INTERNSHIP REPORT - HODAL BIZIMUNGU

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

SCHOOL OF SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

OPTION: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2015-2016

Submitted by: Supervisor:

August, 2016

INTERNSHIP REPORT FOR THE ACADEMIC

INTERNSHIP CARRIED OUT AT THE MINISTRY OF

EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY

From 5th

July to 5th

August, 2016

Hodal Bizimungu

Registration number: 214001841

SALAFINA FLAVIA

i

Ministry of East African community

Declaration

I BIZIMUNGU Hodal, a student at the University of Rwanda, Collage of arts and social sciences

hereby declare that the presented report on the internship conducted in National Institute of

Statistics from 5th July up to 5

th August, 2016 at the Ministry of East African community, under

the supervision of the acting Director of the unity Salafina FLAVIA is my own presentation

which has not been presented for any other academic purpose at any University or higher

learning institution or anywhere else

To the best of my knowledge, I declare that this work is original and has been compiled under

the guidance of my Supervisor: Salafina flavia, acting Director of Social & Governance Affairs

Unit.

Hodal Bizimungu

Date: 5th / August/ 2016

Signature ……………………….

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Certification

This is to certify that, Hodal Bizimungu, a Student from the University of Rwanda (UR), school

of social, political and administrative sciences, department of political science and international

relations, has completed his internship in our Ministry of East African Community (MINEAC)

from 5th

July to 5th August, 2016 in the Social & Governance Affairs Unit, under the guidance of

Supervisor Salafina flavia , Acting Director of Social & Governance Affairs Unit.

Supervisor

SALAFINA FLAVIA

Signature and Stamp: ……………………… Date ……/……/…...

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DEDICATION

I dedicate this report:

To the Almighty God;

My lovely Family;

My Brothers and Sisters;

To All MINEAC staff,

To the University of Rwanda Community especially college of Arts and social sciences;

And to All my Colleges and those who supported me in any kind.

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Foreword

The Internship is a tool to correspond theoretical courses learnt in class with the real practices on

the field to identify the extent to which theories learnt from lecturers are applied. The internship

was prepared by The University of Rwanda (UR) for all students in Third year undergraduate. I

passed one month in MINEAC, and this has been so much learning for me because almost my

expectations are now achieved.

This opportunity allowed the intern to increase his knowledge about transformation of theoretical

skills into practical skills and this also helped me to familiarize myself directly to a professional

life and also to understand the functioning of MINEAC in coordination of EAC Activities.

Among others, this internship report can act as a source of information for anybody who wants to

get information regarding the Ministry of East African Community and EAC integration. In

addition, it covers what the intern did during the internship and the lessons leant during the

internship period.

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Acknowledgement

Who else would I attribute to the encouragement counsels and endless care in the course of my

education up until now but the almighty God? I thank him who created and guiding me step by

step from then up to now through different stages of life. The success of this Internship is a result

of collaborative efforts that one can never claim to one alone. It is in this regard I take pleasure to

thank all those members of staff in Ministry of East African community and Administration,

especially my supervisor salafina flavia and Jonathan, for their invaluable moral Cooperation

and professional support they provided to me. I thank all the staff body of UNIVERSITY OF

RWANDA, College of arts and social sciences specifically the Department of political science

and international Relations. I also thank the Government of Rwanda through its ministry of

education that privileged me this opportunity to conduct an internship for the purpose of

transforming the class theoretical knowledge into practice to gain abilities in our field work. I

also appreciate my Mummy, sister and brothers for their outnumbered contribution especially in

my studies. I cannot forget to thank all of my classmates for any contribution they provided to

my studying carrier.

I would like to express my deepest gratitude and special thanks to the Hon. Minister, Valentine

Rugwabiza and Permanent Secretary Mr. Innocent Safari who gave me the opportunity to

carry out my Academic training in their admired organization during the whole month .

I would like to thank everybody who contributed in accomplishment of my internship.

Happiness, success and safety are to the entire humanity evermore!

Hodal Bizimungu

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Abstract

It is understandable that it is not enough for students to only acquire theoretical skills without

practical skills which is very important for them to do practices in order to become familiar with

the day to day working environment, where pressure, constraints and challenges faced are totally

different from those found in classes. The internship comes to remove the gap between the

theory acquired in classes and the practical skills needed at work.

It is in this perspective that Universities academically organize one-month internship for their

students in order to acquire practical skills which can help them in their respective careers.

Within the view of fulfilling my academic requirements, I conducted one month of Internship at

the Ministry of East African community (MINEAC) which is responsible for coordinating the

EAC Activities.

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List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

CM : Common Market

CU : Customs Union

EAC : East African Community

EDPRS : Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy

EAU : Economic Affairs Unit

FSDRP : Financial Sector Development and Regionalization Project

UR : University of Rwanda

JSR : Joint Sector Review

MDAs : Ministries, Department, and Agencies

NMC : National Monitoring Committee

NTBs : Non-Tariff Barriers

SCTIFI : Sectoral Council for Trade Industry Finance and Investment

SWG : Sector Working Group

TFTA : Tree partite Free Trade Area

WTO : World Trade Organization

MINEAC : Ministry of East African Community

MINICOM : Ministry of Trade and Industry

MINAFFET : Ministry of Foreign Affairs

CET : Common External Tariff

TCM : Transport, Communication and Meteorology

EALA : East African Legislative Assembly

EAMU : East African Monetary Union

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Table of Contents Declaration ............................................................................................................................................. i

Certification ........................................................................................................................................... ii

DEDICATION ...................................................................................................................................... iii

Foreword .............................................................................................................................................. iv

Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................................. v

Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ vi

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms .................................................................................................. vii

CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1

1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Objectives of the of internship ......................................................................................................... 1

1.2.1 General Objective ......................................................................................................................... 1

1.2.2 Specific objectives of the internship ............................................................................................. 2

1.2.3 Significance of the internship ....................................................................................................... 2

1.3 Methodology ................................................................................................................................... 2

1.3.1 Observation ................................................................................................................................... 2

1.3.2 Interviews ...................................................................................................................................... 3

1.3.4 Documentary review ..................................................................................................................... 3

1.3.5 Participation.................................................................................................................................. 3

1.4 Structure of internship report ......................................................................................................... 3

