more than one accessory is turned on, turn off theaccessories sequentially until the stray current disappears. This will indicate the source

of the stray current. This test, as designed, will determine a normal stray current (positive

for a negative ground system & negative for a positive ground system) where the batter

ground is the system ground for all component systems.

There is no common ground in many of our power generation applications, which allows

the possibility (with these floating grounds) of a positive or negative stray current (withrespect to either the engine ground, radiator ground or a true earth ground).

If a positive stray current exists (normal stray current condition), the metal acts

as an anode and serious corrosion occurs at the anode (ex: high iron seen in coolantanalysis report). If a negative stray

current exists (if all normal negative grounds were tied together this condition

would be impossible), the metal would act as a cathode and no corrosion would occur.However, the reduction of the nitrite and nitrate in the coolant could occur, which

enables the production of ammonia. Ammonia can destroy

the radiator, oil cooler cores, or any other copper alloy component it contacts in short

order.

It is necessary to check the voltage on the coolant with respect to the battery

ground, earth ground, and the block, and to determine if the current is positive or

negative. It is also necessary to check for any potential difference between the block,radiator, battery ground, and the earth ground.


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Page 28


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FluidsAnalysis

InterpretationGuide SOSSM

Coolant Analysis Interpretation Guides

Coolant Analysis Overview

Confidential

This publication is intended for the use of

authorized Caterpillar dealers only. Any distribution

of this form to unauthorized personnel must be avoided

to maintain Caterpillar leadership in the fluids analysis field.

Index of Chapters:

Chapter 1............Coolant Analysis Overview ......................................................................3

Chapter 2............Level 1 Coolant Analysis and Interpretation ........................................11

Chapter 3............Level 2 Coolant Analysis and Interpretation ........................................31

Chapter 4............Source Water Quality and Testing ........................................................38

13 October 2010 2005 Caterpillar All Rights Reserved


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SOSSM Coolant Analysis Interpretation GuideCoolant Analysis Overview

Foreword

The Importance of Coolant

Everyone understands the importance of oil, but another key fluid in Caterpillar engines, machinedesign and maintenance is the engine coolant.

How critical is it?

An estimated 50% of all engine failures or poor performance incidents are associated withcooling system problems. For this reason, Caterpillar developed the SOSCoolant Analysisprogram. SOSCoolant Analysis is recommended for cooling systems, regardless of type ofcoolant used. This includes Caterpillar Extended Life Coolant (ELC) systems or standard coolantsystems, including Caterpillar Diesel Engine Antifreeze/Coolant (DEAC).

Coolant requirements for diesel engines are more severe than for automotive engines.Diesel engines are designed to operate at higher temperatures and higher energy levels thanengines in cars and small trucks. Todays heavy diesels produce a tremendous amount of powerfrom a small package. Additionally, most of todays Caterpillar products rely on the engine coolingsystem to absorb heat from the engine, transmission, and hydraulic oils. These factors increasethe requirements and demands placed on the cooling system.

Used coolant disposal requirements have become more stringent and expensive. Used coolant

disposal must be done in accordance with local, state, and federal laws. Customers may beextending coolant drain intervals, recycling coolants and reconditioning coolants to reducedisposal costs.

For all of the above critical reasons, SOSCoolant Analysis is highly recommended to achieveoptimum performance and the full life designed into todays machines and engines.


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Chapter 1

Coolant Analysis Overview

Contents

The Purpose of Coolant Analysis..............................................................................................4

Troubleshooting with SOS Coolant Analysis ........................................................................4

SOSCoolant Analysis Interpretation Method ........................................................................5

SOSCoolant Analysis: A Two Level Program........................................................................7

Recommended Intervals for SOS Coolant Analysis ..............................................................7

Coolant Analysis and Oil Analysis Go Together ......................................................................7

Obtaining a Representative Coolant Sample ..........................................................................8

Coolant Analysis Sample Information Card ............................................................................9

Reference Material ....................................................................................................................10Literature and Training Materials ......................................................................................10Coolant Sampling Valves ..................................................................................................10Vacuum Pump Sampling Gun ..........................................................................................10


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The Purpose of Coolant Analysis

There are three primary goals of the SOSCoolant Analysis program:

1. Fluid ConditionIndicates if coolant use

can be continued or if it needs to bediscarded and replenished with new.

