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Interpersonal Processes That Contribute to
Depression
John Vitkus, Ph.D.Cleveland Clinic Foundation
A Tale of Two Theories
The Interpersonal Circle Sex-Differences in Communication
Theory 1:Interpersonal Theory andThe Interpersonal Circle
1913, George Herbert Mead 1938, Harry Stack Sullivan 1957, Timothy Leary 1974, Lorna Benjamin 1983, Donald Kiesler 2002, G. Scott Acton and William Revelle
Dimension 1:Affiliation
Hostile Friendly
Dimension 2: Control
Dominant
Submissive
A Two-Dimensional Model
Submissive
Dominant
Hostile Friendly
Mapping Behaviors on the Model
criticize
love
apologize
reject
order
obey
request
assistattack
withdraw
disclose
advisescold
sulk
meddle
acquiesce
A Circumplex Arrangement
The Interpersonal Circumplex
FriendlyHostile
Dominant
Submissive
Typical Interaction Patterns
FriendlyHostile
Dominant
Submissive
Asking for help
Offering advice
Accusing the partner
Justifying oneself
The Principle of Complementarity Robert Carson, 1969
Any particular behavior tends to elicit a response that issimilar in its level of affiliation, butopposite in its level of control.
The Interpersonal Circle
Submissive
Dominant
Hostile Friendly
Theory 2:Sex-Differences in Communication
1990, Deborah Tannen: You Just Don’t Understand
1992, John Gray Men are from Mars, Women are from
Venus
For Women:
Primary motive for communication: To establish and maintain
relationships.
Primary method of communication “rapport talk”
For Men:
• Primary motive for communication:– To establish and maintain status.
• Primary method of communication– “report talk”
Examples of sex-differences
Asking for directions
The speed up signal
Parenting
Submissive
Dominant
Hostile Friendly
Hostile Friendly
Women conceptualize communication first along the dimension of Affiliation
Submissive
Dominant
Men conceptualize communication first along the dimension of Control
An example from her:
“You need to watch your cholesterol.”
FriendlyHostile
Dominant
Submissive
Loving advice
Friendly
Dominant
Submissive
Loving advice
Hostile
Grateful compliance
What she expects to hear:
“Thanks. I’ll watch what I eat. I appreciate your concern for my health.”
FriendlyHostile
Dominant
Submissive
Loving advice
A woman sees affiliation . . .
FriendlyHostile
Dominant
Submissive
Loving advice
But a man sees control . . .
What she sometimes hears:
“Quit nagging!”
FriendlyHostile
Dominant
Submissive
Frustrated criticism
FriendlyHostile
Dominant
Submissive
Frustrated criticism
A man sees control . . .
FriendlyHostile
Dominant
Submissive
Frustrated criticism
But a woman sees rejection . . .
Submissive
Dominant
Hostile Friendly
Male Preference for Interpersonal Communication
Submissive
Dominant
Hostile Friendly
Female Preference for Interpersonal Communication
Submissive
Dominant
Hostile Friendly
A Healthy Exchange Model of Interpersonal Communication
Submissive
Dominant
Hostile Friendly
An Insecure Male/Passive Female Pattern
Submissive
Dominant
Hostile Friendly
An Interpersonal/Sex-Differences Model of Depression