2.1 Historical background of EAC integration ..................................................................................... 4

2.2. Background of the Ministry of East African Community ............................................................. 6

2.3. Location of the Ministry ................................................................................................................. 7

2.4. Vision, Mission & Core Functions of the Ministry ........................................................................ 8

2.4.1. Vision ............................................................................................................................................ 8

2.4.2. Mission ......................................................................................................................................... 8

2.4.3. Core functions .............................................................................................................................. 8

2.5. Strategic Objectives of the MINEAC ............................................................................................. 9

2.6. Organizational Structure .............................................................................................................. 10

2.6.1. Role and responsibilities of Social & Governance Affairs Unit ................................................ 12

2.6.2. Specific Duties and Responsibilities: ......................................................................................... 13

CHAPTER THREE: PERIODICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNSHIP IN SOCIAL AND

GOVERNANCE AFFAIRS UNIT (S&GAU) ..................................................................................... 15

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3.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 15

3.2. Internship activities carried out ................................................................................................... 15

3.3. Key areas of the revision by the intern ......................................................................................... 21

3.3.1 Revision of the four stages of EAC Regional Integration .......................................................... 21

3.4 .The institutions of the community ................................................................................................ 24

3.4.1. Other institutions to be established ........................................................................................... 24

3.5. Key Benefits and opportunities for Rwanda from EAC integration ........................................... 24

3.6. Key challenges for EAC integration ............................................................................................. 26

3.7. Way forward ................................................................................................................................. 26

CHAPTER FOUR: KEY LEARNINGS FROM THE INTERNSHIP .............................................. 27

4.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 27

4.2. Performance .................................................................................................................................. 27

4.3. The gaps between knowledge acquired in classroom and field realities ..................................... 28

4.4. Collaboration ................................................................................................................................ 28

CHAPTER FIVE: SWOT ANALYSIS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................ 29

5.1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 29

5.1.1. Table 2: MINEAC SWOT Analysis.......................................................................................... 29

5.2. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 32

5.3. Recommendations and challenges met during internship ........................................................... 33

5.3.1. Challenges met during internship ............................................................................................. 33

5.3.2. Recommendations to the University of Rwanda Huye Campus ............................................... 33

5.3.3. Recommendations to the host institution .................................................................................. 34

References ............................................................................................................................................ 35

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CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

The University of Rwanda (UR) has put in place the program of Academic training where 3rd

years students are sent to different institutions for a period of practical experience in the

organizations relating to their field of study. This experience is valuable to students as a means

of allowing them to experience how their studies are applied in the "real world", and as work

experience that can be highly attractive to potential employers. During this academic year (2015-

2016) the academic training was scheduled for four weeks, from 5th

July to 5th August 2016.

During this period, the intern did academic training in the Ministry of the East African

Community (MINEAC) which coordinates the EAC Activities.

Among others, this report describes the situation of the host institution, the treatment of the

institution towards the intern, the activities that the intern carried out along the internship as well

as the lessons leant, and recommendations towards a better course of action for prospective

internships. Conclusion has also been drawn to give remarks of the Academic training in general.

During the period of one month in the Ministry of Eat African community, the internee applied

the knowledge got from class in order to know more about regional integration in general and

how the activities EAC are being coordinated.

1.2 Objectives of the of internship

1.2.1 General Objective

The general purpose of this training was to help the trainee to get used to the working

environment by making a comparative assessment of the theoretical knowledge and practical

experience in the working environment. The student was given an opportunity to relate the

academic programs and career goals to pre-professional work experience thus giving him an

insight into his chosen career and to familiarize himself with research techniques that help him to

explore the outside world that he is not used to.

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1.2.2 Specific objectives of the internship

The internship had the following specific objectives:

(i) To assist the student, relate the theories covered in class with practical experience;

(ii) To acquire information on East African community and how EAC affairs are being

coordinated by the Ministry;

(iii) To gain team working skills that improves personal growth and development; and

(iv) To accomplish the precondition of the university of Rwanda for the award of Bachelor‟s

degree.

(v) To discover the problems faced by the organization and suggest possible solutions.

(vi) To prepare for new learning experience and susceptible to challenges.

1.2.3 Significance of the internship

This internship is immeasurable important; it enables the intern to gain knowledge from

the working environment of internship.

It is the basic course for the fulfillment of the academic requirement to be awarded the

bachelor „s degree in political science from the university of Rwanda

The existing field is vital for preparation of the future working environment.

It adds to every body of the existing knowledge which acts as a guide for future research

practices as well as improving the function of the organization where the training was

conducted.

1.3 Methodology

Methodology refers to the methods and techniques used by the intern to obtain the trust worthy

data required for compiling this report and make it success, both primary and secondary data

sources were employed, with primary data source were mainly; observation; interview,

participation whereas secondary data were got from documentary of East African Community.

1.3.1 Observation

With this method, the intern participated in the daily activities of the institution.

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The observation method enabled the intern to understand various practices in coordination of

East African Community Activities as well as the Structure of the Ministry.

1.3.2 Interviews

An interview, according to Kerlinger, N. Fred (1964), is a conversation in which might be in the

field, or you may simply need some kind of response from individuals. The trainee carried out

personal interviews as a means of collecting data. The trainee principally wanted to know the

activities that are related with the institution..

Questions were asked to the various workers and the heads of different departments and answers

could be noted down which proved significant for the report.

1.3.4 Documentary review

This method has been very useful in first week of the internship, since the intern had to gain

first-hand information about the East African Community historical background, objectives,

vision, mission, and theories

The documents consulted for EAC included EAC Treaty, websites, and other different useful

publications of EAC.

1.3.5 Participation

The intern had occasion to write technical papers, he did internship in MINEAC, and practically

participated in all regional or National meetings/ socio events

1.4 Structure of internship report

This report is made up of five chapters;

The first is made up the general introduction;

The second chapter deals with the profile of MINEAC;

Chapter three, deals with periodical development of the internship in Economic Affairs

Unit (EAU);

chapter Four shows lessons learnt by intern; and

Chapter Five represents SWOT analysis, conclusion and recommendations.