2. Component FailureIndicates whenan engine or cooling system failure hasoccurred. Such failures include a blownhead gasket, a corroded ground, or ablocked coolant line.

3. Life Cycle ManagementProvidesindications of shortcomings in equipmentoperational practices and maintenanceprocedures.

Troubleshooting with SOSCoolant Analysis

The chemistry of diesel engine coolant iscomplex. The chemical changes the coolantexperiences in service are even more complexand variable. The objective of the SOSCoolant Analysis program, as with SOS

Oil Analysis, is to help assure that Caterpillarmachines achieve their full design life whileproviding maximum productivity with thelowest expense. To some observers, Coolant

Analysis may seem to focus more on thechemical changes within the coolant, andtherefore coolant condition; whereas Oil

Analysis, while considering oil condition,appears to focus more on contaminationof the oil. However, the objective is thesame for both programs: to determine if

a problem exists and to determine andcorrect the cause.

In recent years, Caterpillar has changed fromthe former Diesel Engine Coolant/Antifreeze(DEAC) to a significantly superior product,Caterpillar Extended Life Coolant (ELC).The advantages of ELC over DEAC in terms of

both protection to the cooling system and incost of operation are great. However, coolingsystems require periodic testing to assurethat they are operating adequately.

There are two primary reasons fordeterioration of coolant in diesel engines:

Improper maintenance practices(topping up with only water, SCAadded to ELC, over/underconcentration of SCAs etc.)

Cooling system problems (localizedoverheating, exhaust gas entry,electrolysis, etc.)

Regardless of the type of coolant, periodicanalysis of samples should be a consistentpart of any maintenance program.

ELC is superior to DEAC in all respects.Although ELC is initially more expensive, itslonger life coupled with the fact that it does

not require maintenance to add SCA resultsin a cost per operating hour that is half (orless) than that of DEAC.


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SOS Coolant Analysis Interpretation Method

SOS Coolant Analysis, like SOS Oil Analysis, is a multiple variable analysis. A holisticapproach must be taken to interpretation. Normally, no single test parameter would be a reasonto drain the coolant. The interpretation process involves evaluating a combination of parameters

to make recommendations to the customer. These recommendations may involve maintenancepractices or cooling system problems.

The customers application and operation must be considered during the interpretation process.This is necessary to provide the best interpretation. The following chart shows possible testresult combinations with the effects on the cooling system and associated recommendations.

Classic combinations of Coolant Analysis

PrimaryTest Parameter

SecondaryTest Parameter Potential Effect

Probable ProblemArea/Causes

High Glycol High Lead Solder Corrosion Glycol level maint.

High Glycol Precipitate Water Pump Sealleak, Blocked tubes

Glycol/SCA maint.

Oil in Coolant High Copper Cooler cores Poor flushingafter using a cleaner

High Glycolate High Iron Thermostats,Cylinder liners

Low coolant level,reduced air flow,

Insufficient pressure

Very Low pH Possible high sulfate Cylinder linersCylinder block

Cylinder manifold

Exhaust gas entry

High Aluminum Low inhibitors Water pump,Spacer deck

SCA level maint.

Very Low Nitrite Low Glycolate Cylinder blockCylinder linersCylinder head

Positive stray current

High Copper Ammonia odor Radiator/cooler cores Poor flushingafter using a cleaner


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The chemical differences between ELC and DEAC result in some differences in the manner inwhich they perform or react with contaminants. The two charts below outline, in a very generalform, some of these differences.

Factors Affecting Performance of DEAC

Coolant System CoolantCondition & Maintenance Additive Depletion Contaminants

Stray Current Depletion of nitrites Hard water salts (Ca & Mg)

Poor ground Depletion of nitrates Chlorides

Air leakage in system Depletion of silicates Sulfates

Cooling system run hot Depletion of molybdates Carbon dioxide

Local hot spots in cooling system Depletion of phosphates Oxygen

Faulty or mis-set block heater Drop in pH Cooling system cleaners

Poor coolant concentration Increase in conductivity Diesel fuel

Underdosing SCAs Dilution with water Oil

Overdosing SCAs

Degradation Products, Corrosion, and Deposits

Glycolates & Acetates Iron Hard-water Scale

Formalates Aluminum Silica Fall-out

Oxalates Copper Phosphate Drop-out

Solvents (ketones) Lead SCA Drop-out

Nitrates Zinc

Carbonates Tin

Factors Affecting Performance of ELC

Coolant System Coolant AdditiveCondition & Maintenance Depletion Contaminants

Stray current Depletion of nitrites Hard water salts (Ca & Mg)*

Poor ground Drop in pH Chlorides*

Air leakage in system Increase of Conductivity Sulfates*

Cooling system run hot Dilution with water* Carbon dioxide

Local hot spots in cooling system Depletion of molybdates Oxygen

Faulty or mis-set block heater Depletion of sebacate Cooling system cleaners

Poor coolant concentration control Depletion of tolyltriazole Diesel fuel

Using SCA or SCA Filters Oil

Degradation Products, Corrosion, and Deposits

Glycolates & Acetates Iron Virtually No Deposits

Formates Aluminum

Oxalates Copper

Solvents (ketones) Lead

Nitrates Zinc

Carbonates Tin

* From topping up with water rather than with ELC pre-mix.


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SOS Coolant Analysis:A Two Level Program

There are two levels of tests within the SOSCoolant Analysis program. The Level 1 analysisis performed by a trained Caterpillar dealer

technician. The Level 2 analysis is a morecomprehensive chemical evaluation of thecooling system performed by a qualifiedlaboratory.

SOS Level 1 Coolant Analysis

SOS Level 1 Coolant Analysis is a systemmaintenance check.

Level 1 Coolant Analysis consists of the

following tests: Glycol concentration, freeze and

boil protection by refractometer

Coolant acidity by pH meter

Coolant conductivity by conductivitymeter

Nitrite level by titration

Test for magnetic solids by strongmagnet

Additionally, each Level 1 sample is evaluatedby the trained technician for the followingsensory analysis:

Odor

Color and appearance

Precipitate

Oil or fuel contamination

Foam

SOS Level 2 Coolant Analysis

Level 2 analysis is a comprehensive chemicalevaluation of the coolant, as well as a checkof the overall condition of the cooling system.Level 2 analysis will help determine the amountof erosion or corrosion damage within thecooling system and recommendations tocorrect possible causes.

Recommended Intervals for SOSCoolant Samples

Typeof coolant Level 1 Level 2

Cat DEACEvery

250 hours (1) Annually(1)(2)(3)

Cat ELC Not required Annually(3)

(1) This is the recommended coolant sampling interval

for all heavy duty coolant/antifreeze. This is also

the recommended coolant sampling interval for

commercial coolants that meet EC-1 (Engine

Coolant specification 1).(2) The Level 2 Coolant Analysis should be performed

sooner if identified by a Level 1 Coolant Analysis.(3) New systems, refilled systems and converted

systems should be sampled for Level 2 Coolant

Analysis at 500 hours or one year, whichever

interval occurs first.

Source SEBU6250

Coolant Analysis and Oil AnalysisGo Together

Whenever you interpret a coolant sample it isvery important to evaluate it in concert with oil

samples taken at the same maintenanceinterval. The effects of engine overheating may

be evident in both oil and coolant samples.

For example, if an engine oil sample has asignificant level of oxidation, obtain a coolantsample for analysis as soon as possible.The oil oxidation problem may be relatedto a cooling system problem.

The life cycle of transmissions and hydraulicsystems are also directly affected by coolanttemperature.

Engines:

High coolant temperatures cause high oiltemperatures, reducing the oils operatingviscosity (and, thereby its hydrodynamiclubricity) and contributing to oil oxidation,with resultant engine wear. The result maybe evident as reduced component life orfailure (ring sticking, piston glazing orvarnishing, valve wear, etc.) which masksthe fact that a cooling system problem wasa contributing factor.


