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Interoperability:recombinant potential
Lorcan Dempsey
‘opportunities for applied research on the creation, management, preservation, and use of digital
content’
IMLS workshop
17/18 March 2003
Overview
• MARC
• MARC-XML, MODS, Dublin Core, Onix, LOM
• EAD, TEI, DC, MARC
• METS, SCORM
• DDI, FGDC, ..
• MARC AMC, EAD, DC, RSLP
• OAIS, METS, OCLC/RLG, …
• Z39.50, SRU/W, Xquery, …
• SOAP, WSDL, UDDI, …
• GIF, TIFF, PNG, JPEG, …
• XML, RDF, ..
• DDC, LCSH, LCC, TGN, AAT, …
• PURL, DOI, ISTC, URN, …
• XRML,ODRL,..
Overview
• Remarks on interoperability
• Institutional perspective
• Interoperability frameworks
• Concluding remarks
• Inconclusive!!!
– Different mental models
– The words of things entangle and confuse
• document, repository, archive, digital library, registry, …
Interoperability as recombinant potential• Can I …
– … add a document to a repository?
– … add a repository to a distributed query?
– … fuse metadata from one repository with another?
– … assemble these resources into a learning package?
– … embed an interactive service in my exhibition, my reading list, my campus portal?
– … ingest a content package into an archive?
– … take a content package out of an archive in 10 years time?
– … navigate several databases by subject, by name, by place, by resource type, by educational level?
– … cite a document in a repository?
– … bring resources into my own workspace?
• With …
– … as little custom work as possible
– … as little precoordinated agreement as possible
Licensed collections
Aggregations
Virtual reference
user environmentsresource environment
Library serviceLibrary serviceenvironmentenvironmentLibrary serviceLibrary serviceenvironmentenvironment
Institutional repository
Digital collections
E-reserveCatalog
lab books
exhibitions
PDAs
learning management systems
campus portal
course materialtext book
new scholarly resources
readinglists
Different perspectives
• Disaggregating scholarly publishing
– Linking, Identifiers
• Libraries, archives and museums digitizing unique collections
– Content and metadata models
• Research and learning materials
– Eprints
– Research data
– Learning materials
– E-portfolios
• Service model: multiple environments of use
– Exhibition, workbench/lab book, learning management system, portal, interpretive essay, …
• Metadata models
– Syntax
– Semantics
– Values
• Content packaging models
– METS, SCORM
• Collection model
– Heirarchical, multiple items
– Provenance, context
– Interpretive, organized knowledge, evidential
• Use model
– Tools required, …
• Resources (Objects and collections)
– “content”
– “metadata”
– Rights
– People
– Institutions
– Concepts
– Places
– Resource levels
– Educational standards
– …
• Services
– Query
– Disclose
– Get/put
– Validate
– Ingest
– Annotate
– Request
– Register
– Migrate
– …
• Interoperability Infrastructure
– Registry• Publish structures/schema
– Directory• Services, collections
– Resolution• Relate other resources
A changed world
• A pervasive network environment requires a more light-weight, fine-grained approach to combining and recombining resources and services.
• “Web services”
• See pre-workshop comments.
• We have done most work at metadata level (and access to metadata), but even there …
Some metadata examples
• Equivalence?
– Network digital library of theses and dissertations
• Management of identity and difference
– E-prints UK
• Consistency
– Schema transformation
– Harvesting LOM
• Knowledge organization
– Articulate resources and users by subject, place,
• Major issues
– Different communities of practice (case law)
– Leverage accumulated investment in knowledge organization technologies or see them wither
– Harvesting nascent – need agreements
– What can be automated
– Precoordinated vs dynamic recombination
An institutional perspective
• High acronymic density a source of bewilderment
• Makers and takers
• State of the art keeps receding over the horizon
• Balkanization leads to sub-optimal approaches
Rich
Descrip
tion
Sim
ple
Desc
rip
tionItemCollections
Dublin Core
RSLP
OAI set record
TEI
VRA Core
ONIX MARC 8
CSDGM
Institutional issues
• Organizational domains
– Library
– Archive
– Press
– Learning management
– Departments
– Computing
• Interest domains
– Grid/Internet2
– Digital library
– Learning management
– Disciplinary focuses
• Shared services
– A variety of repositories
– Identity management
• Institutional investment
– What confidence?
– Vertical silo within institution -- wheels within wheels
– How do you manage investment across silos
– Current metadata creation and content management practices unsustainable.
DirectoriesVocabularyCompetencyMetadata
Repositories
Organizations Traders
Acc
ess
Man
agem
ent
MA
NA
GE
RIG
HT
S O
BL
IGA
TIO
NS
CO
NT
RO
L A
CC
ESS
AU
TH
EN
TIC
AT
E AU
TH
OR
ISE
AU
DIT
Pro
curem
ent
NE
GO
TIA
TE
TR
AD
EM
AK
E P
AY
ME
NT
SEARCH
Learner Creator Infoseeker
Repositories
AssetsMetadata
Resource Utilizers
DISCOVER
REQUEST
USE Presentation
Mediation
Provision
People
Agent
RE
SOL
VE
Registries
STORE
STORE EXPOSEMANAGE STORE EXPOSEMANAGE
DELIVER
(Query, Browse, Follow Path)ACCESS
GATHER
PUBLISH
MANAGE
ALERT
EXPOSE
IMS digital repository interoperability specification
Interoperability frameworks – the big IF
• Positive
– Hedging our bets
– Common frame of reference
– Articulate business, technical and service discussion
– Orient and motivate development
– Suggest roles and responsibilities
– Examples• OAIS
• OKI
• IMS
• JISC IE
• Portal envy
• Questions
– At what level of granularity
– Cross-domain?
– Unhelpful circumscription?
– Stifles thought
Some concluding thoughts• Institutions and incentives !!!!!
– Our apparatus for managing standards is dysfunctional.
– What incentives and support for creating recombinant schema, resources (metadata and content), and services would be useful?
• Interoperability plus time = preservation.
• Service architecture
– We need a greater focus on exposing and combining services in user or system environments.
– What level of explicit “interoperability framework” is useful?
– What interoperability infrastructure is useful and how is it sustained (registry and directory)?
• Make data work
– We need better approaches for managing resource identity and difference.
– Mining – needs data
– Can we make knowledge organization technologies more effective in a network environment?
• Why has digital library research had so little impact in operational environments?