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CHAPTER TWO: PRESENTATION OF THE MINISTRY OF EAST AFRICAN

COMMUNITY (MINEAC)

2.1 Historical background of EAC integration

The EAC Chronicle details the key dates, activities and events in the journey of the EAC; from a

Co-operation in 1993 to a Community in 1999 and beyond.

30th

November 1993: At their first Summit, East African Heads of State sign agreement

establishing the Permanent Tripartite Commission for the East African Co-operation in Kampala,

Uganda.

14th

March 1996: Secretariat of the Commission for the east African Co-operation is launched

in Arusha, Tanzania.

19th

November 1996: Agreement for the establishment of the East African Business Council

(EABC) is signed

29th

April 1997: Second Summit of the East African Co-operation Heads of State is held in

Arusha, Tanzania.

The East African Co-operation Heads of State launch the East African Co-operation

Development Strategy (1997-2000).

EAC Heads of State launch the East African Flag and East African Passport.

EAC Heads of State mandate the Permanent Tripartite Commission to embark on the

process of upgrading the EAC Agreement into Treaty.

30th

April 1998: At its 9th Meeting in Arusha, the Permanent Tripartite Commission launches a

draft Treaty for Establishment of the East African Community and approves a programme for its

wide publicity to ensure the participation of the East African people in the Treaty-making

process.

19th

July 1999: The first East African Co-operation Media Workshop is held in Arusha, declares

that East African media should be at the forefront of the regional integration process.

18th

-19th

November 1999: At its 2nd

extraordinary meeting in Arusha, the Permanent Tripartite

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Commission confirms 30th

November 1999 as date of Treaty signing and adopts an Indicative

Programme Action for Establishment of the East African Community.

30th

November 1999: At their fourth Summit, the East African Heads of State sign Treaty for

Establishment of the East African Community.

7th

July 2000: Treaty for Establishment of the East African Community enters into force.

30th

November 2001: The East African Legislative Assembly (EALA), the legislative arm of the

Community, is formally inaugurated by the EAC Heads of State at its first sitting in Arusha,

Tanzania.

2nd

March 2004: Protocol for the establishment of the East African Community Customs

Union signed by the EAC Heads of State in Arusha, Tanzania.

1st January 2005: EAC Customs Union becomes operational.

5th

June 2007: Second Assembly (EALA) sworn in.

18th

June 2007: The Republic of Rwanda and the Republic of Burundi accede to EAC Treaty.

1st July 2007: Rwanda and Burundi become full members of the EAC.

22nd

October 2008: First EAC-COMESA-SADC Tripartite Summit held in Kampala, Uganda

and discussed on a Grand Free Trade Area and merger of the three regional blocs.

1st July 2009: Rwanda and Burundi join the EAC Customs Union. Official launch ceremonies

held simultaneously in the two countries' capitals on 6 July 2009.

20th

November 2009: EAC Heads of State sign Common Market Protocol in Arusha, Tanzania

as observance of EAC's 10th Anniversary reaches its climax.

1st January 2010: EAC's fully-fledged Customs Union takes effect following the end of a five-

year transitional period.

1st July 2010: EAC Common Market commences.

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12th

June 2011: The Tripartite Free Trade Areas between COMESA, EAC, and SADC Tripartite

Summit held in Johannesburg, South Africa; agrees to start negotiations for a Grand Free Trade

Area among the three blocks.

10th

June 2015: The Tripartite Free Trade Area (TFTA) is a proposed African free trade

agreement between the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Southern

African Development Community (SADC) and East African Community (EAC) was signed in

Egypt by the Heads of States.

30th

November 2013: The Establishment of the East African Monetary Union (EAMU) Protocol

was approved and signed by the 15th Ordinary Summit of Heads of State of EAC that took place

in Kampala – Uganda.

15th

April, 2016: Southern Sudan signed Accession Treaty establishing EAC.

The following figures show the East African Community Emblems.

EAC Flag EAC Emblem

The Slogan of East African community (EAC) is “one people one destiny”.

2.2. Background of the Ministry of East African Community

Overall, Rwanda‟s long term development vision, as articulated in the Vision 2020, is to become

a lower middle income economy (US$ 900 per capita) operating as a knowledge-based service

hub by 2020. One of the six pillars of this development strategy is regional integration by

legalizing the potential of regional integration in the achievement of its vision. Rwanda, in 1996

showed interest to join the East African Community and in 2007 Rwanda officially joined the

EAC.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt

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The Ministry of East African Community was established by the Government of Rwanda in 2008

in line with EAC member states‟ joint commitment to establish national coordinating ministries

with primary responsibility for EAC matters. MINEAC serves as an operational link between the

Government of Rwanda and other national stakeholders, and the EAC organs and Institutions.

Though a lot of work lies ahead, it is essential that we recognize the significant achievements

already made. In terms of the Ministry, it is clear that it has the benefit of highly dedicated

leadership and committed staff, with excellent skills and positive attitudes to work.

Institutionally, it actively participated in acceding the Treaty establishing EAC and Customs

Union and Common Market Protocols in the development of EAC Projects and Programmes, in

negotiations and signing of the Monetary Union Protocol and ultimately Political Federation.

The Ministry has built strong partnerships with a wide range of stakeholders. The level of public

knowledge on EAC integration matter has increased and the Ministry has chaired the

Community with great success. These achievements have contributed to the high levels of

political visibility of Rwanda in the East African Community. Now and in the future, MINEAC

has works with a wide range of Government of Rwanda, Private Sector and Civil Society

Stakeholders, and ensure their effective engagement in EAC integration.

To be able to achieve this, the Ministry is working and improving its coordination mechanism

through a wide range of tools such as increased communication, effective M&E mechanism and

help as much in increasing links between regional and national plans and long term visions and

their planning cycles.

2.3. Location of the Ministry

The Ministry of East African Community is located in Kigali city, in Gasabo District,

Kimihurura near by the office of Ombudsman and Rwanda Revenue Authority. There are three

(3) ministries in the same building which are MINEAC, MINICOM and MINAFFET. The

Ministry of East African Community operates from the 4th

floor.

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2.4. Vision, Mission & Core Functions of the Ministry

2.4.1. Vision

The vision of MINEAC is to contribute to and achieve a prosperous, competitive, secure and

politically united East Africa.

2.4.2. Mission

The mission of MINEAC is to lead the widening and deepening of the EAC integration process

in order to promote the development goals of Rwanda and the region.