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Transmissions:

An overheated cooling system can also be afactor in reduced transmission life. For example,transmission disc slippage may occur as aresult of reduced oil viscosity at elevatedtemperatures. Transmission slippage createsmore heatcan cause oil oxidationand avicious cycle is established.

Hydraulics:

Hydraulic pumps and motors become lessefficient at elevated temperatures, and maysuffer reduced life of valves, pump slippers,barrels, plungers and seals due to oil oxidationand reduced oil viscosity.

Sometimes, a failure to the engine, transmissionor hydraulics may be repaired with no attentionpaid to the serious cooling system problemwhich precipitated it. The end result will beshortened component life and a customerless than satisfied with the performance ofthe machine or engine.

Always review the oil analysis records foreach machine or engine whenever you

interpret a coolant sample. Strive to provideeach customer with the full measure of valuefor the money spent on SOS analysis.Coupling your interpretation of both oiland coolant samples will assure increasedcustomer value within the SOS program.

Obtaining a RepresentativeCoolant Sample

Coolant Sampling Valves

Many cooling systems have a coolant samplingvalve. It is also possible to install the valveon machines not so equipped.

Do not install oil sampling valves in coolingsystems. The large particulates typically foundin coolant have been found to plug the valveand cause it to seep. For this reason, thecoolant sampling valve is equipped witha screen.

In terms of location, the coolant sampling valveshould be located at a point where the coolantis flowing freely. A location on or near thewater temperature regulator housing is anexcellent location. Another good location isdownstream of the oil cooler where the coolantreenters the cylinder block. The location variesby engine model due to accessibility of thesampling valve. The part numbers of thecoolant valves are listed at the end of thischapter.

Sampling from Radiator

Safety NoticeDo not remove radiator cap while coolantis hot. Severe scalding and burnscould result.

Do NOT draw a sample from the overflow tank,

or from any cooling system drain valve, assamples from these sources will not berepresentative of the coolant in the system.

While taking coolant samples from a radiatorplease observe safety precautions. The sampleshould be taken after the coolant has beenwell circulated. However, do NOT remove theradiator cap if the coolant is HOT. The besttime to take samples is after the engine hasbeen shut down for an hour or two after a

normal work day. Start the engine to circulatethe coolant again. Then shut the engine off.CAREFULLY remove the radiator cap and takethe sample using a vacuum pump similar tothat used to sample non-pressurized oilcompartments.


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The vacuum pump used to draw coolantsamples should NOT be used to obtain oilsamples. Although the fluid does not enterthe barrel of the pump, a residue of glycolfrom the coolant remains and can contaminate

oil samples. This will cause a false positiveglycol alert for the oil sample indicating acoolant leak into the oil system.

Similarly, oil residue could possibly contaminatecoolant samples. So, it is important to clearlydesignate each vacuum pump as to whetherit is for oil or coolant samples.

Submit Samples Promptly

Coolant samples should be submitted for

analysis promptly after the sample is takenfrom the cooling system. Some of the inhibitorchemicals and many contaminants in usedcoolants have limited solubility and mayprecipitate over time. The most accuratesample results, and therefore the mostaccurate interpretation, will result fromprocessing of the sample within a week

of its extraction from the cooling system.

Coolant Sampling Valve Dust Cover

The dust cover for the coolant sampling valveis made of red rubber to distinguish it fromthe oil sampling valves.

Coolant Analysis SampleInformation Card

Below is the information card to be submittedwith each coolant sample. It is very importantthat all the information be included,especially the hours, miles or kilometers onthe coolant and the engine. Supplies of thecoolant analysis card may be ordered as form

No. PEEP5032 (English) or PESP5032(Spanish).

S SS SrvcDoNotTakeSample

FromOverflowTank:

Wascoolantchangedatthistime? Yes No

Wascoolantadditiveorextenderaddedatthissampletime? Yes No

ExtendedLifeCoolant

ConventionalAntifreeze/Coolant

(other)


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Reference Materials

The following list is provided for yourconvenience in referencing the various mediaand parts available from Caterpillar concerningSOS Coolant Analysis, Caterpillar ExtendedLife Coolant and Cooling Systems.

