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Internet2: A TutorialPart 3 of 4
17th Brazilian Symposiumon
Computer Networks
Paul Love, Internet2Chair, I2 Topology WG
Working Groups
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Working Groups
• IPv6
• Measurement
• Multicast
• Network Management
• Network Storage
• Quality of Service
• Routing
• Security
• Topology
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
IPv6• Chair: Dale Finkelson,
Univ Nebraska, Lincoln• Focus:
• Explore the rôle that IPv6 will play in the Internet2 project• Work with those interested in IPv6 to build IPv6 testbeds
across the Internet2 structure, including vBNS and Abilene• Must be coordinated across backbones, gigaPoPs, and
campuses• Must be interoperable among above and between
vendors
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Measurement• Chairs: David Wasley, Univ California and
Matt Zekauskas, Internet2 staff
• Focus:• Places to measure:
• At campuses, at gigaPoPs, within interconnect(s)
• Things to measure:• Traffic utilization• Performance: delay and packet loss• Traffic characterization
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Multicast
• Chair: Kevin Almeroth,Univ California at Santa Barbara
• Focus: Make native IP multicast scalable and operationally effective• Must be coordinated across backbones,
gigaPoPs, and campuses• Must be coordinated with unicast routing
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Network Management
• Chair: Mark Johnson,North Carolina Networking Initiative
• Focus:• Common trouble ticket system• How can all our interconnects and gigaPoPs
and universities appear to be a seamless whole?
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Network Storage
• Chair: Micah Beck, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville
• Focus: Develop and deploy a reliable, scalable, high performance network storage capability enabling broad access to stored video, very large data sets, etc.
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Quality of Service
• Chair: Ben Teitelbaum, Internet2 staff
• Focus: Multi-network IP-based QoS• Relevant to advanced applications• Interoperability: carriers and kit• Architecture• Qbone: distributed testbed
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
A B
The QoS Big Problems
• Understanding Application Requirements
• Scalability
• Interoperability
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Routing
• Chair: Steve Corbato, Univ Washington
• Focus: Internal & External routing• Critical issues
• gigaPoP internal routing design• Explicit routing requirement (the “fish
problem”)• gigaPoP external routing recommendations
• Subscribers (Internet2 campuses) • National interconnects (vBNS,
Abilene, and NGI networks)
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Nature of Explicit Routing
• Fish problem• C1 routes via NSP1 and C2 routes via NSP2
C1
C2
GPNSP1
NSP2
D
• One potential solution - MPLS
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Security
• Chair: Peter Berger, Carniege Mellon Univ
• Focus: • Authentication • Application to QoS • Application to Digital Libraries
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Topology
• Chair: Paul Love, Internet2 staff
• Focus: Topology of Internet2• Internal Internet2 connections
• Between I2 backbones• Internet2 with other Advanced Research
Networks• NGI• International R&E
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Working Group Summary
• Internet2’s WGs focused on project’s needs
• Complement IETF WGs
• Membership by invitation of the chair
IPv6
Internet2 & Abilene IPv6 Networking
with thanks toDale Finkelson, Univ of Nebraska,
Lincoln
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Project Goals
• Deploying an IPv6 testbed• Both in the vBNS and Abilene
• Understanding what IPv6 can contribute to the research agenda of the Internet 2 project.
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Abilene IPv6 Description
• IP over Sonet backbone• This effectively blocks deploying IPv6 in
Native Mode within the backbone until• Code becomes available for Cisco12000• It is stable• It doesn’t block multicast & QoS
• IPv6 will be tunneled through Abilene
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Equipment and Protocols
• The initial deployment will be with routers donated by Bay Networks
• Routing will be done with BGP4+
• Some gigapops will implement tunnel servers for local connectivity
• Gigapops with ATM connectivity will be open to native IPv6 connections, others will use tunnels• Details still TBD
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Peering arrangements• The IPv6 version of Abilene will peer with
the vBNS at two or more points• MREN (Chicago switch)• NCNE (Pittsburgh gigapop)
• AbileneV6 will peer with other providers at the 6TAP (Chicago switch)• ESnet• CAnet3• European networks
• AbileneV6 will be available at both of the NGIX’s (3rd still TBD)
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Schedule
• vBNS network was in place by the end of June 98
• Backbone deployment of IPv6 routers in Abilene in the summer of 1999
• By the end of summer• Initial connectivity to gigapops • Connectivity to other IPv6 networks
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Working Group Agenda• Preparing “Good Practices” document
for gigapop operators.• Addressing options• Configuration samples
• Working with the Abilene engineering staff to implement the IPv6 network
• Design an addressing plan for Abilene
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Gigapop Issues
• Obtaining Addresses
• Multi-homing Hosts• This is specifically a problem for multihomed
gigapops
• Providing DNS services for IPv6
• Providing either Native IPv6 or tunnels to the backbones
• Providing IPv6 connectivity to their customers
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Addressing Questions
• Who gets PTLA’s.• Abilene, vBNS, gigapops?