2.4.3. Core functions

1. Promote Rwanda’s

interests in the EAC

integration process by

representing the country

in the EAC decision

making processes

5. Facilitate and coordinate

the development,

harmonization and/or

approximation of domestic

and regional policies, laws,

regulations, norms and

standards, strategies,

programs and projects

3. Lead on advocacy,

mobilization sensitization and

dissemination of EAC laws,

policies, strategies and

programs to national

stakeholders

6. Enhance capacity of the

Ministry and national

stakeholders to strengthen

regional cooperation

initiatives and partnerships

4. Monitor the implementation

progress and evaluate the

impact of EAC policies, laws

and/or protocols, strategies,

programs and projects within

Rwanda

2. Support investment

promotion in the EAC as a

trading bloc within and outside

of Africa in collaboration with

national and regional

stakeholders

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2.5. Strategic Objectives of the MINEAC

The Ministry of East African Community (MINEAC) was established in March 2008 to

coordinate Rwanda‟s integration into the East Africa Community. The mission of the Ministry

is „to lead the widening and deepening of the EAC integration process, by so doing promote

development goals of Rwanda and the region’. Internally, MINEAC plays a key role in

coordinating other Ministries, Private Sector and Civil Society Organizations that are directly

involved in implementing EAC Treaty, protocols, decisions, policies and legislation. Towards

this end MINEAC developed a Strategic Plan 2013 – 2017 thus strategy outlines the direction

and priorities of the Ministry of East African Community (MINEAC) for the said period.

This strategic plan is grounded in the national policies and strategies of Rwanda

including Vision 2020, the Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy II as well

as the EAC Development Strategy for 2011-2016. Using these as a base, the strategic plan was

developed through a consultative process to understand the needs, objectives and roles of the

Ministry‟s stakeholders. This was complemented by an internal assessment of MINEAC

strengths and weaknesses, bringing in relevant lessons from strategic plans of Partner States.

To deliver its mission, the Ministry identified four strategic objectives:

Coordinate and support implementation of Rwanda‟s EAC integration commitments;

Build capacity on EAC integration for the Ministry and support related initiatives for

national stakeholders;

Increase the awareness and understanding of EAC integration in Rwanda;

Effective Monitoring and Evaluation of EAC integration for Rwanda.

Each of the Strategic objectives was decomposed into several outputs, each output had requisite

activities. The Implementation Framework which accompanies this strategic plan sets out the

main activities which MINEAC will undertake in order to deliver each strategic output, and the

annual milestones which will be used to guide and measure progress. Detailed activities will be

planned annually and included in MINEAC‟s annual operational plans that will be the basis for

annual budget submissions, and will guide day-today operations during the year.

10


Successful implementation of the strategy will require substantial investment in further

strengthening the capacity of MINEAC in terms of staffing, systems and facilities. Given the

challenge that the Ministry faces in supporting implementation across a range of Ministries and

other stakeholders, coordination is crucial. An institutional framework for engagement with

government Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs), the private sector and civil society

has been developed. To further underpin the strategy, the development and launch of the Rwanda

EAC Communication Strategy will be one of the first strategic interventions.

Other priorities include immediate capacity development through the hiring of contract staff that

can improve the Ministry‟s short-term capacity to deliver and ensure skills transfer to permanent

staff, initiation of the development of a national strategy for Rwanda as a whole on regional and

international.

2.6. Organizational Structure

As shown on the following structure, MINEAC organization is composed by the Office of the

Minister, Office of the Permanent Secretary, Director General coordination of EAC Affairs and

four units which are: Operational Units: Economic Affairs Unit (EAU), Social and Governance

Affairs Unit (SGU)

Supporting Units: Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Unit (PMEU), and Finance and

Administration Unit (F&A). During the internship period, the intern was oriented in Social and

Governance Affairs Unit (SGU). The organization structure is presented on the below chart.

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Ministry of East African community Page 12

2.6.1. Role and responsibilities of Social & Governance Affairs Unit

The Social and governance Affairs Unity is responsible to the Permanent Secretary for

contributing to the development of policies that support the EAC integration agenda. The SGAU

is be expected to work closely with the relevant sectoral working groups to ensure the efficient

identification of integration issues, the development of country positions and the development of

the programmes and the work plans.

Key Results Areas:

1. To do research, data analysis, report writing and other technical activities in a

professional and efficient manner and all integration activities undertaken as

programmed.

2. Interpret the EAC Treaty in respect to all matters falling under the Social and governance

Affairs Unity t; and advise the Permanent Secretary on all matters relating to the

implementation of the Treaty.

3. Provide overall leadership, guidance, supervision and coordination of the technical work

of the Department and take responsibility for the management and development of

Directorate employees.

4. Ensure that the required research, data analysis, report writing and other technical

activities of the department are executed in a professional and efficient manner and all

integration activities undertaken as programmed.

5. Ensure that appropriate policies that support the implementation of EAC programmes and

activities relating to Social and governance Affairs Unity agenda are put in place and all

impediments to smooth implementation eliminated.

6. Ensure the existence of productive relationships and cooperation between the department

and relevant MDAs that support the effective execution of the EAC agenda in respect to

Social and governance Affairs Unity

7. Ensure that the sectoral working groups that support the work of Social and governance

Affairs Unity Directorate are properly coordinated and the outcomes of their work duly

implemented.


2.6.2. Specific Duties and Responsibilities:

1. In coordination with the Director, Strategy and Policy, and in collaboration with relevant

MDAs, ensure that policies that reflect the EAC directives and decisions, applicable to

the sector are formulated and implemented.

2. With support from the Directorate of Strategy and Policy, develop department work plans

that reflect the Ministry‟s strategic plan and are in harmony with agreed EAC strategies

and priorities.

3. Assign duties and responsibilities to staff, assess their performance, take note of

performance shortfalls, then propose and enforce remedial actions.

4. Monitor and evaluate the progress of work undertaken within the Department and ensure

that it is in line with the work plans.

5. Through liaison with the Directorate of Information, Education and Communication,

ensure that information on the activities, achievements and developments of the EAC tat

relate to the department are communicated to stakeholders so as to promote constructive

participation.