Literature and Training Materials

MediaNumber Title

PEHP7057 SOS Coolant Analysis(customer discussion piece)

PEHP7036 SOS Fluid Analysis

(customer discussion piece;briefly describes both oilanalysis and coolant analysis)

PEEP5032 Coolant Analysis Sample Card(English)

PESP5032 Coolant Analysis Sample Card(Spanish)

SEBD0970 Coolant and your Engine

(customer training booklet)

PEVN4287 Extended Life CoolantBetter PerformanceLess Cost (video tape-Earthmoving Version)

LEVN6411 Extended Life CoolantBetter PerformanceLess Cost (video tape-TruckEngine Version)

SEBD0518 Know Your Cooling System

PEHJ0067 Extended Life CoolantSpecification Sheet

SEBU6250 Caterpillar Machine Fluids

Recommendations

LEDQ7330 A Close Look at Cat ExtendedLife Coolant (customerdiscussion piece)

PEEP5027 ELC Decal (indicated coolingsystem filled with ELC)

Knowledge Network

Coolant Sampling Valves

Note: Use o f eith er 154-9024 or 154-9025

is recommended. These two valves

have pipe threads which are normallyused in cool ing systems.

Part

Number Description

154-9024 Coolant Valve 38-18 NPTFexternal thread

154-9025 Coolant Valve 14-18 NPTFexternal thread

154-9023 Coolant Valve 716-20 STOPort external thread

3J7354 O-Ring for 154-9023

157-0670 Dust Cap-Engine Coolant

Vacuum Pump Sampling Gun

PartNumber Description

1U5718 Vacuum Pump Sampling Gun

1U5719 Seal Kit for 1V5718

Vacuum Pump


51/7911

Chapter 2

Level 1 Coolant Analysis and Interpretation

Contents

Level 1 Tests ..............................................................................................................................13

Summary of Acceptable Limits................................................................................................13

Level 1 Test Sequence ..........................................................................................................14

1. Color and Appearance ..................................................................................................14

2. Precipitate ......................................................................................................................15

3. Oil or Fuel Contamination ............................................................................................17

4. Foam................................................................................................................................18

5. Odor ................................................................................................................................18

6. Glycol Level Refractometer Test................................................................................21Glycol Level ELC ....................................................................................................22Glycol Level DEAC ..................................................................................................23

7. Conductivity....................................................................................................................24Conductivity Test Result Limits (Both ELC and DEAC) ..........................................24Conductivity Test Result Recommendations ELC ............................................24Conductivity Test Result Recommendations DEAC..........................................24

(contents continued on next page)


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8. Nitrite Level ....................................................................................................................25Nitrite Limits (Both ELC and DEAC) ........................................................................25General Troubleshooting Guidelines Concerning Nitrite Level..............................25Nitrite Test Result Recommendations ELC ..........................................................25Nitrite Test Result Recommendations DEAC ........................................................26

9. pH A Measure of Acidity or Alkalinity ......................................................................27 Coolant pH Limits ......................................................................................................28pH Test Result Recommendations ELC ................................................................28pH Test Result Recommendations DEAC..............................................................29

Note: For p urpos es of th e bul let in please be aware of the fol lowing d ef ini t ions :

Extended Life Coolant (ELC)Caterpillar Extended Life Coolant

Standard Diesel Engine Antifreeze/Coolant (DEAC)Any standard diesel engineantifreeze/coolant, whether Caterpillar brand or other.


53/7913

Level 1 Tests

Caterpillar urges that all dealers acquire theequipment and have trained personnel toperform Level 1 Coolant Analysis and toadvise customers concerning cooling systemmatters. There are five relatively inexpensivetesting devices required for Caterpillar dealersto perform Level 1 Coolant Analysis.These are:

Refractometer for Glycol Concentration,Freeze and Boil Protection

pH meter

Conductivity Meter

Apparatus for Nitrite Titration

Strong Magnet

Additionally, the technician must be trained andexperienced in the following sensory analysis:

Odor

Color and Appearance

Precipitate

Oil or Fuel Contamination

Foam

Note: All of the Level 1 tests are included

as part of th e Level 2 tests.