• How do campus address relate to the TLA’s?
• Can you do multiple addresses within a v6 host?
• For multiply attached gigapops• Do you draw NLA’s from each provider?• Do you do private addressing at the campus
• Some sort of translation at the edge?
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Possible Abilene IPv6Backbone & Peering Points
Seattle
Kansas City
Denver
ClevelandNew York
Atlanta
Houston
IndianapolisSacramento
Los Angeles
v6 Peering Point
nb v6 will be in v4 tunnelsinside Abilene
STAR TAP& NGIX
NGIX NGIX
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Pointers
• General Information sites• WWW.6ren.net• www.ipv6.org• www.6bone.net
• Site for implementations• All of the above sites have links to sites where
implementation information can be found
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Pointers
• IETF Documentation• www.6bone.net has a link to IETF information• draft-iab-nat-implications-04.txt• draft-carpenter-transparency-01.txt
• The Case for IPv6• draft-ietf-iab-case-for-ipv6-04.txt
Network Storage
Internet2 Distributed Storage Infrastructure Update
with thanks toMicah Beck; Univ. of Tennessee,
KnoxvilleBert Dempsey; Univ. of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill
http://dsi.internet2.edu
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
I2-DSI Participants
• UT Knoxville
• Micah Beck• Terry Moore• Martin Swany• Judi Talley
• UNC Chapel Hill
• Bert Dempsey • Paul Jones (MetaLab)• Debra Weiss • Zhiwei Xiao
• GigaPOP and Campus Site Managers
• UCAID/Internet2• Network Storage
Working Group• Ted Hanss
Applications Director
• NC Networking Initiative• Digital Library Federation
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
A Word From the Sponsors
• Cisco DNS redirection • Ellemtel engineering effort• IBM large storage & DCE servers• Novell storage & directory servers• Starburst reliable multicast software• StorageTek large storage servers• Sun design collaboration
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Single Server Model
• High performance locally
• Unacceptable performance across commodity backbone
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Relying on Wide Area QoS
• High performance access with reserved bandwidth
• Essential for real-time communication
• Technically difficult, expensive, not generally available
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
I2-DSI Model: Replicated Services
• Clients access nearby server
• Everyone gets performance
• Local resources implement a global service
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
I2-DSI Service Architecture
• Replication • Rsynch+, Omnicast,
AFS/DFS
Novell Replication
• Resolution• Sonar DNS, Distributed
Director
• Delegation• Cache prefetch
generalusers
replicated core
delegated server
local users
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Internet Content Channels
• A channel is a collection of content which can be transparently delivered to end user communities at a chosen (price,performance) point through a flexible, policy-based application of resources
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Server Channel Examples
• Replicated Web Servers• APIs: Standard HTML, Active Server Pages• Channels: Web sites
• Streaming Media• APIs: MPEG-2, proprietary file formats• Channels: collections of multimedia
presentations• Executable content
• APIs: Java byte code, Tcl, Perl• Channels: CGI programs
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Current Server Deployment
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
IBM Web Cache Manager
RS/6000 AIX Server1 GB RAM72 GB Disk / 900 GB TapeADSM Hierarchical Storage Mgt.
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Infrastructure Expansion
• StorageTek• 2 PC/Linux Servers• 700GB disk, tape backup
• Novell• 6 PC/NetWare Servers• 100GB disk• Smaller institutions or departments
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
I2-DSI Applications Workshop Chapel Hill, NC March 4 &5, 1999
• 4 technologies• Minnesota: Scalable Video • IBM Research: Multicast, Filter and Store• Moscow Ctr. for New Info. Tech. in Med.