6. Participate in regional integration negotiations at a senior officials level in respect to the

Social & Governance Affairs aspects of the EAC Treaty, keeping track of the country‟s

position and ensuring that it is safeguarded.

7. Oversee the implementation of the Social & Governance Affairs protocols and

agreements.

8. Prepare technical documents, including cabinet memos, information papers and regular

sectoral briefs for top management, on the status of EAC integration and provide inputs

into Ministerial policy statements and periodic progress reports.

9. Initiate collaborative research to determine current status of all matters affecting the

integration of the Social & Governance Affairs aspects of the EAC Treaty and inform the

work of the department.

10. Undertake liaison activities with EAC partner States on all aspects of the Social &

Governance Affairs agenda.


11. Foster cooperative arrangements with the EAC and its organs, RECs and other

stakeholders.

12. In collaboration with the Director Strategy and Policy, ensure that monitoring and

evaluation programmes aimed at establishing the implementation status of all EAC

decisions relating to the Social & Governance Affairs are put in place and effected.

13. Coordinate the in-country preparatory and consultative meetings with MDAs and other

stakeholders, and the preparation of country position papers on the Social & Governance

Affairs Unit.

14. Participate in the sensitization and creation of awareness to the Rwandese on EAC

integration matters.


CHAPTER THREE: PERIODICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNSHIP IN

SOCIAL AND GOVERNANCE AFFAIRS UNIT (S&GAU)

3.1. Introduction

The intern was very excited about the opportunity and also quite contemplative. He was taken

through a comprehensive induction workshop. This process provided the Intern an opportunity to

familiarize himself with MINEAC mandate, past programs, and current activities as well as

future goals.

3.2. Internship activities carried out

The following table shows the internship activities carried out during the period of one month

and half.

Month and

Date

Activities carried out Purpose Lessons learnt and

Intern’s observations on

each and every activity

July 5, 2016

The intern was

oriented by visiting

the operational units

(Social & Governance

Affairs Unit) and got

information about the

other supporting Units

which are: Planning

Unit, and Finance and

Administrative Unit.

The purpose was to

have an overview of

the Ministry to enable

the intern with basic

information about the

Ministry and how the

two Units coordinate

EAC activities.

The intern got the image of

the Ministry and learnt how

the Ministry works through

different units, Especially

the Social & Governance

Affairs Unit.

July 5, 2016 Revising the Ministry

background including

stages of EAC

integration.

The Intern Revised

the treaty establishing

the EAC (Chapter

11&12 regarding the

provisions related to

the Customs Union,

Common Market and

other areas of

cooperation)

The purpose was to

understand more what

the Treaty provides

about the

implementation of

Customs Union and

Common Market

Protocols.

The Intern Became aware

of some provisions related to

the establishment of

Customs Union and

Common Market and other

areas of cooperation before

going in deep of how the

EAC activities are

coordinated.

The Intern how EAC was

established and the principle

pillars for establishment of

the community.

The intern learnt structural


organs of the Community

The Intern learnt the

terminologies used in the

customs union.

The Intern learnt what each

partner state is expected to

do in order to promote and

advance the smooth

operation of the East African

Community Customs Union.

July 6, 2016

Revising the protocol

of the establishment

of Customs Union.

The purpose was to

well understand some

of the elements of

Customs Union to

enable the intern

understand more

about the

implementation of

EAC Customs Union

by Partner States.

Better understand the

elements of EAC Customs

Union like elimination of

internal tariff, elimination of

NTBs, application of

Common External Tariff

(CET), Application of EAC

Rules of Origin and its

implementation by EAC

Partner States.

July 7th

,2016 Revising the protocol

on peace and security

The purpose was to

well understand How

EAC partner states

cooperate in the field

of peace and security,

To understand more

about the

implementation peace

and security protocol

by Partner States.

The internee understood

peace and security protocol

and its implementation by

EAC Partner States.

July 7, 2016 Participated in

Negotiations and

Public speaking

training which was

organized by

MINEAC

Communication

Team.

The purpose was to

develop the

communication skills

as well as negotiations

skills.

The intern improved his

communication skills. In

addition, it was an

opportunity to acquire

negotiations skills when

negotiating with other

Partner States.

July 8, 2016 Drafted a TV The purpose was to

enable the intern how

During and after this


interview Brief for the

Hon. Minister. Topic:

“The African Union

has committed to

introducing an

African passport by

2018. What will it

take to realize this

agenda?”

technical papers are

prepared including

briefs

activity the Intern

learnt on how to

draft interviews.

The single passport will help

in the elimination of

cumbersome barriers,

particularly with regard to

various cross-border

investments; the differential

treatment of foreign

investors and investments

within regions, which

notably must also extend to

harmonizing legislative,

policy and institutional

frameworks which can lead

to national financial markets

effectively functioning as

one on the continent.

July 7, 2016 Attended a sector

working group on

validation of the 2016

Common Market

Score card.

The purpose was to

enable an intern

On how the validation

is done.

Number of lessons was

learnt through this sector

working group as shown

below.

An Intern leant that

most partner states

are trying to

eliminate non tariff

barriers at the

borders but this has

not yet been

achieved to the core.

An Intern got to

know that there is a

problem and

complaints that

same partner states

are not issuing the

community

members certificates

of origin at the

borders thus

hampering free


movement of goods

and services within

the region as a

requirement in the

common market

protocol.

There are some sectors in

the region that still have

rules and regulations that

have provisions that are

discriminatory in nature to

an extend of hinder the spirit

of the common market

protocol.


July11, 2016 workshop

Topic, lake

Victoria basin

commission

project

The purpose was to be

aware of how the

EAC activities are

coordinated by the

Ministry.

An internee learnt what is

expected from the three

components of this project

as shown below,

Component 3 is expected to

introduce climate change

adaptation technologies in

vulnerable communities and

this is intended to reduce

vulnerability to climatic

changes.

Component 4 expects

regional resilience to climate

changes promoted via

innovative community based

projects in its duty.

Component 5 expects to

improve knowledge

management framework and

that it will keep regional

knowledge in trans-

boundary water catchments.

July 2016 Participated in the

workshop on the

validation of Rwanda

peace academy

strategic plan held at

Lemigo Hotel

The purpose was to

enable the intern to

become aware of how

RPA works and

activities that are

being carried out .

An Intern became aware of

how RPA works and the

strategic plan of RPA in the

coming 5 years

July 30th

2016

Prepared a brief

rapport of the

Community work

30th

July 2016 in

Rulindo district. This

brief was shared with

The purpose was to



prepared including

briefs.

Intern learnt how to prepare

a brief report of the

meeting/Event.

This activity is in line with

the course learnt in class that

is administration.


Supervisor.

August 2nd

,2016

Prepared a draft a

concept note on the

sensitization of

women leaders

The purpose was to



prepared including

Concept notes.

Intern learnt how to prepare

a concept note and the

purpose of a concept note

August 4th ,2016 Participated in general

staff meeting held at

GOLDEN TULIP

Hotel Nyamata.

The purpose was be

aware of how the

activities are being

coordinated in the

ministry in line with

the performance

contract and

performance

evaluation

Well understand how

activities are being

coordinated within the

Ministry vis-à-vis IMIHIGO

in FY2015-2016 and FY

2016-2017


3.3. Key areas of the revision by the intern

During the internship period, among others, the intern revised the processes or stages of EAC

integration, institutions of the community, benefit and challenges of EAC integration and then

provision of way forward.

3.3.1 Revision of the four stages of EAC Regional Integration

Customs union

The customs union involves:

Elimination of internal tariff (all good comply with the rules of origin are zero tariff),

Application of common external tariffs charges are imposed on import from non –

members;

Raw materials: 0%, intermediate goods 10%, finished goods 25%.

All plant machinery is zero rated.

EAC Customs Union provides for a list of:

- Sensitive goods (Products which attract a tariff above 25 percent);

- Exemptions;

- Prohibited imports and exports;

- Restricted imports and exports.

Elimination of Non-Tariff barriers (NTB‟s and application of the same custom laws

Application of the Rules of Origin (with standard and Simplified Certificates of Origin).

Common market

The EAC Common Market Protocol provides for the free moment of goods; free movement of

persons and labour; rights of establishment and residence; free movement of services; and free

movement of capital. Other areas of cooperation include enhanced macroeconomic policy

harmonisation and coordination, particularly with regards to fiscal regimes and monetary policy,

and the establishment, strengthening, and empowering of the necessary institutions and organs

supportive of the CM operations such as the East African Court of Justice (EACJ) and the East

African Legislative Assembly (EALA).


The EAC is in the early stages of implementing the CM Protocol. Substantial progress has been

made in the implementation of CM Protocol commitments in Rwanda, including the free

movement of goods, the free movement of persons and labour, the rights of establishment and

residence, and the free movement of capital. Further information and data is required to assess

the progress of the implementation of the free movement of services.

The Free Movement of Goods guarantees that trade is facilitated among Partner States. The

EAC CU Protocol already provides for the free movement of goods within the region. The EAC

CM Protocol merely expands the legal framework of the CU by including additional instruments

to govern the free movement of goods. Therefore, the implementation progress of the free

movement of goods, below, refers to the implementation of the commitments made under the CU

Protocol.

The Free Movement of Persons and Labour ensures non-discrimination of the citizens of the

other Partner States based on their nationalities. To facilitate the implementation of this freedom,

Partner States shall affect reciprocal opening of border posts, keep the posts opened and manned

twenty-four hours, and establish a common standard system of issuing national identification

documents to their nationals. The Partner States shall also, in accordance with their national

laws, guarantee the protection of the citizens of other Partner States while in their territories. The

free movement of persons shall not exempt a national from a Partner State who commits a crime

in another Partner State from persecution or extradition.

The CM Protocol provides for workers from any Partner State to accept employment within any

other Partner State. A worker will have the right to social security benefits and can be

accompanied by a spouse and child. Employment in the public service is excluded unless

permitted by the Partner State.

Free Movement of Services guarantees service providers to supply their products to consumers

in Partner States and must be given equal treatment to domestic suppliers in those markets.

Under the EAC CM there may no longer be limitations on foreign equity, on the total number of

service suppliers in a sector, or the type of legal entity or joint venture that can be established by


foreigners. The free movement of services should improve communications, which is cross-

cutting, and issues should be sharing of electrical power.

The Free Movement of Capital guarantees the removal of restrictions on capital movement for

EAC residents; nationality, residence, and place of investment capital discrimination; and

removal of restrictions on payments related to capital movement or current payments. Where the

free movement of capital creates disturbances in the financial market, balance of payment

difficulties, or if another Partner State intervenes in the foreign exchange market in such a way

that distorts the conditions of competitions, then a Partner State can impose safeguards.

The Right of Establishment entitles a national of a Partner State to take up and pursue

economic activities as a self-employed person and set up and manage economic undertaking in

the territory of another Partner State.

The Right of Residence guaranteed to citizens of other Partner States who have been admitted

in their territories either as a worker or to establish a business, as well as their spouse, child, and

dependant.

Monetary union

Monetary union is when two or more states agree on a single currency for their daily transactions

within the Common Market. The Establishment of the East African Monetary Union Protocol

and ten-year roadmap leading to the full EAC Monetary Union were was approved and signed by

the 15th

Ordinary Summit of Heads of States of EAC that took place on 30th

November 2013 in

Kampala-Uganda. The objective of the Monetary Union shall be to promote and maintain

monetary and financial stability aimed at facilitating economic integration to attain sustainable

growth and development of the Community (Article 3 of EAMU Protocol). The Protocol

provides for establishment of the following necessary institutions to support Monetary Union:

o The East African Monetary Institute;

o The East African Statistics Bureau to be Responsible for statistics;

o The East African Surveillance, Compliance and Enforcement Commission to be

Responsible for Surveillance, Compliance and Enforcement;

o The East African Financial Commission to be Responsible for Financial Services.


The EAC monetary union protocol is a ten years‟ roadmap signed by the EAC Heads of State on

30th

November, 2013 in Kampala, Uganda leading to the full EAC monetary union where EAC

will be using single currency by 2024.

EAC political federation

The EAC partner states are undertaking national consultations to collect views from relevant

stake holders on the draft model structure, Roadmap and action plan on political federation. The

model structure was considered in April 2014 by both EAC head council of Minister and Summit

of Heads of state.