Summary of Acceptable Limits forLevel 1 Tests

The following chart summarizes the acceptablelimits or observed criteria for each Level 1

test. Each is discussed in more detail laterin this bulletin.

Test Minimum Maximum Recommended Ideal

Glycol by RefractometerGlycol Concentration (ELC) 30% 65% 45-55% 50%Glycol Concentration (DEAC) 30% 65% 40-60% 50%

Corrected Conductivity** 0 S/cm 7,500** S/cm


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Level 1 Test Sequence

The sensory tests are generally performedbefore the instrument tests. In each instance,the sensory test results should be noted forinclusion on the customer report.

The suggested test sequence is as follows:

1. Color and Appearance

2. Precipitate

3. Oil or Fuel Contamination

4. Foam

5. Odor

6. Glycol Level

7. Conductivity

8. Nitrite Level

9. Coolant pH

1. Color and Appearance

Color should be noted. It is of significance

to observe if the color varies from that of thecoolant when new (if the new color can bedetermined). ELC is described as orange-red.

Most borate-based coolants, such asCaterpillar DEAC, are described as magenta.Many phosphate based coolants are shadesof green, and phosphate-molybdate coolantsare often blue or green.

A change in color is significant because itgenerally indicates a chemical change withinthe coolant, or mixing of coolants or inhibitors(SCA or Extender). If you are uncertain of theoriginal color of the coolant, you should note

the observed color of the sample on thecustomers report form and inquire aboutthe original color. Obtain a sample of newcoolant, if possible, for comparison withused coolant samples.

If a DEAC sample appears clear or yellow it isbecoming acidic. The chemical phenolphthaleinin DEAC begins to turn clear when the coolantpH drops below about 9.0, depending upon

the concentration of the coolant-to-watermixture. The yellow color, if present, is ironrust. ELC contains no phenolphthalein anddoes not turn clear or yellow in this manner.

Appearance refers to two conditions:

the degree of clarity

whether there is a separation orstratification within the sample

Color determination is a subjective matter.


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Note: New c oolant is d escr ibed as

having the fol lowing co lors:

ELC (Except European product)Orange/Red

ELC (European product)Orange (Fl)

DEACMagenta

The degree of clarity should be noted as:

clear

slightly cloudy

cloudy

opaque

Cloudiness of the sample is caused by either

a partially dispersed, insoluble contaminant orby exceeding the solubility of a component in

the sample. Hard water salts can react withcomponents of the inhibitor package such assilicates or phosphates to cause cloudiness.Hard water minerals can also react withoxidation products of the glycol to form adispersed precipitate and cause the coolantto appear cloudy. Highly dispersed oil or fuelcontamination can also cause the sample toappear cloudy.

A separation line noted within a sample after

it has been allowed to settle will generally bean indication of either oil contamination orprecipitate. Both of these conditions arecovered later under separate headings.However, it is possible that chemicalincompatibility may cause a separation line,so the presence of a separation line shouldbe noted and described.

Oil, fuel, and solvents will form separate layerson top of the aqueous coolant solution.

2. Precipitate

Precipitate is undissolved solid material in

the sample. It usually results from corrosionof metal components of the cooling systemor precipitation of additives from the enginecoolant. Iron corrosion will usually show as

a brown non-magnetic precipitate (rust) ora black magnetic precipitate (scale).

Lead corrosion will usually show as a dense,white or gray, non-magnetic precipitate.

Aluminum corrosion will show as a whiteflocculent precipitatesimilar to silica fallout.

With ELC the mono and dibasic acid soapscan precipitate (as a hard water soap scum)in the presence of hard water salts.(This precipitate is normally kept dispersed bythe excess potassium soaps in the coolant.)

With DEAC, silicate in the coolant willprecipitate as a flocculent white precipitatewhen the pH drops or when hard water saltsenter the system. Phosphates in somecoolants and SCAs will precipitate in thepresence of hard water salts.


56/7916

The following terms may be used todescribe precipitate.