Ed.: Semantic Text Analysis• IBM Research: Narwhal Resolution Proxy
• http://dsi.internet2.edu/apps99.html
• Special issue of the Journal of Network and Computer Applications (Academic Press)
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Application Strategy
• Chose initial applications• Available or easily ported services• Low update demands
• Port to an I2-DSI server • Our development effort is limited• App developers can have access to the
servers
• Distribute to homogeneous core
• Derive service abstractions
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
I2-DSI Applications
• Digital libraries• Video• Digitized originals
• Large data sets• Medical imaging• CERN instruments• Satellite images & GIS
• Technical Archives• Netlib/NHSR
Scientific software• Red Hat Linux
Source code• Viagenie
Net. Eng. Documents
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Replication Performance and Scalability Issues
• Server placement
• Server resources
• Server description (metadata)
• Server Channel description (metadata)
• Object representation
• Characterization of replication mechanisms
• Channel-to-server mapping (subscription)
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
NetStore ‘99 Workshop
• Network Storage Technical Workshop• Knoxville, TN, October 1999• http://dsi.internet2.edu/netstore99
• Scope• I2-DSI implementation• I2-DSI applications• Related networking projects• Storage technology
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Conclusions
• A server platform is in place
• Infrastructure development• Service abstractions (search, computation)• Publication and replication protocols• Portable representation and API• Heterogeneous servers
• Six months to show results from initial application development efforts
Multicast
Multicast Update
with thanks toKevin Almeroth, Univ of California,
Santa Barbara
http://www.internet2.edu/multicast/
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
1999: A key year for multicast
• In the past, multicast has meant ‘MBone’• Core set of committed users and engineers• ‘Legacy’ non-scalable approaches to routing
• Our hope for 1999:• Needed, new protocols deployed• Enable scalable use of high-speed multicast
flows throughout the Internet2 structure
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Inter-Domain Guidelines
• All backbones will use MBGP/MSDP/PIM-SM• MBGP: exchange multicast routing information.• MSDP: connect SM clouds (source advertising).• PIM-SM: shared tree routing protocol.
• Join/graft: only deliver traffic on links with active sources.
• Backbones actively discussing/deploying multicast peering:• Abilene, vBNS, NREN, DREN, CA*Net2/3,
ESnet, NORDUnet, and SURFnet.
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Latest Status
• Abilene tested multicast code: stable code version found.
• NREN has successfully deployed PIM-SM.• MSDP peering with vBNS and MIX at NASA-
Ames.• Recently switched to PIM-SM (for load reasons).
• vBNS has has also had success• Switched to PIM-SM recently.• MSDP peering with NREN, Merit (others soon).• MBGP w/ 8 groups + translation w/ 20 others.
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Moving in the Right Direction
• Doing native multicast is the right way to move forward.• We are approaching the problem top down.
• Need to continue this effort into the Gigapops and to member institutions.• Economies-of-scale, in terms of manual
intervention, are significant.
• What does all this mean...
Requirements for Multicast• Raise the bar for Internet2.
• No tunnels: fully deploy native multicast.• Peering must be done with MBGP(& MSDP).
• Institutions who BGP peer should also MBGP peer.• Caveats:
• If no BGP peering (default), then the same for multicast.• If congruent unicast/multicast topology, MBGP translate
service may be available.• Not a complete prohibition of tunnels, but…
• Be careful about protecting low-capacity interfaces.• Don’t create routing loops.
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
The Challenges
• Where things break:• Multicast in multi-homed environments when…
• Switch-over of unicast to I2 but multicast is still via some other network AND connection is via PIM.
• RPF failures.
• Things are better when:• Multicast is a true I2 service and unicast/multicast
topologies are congruent… or,
• Network uses MBGP.
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
The Challenges, Part II
• Top two layers are key.• Need vendor support for inter-domain
multicast protocols.• Vendor support is coming.
• Need network operators to be aggressive.• Several have set the standard
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Solution: Two Action Items
• Communicate with upstream service provider about how multicast will be delivered.• High confidence in backbones.• Abilene NOC (and WG) is educating Gigapops
(and members) about how to handle multicast.
• Members should be prepared to run MBGP/MSDP.• Pressure vendors to deploy these protocols.
• Many vendors have time tables for releases.• Can deploy/co-locate multicast in parallel to unicast.
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Open Issues
• How does the I2 Multicast Working Group assist in deployment of multicast from the backbones all the way to member institutions?• Use the I2 multicast mailing list (subscribe by mailing
[email protected] - place in the body subscribe wg-multicast
• Collect experience and create guidelines.
• Protecting low-capacity multicast environments from high-capacity groups.• Replace dense-mode protocols with sparse mode.• Set administrative boundaries.
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
ChicagovBNS
Router
CALREN 2WANOC48
vBNSWANOC12
CALREN 2UCBvBNS
Router
ClientPC Host
ClientPC Host
NRENGRC
Router
ClientPC Host
ClientPC Host
ClientPC Host
NRENStanfordRouter
UCSC LANOC12
Stanford LANOC12
ESnet
ATM Switch
GRCNREN
ATM Switch
AbileneBerkleyRouter
ClientPC Host
ClientPC Host
NRENNavajoRouter
100BaseTXHub
UplinkGRC
Router
SBS-5
Navajo NationDownlink
GRCUplink
GRCUplink
ATM Switch
ATMdownlink
Switch
SatelliteModem
SatelliteModem
UCSCRouter
w2w PCServer
SGIServer
NREN/NASFast Ethernet Switches
DS3
DS3 DS3
OC3
ABILENEWANOC12
NGIX
ATM Switch
Sprint / NRENWANOC3 ARC
NRENATM Switch
NRENNAS
Router
Virtual Clinic Network Diagram
With thanks to Mark Foster, NASA Ames
25-28 May 99SBRC99 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
The End