3.4 .The institutions of the community

Lake Victoria Basin Commission (LVBC) in Kenya.

The East Africa Development Bank (EADB) in Uganda.

The university council for East Africa (UCEA) in Uganda.

East Africa Civil Aviation Safety and Security Oversight Agency (CASSOA); - in

Kampala

Lake Victoria Fisheries Organisation (LVFO); - In Uganda

The East Africa Health Research Commission- Rwanda

3.4.1. Other institutions to be established

The East Africa science and technology commission (EASTECO) - Rwanda.

The Eat Africa Kiswahili commission to be hosted by Burundi.

East African culture and sports commission.

3.5. Key Benefits and opportunities for Rwanda from EAC integration

The following are some benefits for Rwanda from EAC integration:

- Rwandans are able to move freely from one Partner State to another with minimal

identification documents with the opportunity to work anywhere in the region. For


example, under Northern Corridor Integration Projects, from Jan 2014 – June 2015,

1,311,827 Rwandans used ID/students cards to travel (departure) to Kenya and Uganda.

- Rwanda has attracted an estimated USD 100 million worth of investment from companies

in the Partner States of EAC which have expanded into the country seven years after it

joined the block.

- Rwanda increased trade with other EAC Partner States due to the establishment of One

Stop Border Post as a trade facilitation, under which customs and immigration officials

from both countries operate in the same building, something that ease clearing of goods

and travel documents for those entering any of the two countries, hence this reduces the

hours spent by traders and transporters at Border. Not only that but also by eliminating a

significant number of NTBs has reduced significantly the cost and time of Transport from

Dar Es Salam and Mombasa to Kigali. Transit time reduced from 21 to 5 days from

Mombasa to Kigali; cost reduced from US $5,200 in 2013 to US $4,200 in 2014;

Harmonization of Rwanda and Tanzania road tolls to $152 from $500 – reducing transit

costs for Rwandan traders.

- Rwanda as land locked will benefit in reduced imports cost and increased export

potential.

- EAC integration has reduced cost of doing business in transport to 40% through

implementation of Single customs Territory along Northern and Central corridors.

- Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda now have a single joint visa in a bid to boost tourism

revenues and other business links. The tourist cross-border visa between Kenya, Rwanda

and Uganda was launched on January 1, 2014 and costs currently USD $100. Single

Tourism Visa allows Rwanda to attract more tourists from the region; leverage MICE

opportunities. 3,932 East African Tourist Visas were issued by Rwanda from January

2014 to June 2015.

- One Area Network (voice, data and mobile money) is facilitating increased

communication, transactions, and ease of doing business across in the NC area.


3.6. Key challenges for EAC integration

Bureaucracy in implementation of Regional Commitments by some Partner States and

lack of enforcement mechanisms;

EAC Partner States have made a good progress in elimination on a number of NTBs.

However, some NTBs are still hindering trade and the realization of benefits from EAC

integration.

Lack of sufficient funding to implement regional projects and programs;

Political issues/ Insecurity in some of the EAC Partner States like the case of Burundi;

and

Sovereignty of Partner States is still hindering some aspects of region integration; and

3.7. Way forward

Continued awareness increasing for the Private Sector and Civil Society and Community

is people centered and Private Sector;

Continuous engagement and advocacy with Government Agencies and Partner States for

the complete elimination of the NTBs; and

Good governance among all EAC Partner States

Putting in place an EAC enforcement mechanism to speed up the implementation of

Regional Commitment by Partner States;

The EAC to find a way of raising funds to fast truck the implementation of projects and

programs; and

Very active Private Sector and Civil Society participation in EAC integration agenda.


CHAPTER FOUR: KEY LEARNINGS FROM THE INTERNSHIP

4.1. Introduction

During this industrial training that took Four weeks, the intern observed and learnt many things

that completed the academic courses studied in class. The internship has been very helpful to the

intern. He needed to have more skills on Regional integration on field to be familiar with

practical knowledge. MINEAC facilitated the intern to be familiar with the East African

Community affairs; this helped the intern to have more skills on regional integration process and

coordination of EAC Activities.

4.2. Performance

In this connection, the internship has been an opportunity for me to achieve my intentions. The

intern was enabled to understand the core mandate of the Ministry which is the coordination of

activities pertaining to Rwanda‟s commitments to the EAC. How the Ministry works closely

with Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) across national government.

The internee understood how the EAC Integration is being mainstreamed into Economic

Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS I).During the period of the internship,

The intern managed to understand the challenges and benefits of East African integration for

Rwanda, the level of the implementation of Customs Union and Common Market Protocols.

I learned a lot from the different interns that I have been working with during my internship.

Each intern had a different educational background and that made it interesting for me. By

working with them I got to learn from them and become aware educational background.

Improving my communication skills was also critical. At the beginning of my internship, I

realized that I didn‟t communicate often. This was because I was at the time I was a bit insecure

to express myself. A few weeks in my internship I improved this by communicating more with

MINEAC staffs that I have worked with and talking to them about all kind different matters


4.3. The gaps between knowledge acquired in classroom and field realities

This intern achieved the academic program as required University of Rwanda in linking

theoretical knowledge acquired in class to the practical part on the ground. The lessons that much

fitted with this internship were: Regional Integration, Peace and security matters, Economic

Planning and Seminar on Management and Macroeconomics. It was observed that practical

skills are more important and inked to the knowledge acquired by Students in class.

4.4. Collaboration

Furthermore, the intern socialized with other staff members both within MINEAC and those

from various institutions when they meet at the venues of meetings.


CHAPTER FIVE: SWOT ANALYSIS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1. INTRODUCTION

SWOT analysis (alternatively SWOT matrix) is

an acronym for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats and is a

structured planning method that evaluates those four elements of an institution. Identification of

SWOTs is important because they can inform later steps in planning to achieve the objective.

5.1.1. Table 2: MINEAC SWOT Analysis

SWOT analysis is a structured planning approach used to evaluate and examine the strengths,

weakness, opportunities, and threats of the Ministry (see the table below). SWOT analysis can be

carried out for a product, place, industry, or even for a person. It involves the ultimate goal of the

Ministry, meaning it is very effective way of identifying the internal and external factors that are

favorable and unfavorable to achieve that goal. Carrying out an analysis using the SWOT

framework will help MINEAC to find mechanisms that can be taken to collect the weaknesses,

and also to maintain and improve strength.

Strengths Weaknesses

- Fairness of staffs and being

approachable and hardworking;

- High standard of Customer care and

pleasant service;

- Improved communication either

(internal or external);

- National Policy for Regional

Integration established Institutional

Framework for coordination;

- Sector Working Groups (SWG) have

formally been established through this

institutional framework;

- The Ministry is operating in a

- Lack of incentive structure to

encourage efficiency and productivity;

- Limited ownership of the Regional

Integration process by implementing

MDAs;

- Over and above the weaknesses in the

area of capacity, there are also

constraints in terms of communication.

Level of public awareness on EAC

activities remains limited and

appropriate sensitization materials are

few and most of the EAC documents

are in English.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym#Nomenclature

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan


supportive political environment with

strong political will across the

Government of Rwanda;

- The multi-disciplinary nature of

MINEAC is a great resource in the

undertaking of its activities given the

cross–sectional nature of integration

issues;

- Within the Ministry, the staff members

are mature, qualified, committed,

motivated and open to new ideas; and

- Work environment fully resourced &

all working tools & infrastructures in

place.

- The use of installed Video Conference

facilities

- High turnover of the staff.

Opportunities Threats

- In relation to the EAC institutions, the

Ministry has an opportunity to use the

Sectorial Policies and Strategies as well

as the best practices from other

Ministries of EAC.

- Ministry capacity can be further

developed through exposure and

increased interactions with stakeholders

from other Partner States through

regular meetings/negotiations. Finally,

the ongoing initiative to enhance

cooperation with other Regional

Integration Communities such as

- Again looking more broadly across the

region, there are significant variances in

everything from levels of infrastructure,

economic strength, funds, laws and

policies, underlined by different

agenda.

- Putting together the issues raised in the

economic analysis, the MINEAC self-

assessment, the stakeholder analysis

and other sources, the following issues

and potential solutions have been

identified as vital to the successful

implementation of the strategic plan of


SADC has real potential to benefit the

citizens of Rwanda.

- Regional Integration as a Cross Cutting

Issue in EDPRS II

- The citizens and business community

are increasingly aware and thus

supportive of regional integration

matters.

- Vision 2020: Regional and

International Economic Integration as

6th pillar of Vision 2020 (Regional

Integration indicator included in

revised Vision 2020).

- Within the government there are

structures and systems to assist the

Ministry to deliver, supported by

relatively strong enforcement of

national policies and strategies.

the Ministry.


5.2. Conclusion

Internship is an important occasion for students to practice working in areas of their studies as it

enables them acquire practical knowledge by applying theoretical knowledge acquired from

class. But, this essential period has some challenges hindering its good realization. Those

challenges are embedded within these recommendations, which suggest ways for improvement

for better procedure of forth coming internship.

The internship was about Four weeks as it started from 5th

July up to 5th

July 2016. This

internship report has covered the role of internship in offering hands-on training to students in

areas of their studies. It has given a description of the host institution to help readers understand

its nature and the environment under which it operates. Here, elements such as, historical

background, objective, vision and mission of MINEAC have been identified.

The activities that the intern has carried out have been expressed within this report to show what

the training he got is like.

The report has presented the challenges within the internship procedure and the

recommendations towards the change for the better in upcoming internships.

Therefore, institutions and universities are competing to provide quality students with necessary

skills, therefore a need for our university to strengthen the internship by explaining to students in

lower classes the benefits of internship so that they can know what is happening on the field by

establishment of career guidance.

More training are necessary for the students, the university should organize and participate in the

professional workshops or general trainings in all faculties.


5.3. Recommendations and challenges met during internship

5.3.1. Challenges met during internship

All of the intended objectives of this practical training were successfully realized.

However, some of obstacles during this period were faced as mentioned below;

During the period of four (4) weeks, the trainee encountered the following problems;

The abrupt and short period of four (4) weeks that was stipulated for the internship

training was quite very limiting, as the trainee could not exhaust all the necessary

information. It was very impossible for a trainee to cover all that he has studied in class.

This is because theory learnt in four years is very much compared to four (4) weeks of

institutional training which is carried out in only one department..

Financial constraint is the major barrier encountered while conducting the internship. It

was not easy for the trainee due to daily transport costs and meal costs.

However, to the best of the trainee knowledge and capacity, and to insure the work is

successfully conducted, all the best was done to remove the above barriers or at least minimize

them

5.3.2. Recommendations to the University of Rwanda Huye Campus

Some students had difficulties in accessing internship because the institutions, they wanted to get

trained in, were not able to host them due to the number of seating place available.

Therefore, University of Rwanda (Huye campus) should collaborate with various institutions to

deal with internship so that students go into those institutions on consent or recognition of these

Institutions.

University of Rwanda (Huye campus) should organize the program of supervising their students

during the internship period so that each and every student is visited at the field

Due to the fact that the time provided for internship was too short the intern was unable to get

involved in all fields or departments of the organizations sufficiently and therefore lacked some

practical skills. The university should extend the internship period to enhance students‟ skills,

and be sure that the time have been provided to a student is sufficient


The students need the amount of money that should help them to survive. The students do not get

amount of money to facilitate them doing internship successfully. So, this is a serious challenge

to students to carry out the internship more effectively.

5.3.3. Recommendations to the host institution

I would like to recommend MINEAC to organize some of the external internship trip to

understand more about the integration activities. For example, it would be helpful if an intern

gets chance to visit One Stop Border Posts.

MINEAC should increase the number of staff to coordinate better the EAC activities in area of

peace and security because during the internship, it was observed that some issues related to

peace and security lacked a staff in that field .


References

EAC (1999), Treaty on the establishment of the EAC. Arusha, Tanzania.

EAC (2004). Protocol on the establishment of the EAC Customs Union. Arusha, Tanzania.

EAC (2009). Protocol on the establishment of the EAC Common Market. Arusha, Tanzania.

Electronic sources

http://eac.int accessed on July 2016

http://www.mineac.gov.rw accessed on August 2016

http://eac.int/

http://www.mineac.gov.rw/

Documents

INTERNSHIP REPORT - HODAL BIZIMUNGU