PRECIPITATE

Amount Appearance

None Flocculent

Trace Dense

Light Granules

Moderate Chunks

Excessive Flakes

Other

Color Magnetism

Black None

Brown Somewhat

White Mixture

Gray Magnetic

Tan

Black-Brown

Black-White

Brown-White

Other

Precipitate Test Result Recommendations

1. If minimal white or gray nonmagneticprecipitate or no precipitate is present,and the other results are okaycontinueto the Oil Contamination evaluation.

2. If minimal brown or black precipitate ispresent, evaluate the other analysis morecritically than normal. (Particularly the

inhibitor levels)3. If a moderate to heavy precipitate is present,

determine if the precipitate is representativeof the sample or if it results from thesampling technique. One should besuspicious of a bad sample if the samplecontains a heavy precipitate and the othertests look good. The best ways to assessthe sample is to talk with the person whotook the sample or request a second sample

and compare it with the first. If the sampleis not representative of the coolant in thesystem, ignore the results (and get a newsample). If it is representative of the systemproceed to step 4.

4a. ELCIf significant gray or white flocculentprecipitate is present, and all otherparameters are within range, continue touse the coolant but check for the additionof hard water to the system. (ELC shouldnot be made up with water under normalcircumstancesit is prediluted.)

4b. DEACIf significant gray or white flocculent ispresent, and all other parameters are

within range, continue to use the coolantbut obtain a sample of the source water fora source water analysis and recommenda Level 2 analysis in 250 hours or15,000 miles (25 000 km). (To determineif the precipitate is from the use of hardwater or lead salts from corrosive attackof solder.)

5a. ELCIf a heavy brown or black, magnetic orpartially magnetic precipitate is present and

all other parameters are not well withinrange; drain and flush the coolingsystem and replenish with ELC.

if the other parameters are well withinthe acceptable ranges, check to seeif a previous charge of coolant had aserious problem. If the precipitate wasleft in the system from a previousproblem, flush and clean the systemwith an appropriate cleaner when it is

convenient to do so. (Keep in mindthese particles are probably abrasiveand will increase wear.) Make sure thesystem is thoroughly flushed (at least3 times) after using a cleaner as theseproducts are typically aggressive andremove most passivating barriers aswell as deposits and corrosion.


57/7917

5b. DEACIf a heavy brown or black, magnetic orpartially magnetic precipitate is presentand:

all other parameters are not well within

range; drain and flush the coolantsystem and replenish with 50/50DEAC/distilled water.

if the other parameters are well withinthe acceptable ranges, check to seeif a previous charge of coolant had aserious problem. If the precipitate wasleft in the system from a previousproblem, flush and clean the systemwith an appropriate cleaner when itis convenient to do so. (Keep in mind

these particles are probably abrasiveand will increase wear.) Make sure thesystem is thoroughly flushed (at least3 times) after using a cleaner as theseproducts are typically aggressive andremove most passivating barriers aswell as deposits and corrosion.

6. If a very fine, floating, black, nonmagneticprecipitate or a relatively low density, black,nonmagnetic, chunky type precipitate ispresent, check to make sure fuel or oil is

not present. Then check the condition ofthe hoses (particles are probably fromrubber degradation). If the hoses havedeteriorated, further evaluation of rubbero-ring seals (e.g. cylinder liner o-rings)or oil cooler end sheets may be necessary.

Also, check oil samples from water cooledcompartments for indicators of glycolcontamination.

Running the coolant abnormally hot will cause

any polymers (rubber) in the cooling systemto degrade at an accelerated rate (and itwill also increase the oxidation rate ofthe engine oil).

3. Oil or Fuel ContaminationRecommendations Both ELC and DEAC

Oil and fuel contaminants will float on top of

the coolant sample. The presence of oil inthe sample is an indication of a leak betweenthe cooling system and one of the oil systems(engine, hydraulic, etc.). Fuel contaminationgenerally occurs on engines with unit fuelinjectors and can result from a failure ofinjector sleeves or fuel pre-heater.

If there is significant oil in the sample, there isan urgent problem. Immediately check on the

oil analysis results for all water cooled oil

systems to determine if they show any signsof contamination with coolant. If there are nosigns of coolant entry into the oil, either checkwith the person who took the sample orrecheck the cooling system to make sure theoil did not come from the sampling process(oil in the sampling gun or an

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