Interpersonal behavior

Johari window

• The Johari window is a technique created by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham in 1955 in the United State. It is used primarily in self-help groups and corporate settings as a experimental problem solving exercise.

• The Johari Window is a communication model that can be used to improve understanding between individuals.

• Developed by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham (the word “Johari” comes from Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham).

Two key ideas behind the tool:

• Individuals can build trust between themselves by disclosing information about themselves.

• They can learn about themselves and come to terms with personal issues with the help of feedback from others.

The four quadrants are:• Quadrant 1: Open Area• What is known by the person

about him/herself and is also known by others.

• Quadrant 2: Blind Area, or "Blind Spot"

• What is unknown by the person about him/herself but which others know. This can be simple information, or can involve deep issues (for example, feelings of inadequacy, incompetence, unworthiness, rejection) which are difficult for individuals to face directly, and yet can be seen by others.

• Quadrant 3: Hidden or Avoided Area

• What the person knows about him/herself that others do not.

• Quadrant 4: Unknown Area• What is unknown by the person

about him/herself and is also unknown by others.

About TA• Proposed by Dr. Eric

Berne in mid 1960’s in his book “Games People Play”

• Popularized by Thomas A. Harris, author of the book I'm OK - You're OK, and Muriel James, author of Born to Win.

When two people interact with each other they engage in social transactions in which one person responds to the another.

Study of such “social transactions” is known as Transactional Analysis.

It is used to study and analyze interpersonal communication

Freud’s Mental States ID EGO SUPEREGO

Berne’s Ego States Child Adult Parent

1. Natural child2. Adapted child

1. Nurturing parent2. Punishing parent

We can tell which ego state a person is in because of the verbal and non-verbal behaviour appropriate to each state.

Parent Ego State• Thoughts, feelings, attitudes, behavioral patterns

based on messages or lessons learned from parents and other ‘parental’ or authoritarian sources

• Shoulds and should nots; oughts and ought nots; always and never

• Prejudicial views (not based on logic or facts) on things such as:

religion dresstraditions work productsmoney raising children companies

• Nurturing views (sympathetic, caring views)• Critical views (fault finding, judgmental,

condescending views)

Adult Ego State• Thoughts, feelings, attitudes,

behavioral patterns based on objective analysis of information (data, facts)

• Make decisions based on logic, computations, probabilities, etc. (not emotion)

Child Ego State• Thoughts, feelings, attitudes,

behavioral patterns based on child-like emotions, impulses, feelings we have experienced

• Child-like examplesImpulsiveSelf-centeredAngryFearful

HappyPleasure seekingRebelliousHappy

CuriousEager to please

Intonations: It’s the Way You Say It!

Placement of the emphasis

Why don’t I take you to dinner tonight?Why don’t I take you to dinner tonight?Why don’t I take you to dinner tonight?

Why don’t I take you to dinner tonight?Why don’t I take you to dinner tonight?Why don’t I take you to dinner tonight?Why don’t I take you to dinner

tonight?

What it means

I was going to take someone else.Instead of the guy you were going

with.I’m trying to find a reason why I

shouldn’t take you.

Do you have a problem with me?Instead of going on your own.Instead of lunch tomorrow.Not tomorrow night.

three types of transaction – complementary, crossed and ulterior.

• complementary transaction occurs when one person sends a message or stimulus (S) from one ego state to an ego state of another person, and gets an expected response (R). Here, lines of communication are open, and this type of transaction or interchange can continue indefinitely

Complementary Transaction

Crossed transactions occur when a stroke is given one way and the response is unexpected: the lines of communication are not parallel, and conflict or misunderstanding usually ensues.

Crossed/ Blocked Transaction

Ulterior transactions occur when there is a difference between the social and psychological levels of meaning, that is, when we say one things and mean another, conveying hidden or ulterior meanings.

Social (verbal) meaning Psychological (non-verbal) meaning

Let’s have lunch. Let’s not have lunch.

Isn’t that an interesting book? I like you, let’s be friends.

What is your opinion of . . . . ? Who cares what your opinion is?

Ulterior Transaction

LIFE POSITIONS AND SCRIPTS

The ways in which we choose to structure our lives depend on two concepts known as life positions and scripts.

Life positions and scripts are two ways of looking at the same thing:

The programming that we all receive in the first few years of our lives (script), and the extent to which that programming predetermines the mix of happiness and un happiness in the rest of our lives (life positions).

There are four basic life positions that people adopt.MAP OF LIFE POSITIONS

I- Y+

I- Y-

I+ Y+

I+ Y-

There are four basic types of life positions.

These positions tell us what we think of ourselves and what we think of others.

1. I‘m OK, you’re OK (I+ Y+) – healthy, happy self-concept.2. I‘m OK, you’re not OK (I+ Y-) – these people feel superior toward

others.3. I‘m not OK, you’re OK (I- Y+) – people with this attitude feel inferior to

others.4. I’m not OK, you’re not OK (I- Y-) – no hope for this one (may commit

acts of violence, e.g. suicide).

We choose these life positions as we choose our life scripts in the first years of life.

Scripts are unconsciously acquired life plans based on messages given to us by others. Messages from our parents, teachers, from fairy tales shape our personality in the first years. We act out these scripts all our lives.

Life Positions: