Internet Society International Chapter Toolkit

© 2010 Internet Society • InternetSociety.org/chapters

Tools for Unraveling the Net Neutrality / Open Internetworking Debate

InternetSociety.org/Chapters02 • Internet Society Chapter Toolkit | Tools for Unraveling the Net Neutrality / Open Internetworking DebateInternet Society Chapter Toolkit | Tools for Unraveling the Net Neutrality / Open Internetworking Debate InternetSociety.org/Chapters • i

ContentsIntroduction .......................................................................................................... 1

I. NET NEUTRALITY AND OPEN INTERNETWORKING ...................2

A. Definitions and Context ........................................................................2

B. Overarching technical issues ..............................................................3

C. Relevant IETF technical work ..............................................................4

D. Policy issues ...........................................................................................4

E. The regulatory framework ...................................................................5

F. Communicating the Internet Society’s positions on Net Neutrality ....................................................................................6

G. Entities dealing with Net Neutrality ....................................................7

II. BEST PRACTICES: NET NEUTRALITY AND INTERNET

SOCIETY CHAPTERS ......................................................................7

III. SUGGESTIONS FOR STIMULATING DISCUSSION AND

ADVANCING EDUCATION ...............................................................9

IV. Resources and Tools .......................................................................10

Internet Society Chapter Toolkit | Tools for Unraveling the Net Neutrality / Open Internetworking Debate InternetSociety.org/Chapters • 1

IntroductionNetwork neutrality. Open internetworking. An Internet for all. These phrases

and others have risen to the top of a multitude of regulatory, legislative, and

policy agendas worldwide. The issues they encompass have become not

just discussion points but flashpoints, primarily because they represent the

intersection where Internet standards, applications development, business

enterprise, and a vast array of policy issues meet.

The Internet works because the open standards on which it was built allows

every network to connect to every other network. This model—known as

the Internet model—is what makes it possible for anyone to create content,

offer services, and sell products without requiring permission from a central

authority, such as a network operator. The Internet model levels the playing field

for everyone; it is the reason why we have the rich diversity of applications and

services that many of us enjoy today.

Protecting and preserving that model of openness has been a priority for

the Internet Society since its inception. Among a growing number of Internet

Society Chapters, the issues associated with Net neutrality and open internet-

working have become especially relevant; for those where the internet infra-

structure has not yet developed, those issues may only be on the horizon. The

information presented here is intended to provide background and a set of tools

for understanding Net neutrality and open internetworking.

In this toolkit you will find …

3 An overview of Net neutrality and open internetworking

3 Work being done by the IETF that addresses Net neutrality and

open internetworking

3 The open networking principles being advanced by the Internet

Society

3 The Internet Society’s position on key issues associated with Net

neutrality and open internetworking

3 Examples of how Chapter leaders and members leverage these

issues to advance their Chapters

3 Suggestions for educating and stimulating discussion of these

issues

3 Resources and tools

InternetSociety.org/Chapters2 • Internet Society Chapter Toolkit | Tools for Unraveling the Net Neutrality / Open Internetworking Debate

I. NET NEUTRALITY AND OPEN INTERNETWORKING

A. DefinitionsandContext

In recent years, a vast array of complex and increasingly powerful Internet

applications have led to unprecedented demand for bandwidth, a demand

that is unlikely to diminish anytime soon. At the same time, widespread avail-

ability of high-bandwidth Internet access is putting more and more pressure on

network capacity, leading to greater deployment of congestion-management

and network-traffic-management tools and techniques by network operators.

These new realities have raised concerns among Internet technologists, policy-

makers, users, and other stakeholders that the open architecture and end-to-

end principle1 that have guided Internet development may be at risk.

Generally speaking, Net (or network) neutrality is a term used to describe a

variety of policy issues that address the utilization of network traffic-man-

agement techniques and similar strategies that could potentially jeopardize the

Internet as a medium for free expression, user choice, and innovation. On the

face of it, Net neutrality would appear to be a relatively simple issue, but the

pressures on today’s Internet make the Net neutrality debate far more complex

than it might seem. In fact, the complexities and nuances inherent in the dis-

cussion suggest that it is neither helpful nor even possible to take a simple “for

or against” position on the constellation of issues that make up Net neutrality;

rather, the Internet Society believes that the most sensible approach is to rely

on the model of open internetworking that has served the Internet since its

inception.

What do we mean by open internetworking? From a technical perspective,

open internetworking refers to a set of operational principles that support

transit of network data irrespective of source, destination, or purpose as well

as an expectation of good-faith effort on the part of network operators to

achieve best transmission of traffic within and between networks (also known

as best-effort transmission). Open internetworking also speaks to transparency

of delivery, operations, and governance of Internet traffic.

The Internet Society strongly believes that Internet access should mean pro-

vision of connectivity to the global Internet without any regard to the desti-

nation, source, or content of subscriber traffic.

What is referred to as the end-to-end principle states that, whenever possible,

communications protocol operations should be defined to occur at the end-

points of a communications system, or as close as possible to the resource

being controlled. Simply put, in an open environment, decisions about network

traffic are made at the point of destination, not by the carrier. The job of the

Internet is simply to carry bits of information from originator to receiver without

modifying them while in the network.

1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-to-end_principle

Netneutralityisabroadandill-

definedtermthatencompasses

arangeofpolicyobjectives,

includingfreeexpression,user

choice,anddiscriminationas

wellasbusinessissues,including

networktrafficmanagement,

pricing,andoverallbusiness

models

Internet Society Chapter Toolkit | Tools for Unraveling the Net Neutrality / Open Internetworking Debate InternetSociety.org/Chapters • 3

Through open standards and user and developer choice as well as trans-

parency of delivery, operation, and governance, the Internet can continue to

function for the benefit of all people, everywhere. Preserving this model is at

the heart of the Internet Society’s mission and it is essential to the future of a

smooth-running and functional Internet.

B. Overarchingtechnicalissues

Many of the pressures on today’s Internet are fueled by significant growth of

and increased demand for bandwidth, which can lead to Internet traffic-man-

agement challenges for network operators. The Internet technical community

is actively working to develop scalable and flexible traffic-management tech-

nologies through open and transparent processes at the IETF.

Chapters interested in addressing the overarching technical issues that

underscore open internetworking are encouraged to use or adapt the following

points, all of which speak to the fundamental conditions that have led to the

Net neutrality debate. They can easily be converted into brief presentations or

used as talking points when engaging in a discussion or educational forum with

policy makers, government agencies, or other stakeholders.

1. Bandwidth supply/demand. Increasingly widespread demand

for and availability of broadband has created new pressures on

network operators.

2. Best-effort transmission. Best-effort transmission (an assurance

of a good-faith effort to achieve best results under prevailing cir-

cumstances) of traffic within and between networks is an essential

component of the Internet’s power and success.

3. Operator intervention. With monthly Internet traffic now being

measured in exabytes (or quintillions of bytes), network operator

intervention is sometimes necessary to keep the Internet func-

tioning. However, as those who have engaged in the Net neutrality

debate point out, network-management tools such as volume caps

and bandwidth shaping can be unpredictable and have unintended

consequences.

4. Investment in network capacity. Continued Investment in

network capacity and advancing technology standards is essential

for the development and growth of the Internet. Network-man-

agement tools alone will not meet the challenges arising from

growing user demand for bandwidth; adding capacity to network

links is also critical to alleviating congestion.

5. Technical community response. The technical community is

developing new mechanisms and algorithms to better manage con-

gestion on the Internet in a way that better fits with the Internet’s

architecture (see examples on next page).

RegardlessofyourChapter’s

interestorinvolvement,gaininga

clearunderstandingofopeninter-

networkingandwhatismeant

byNetneutralitycanenhance

yourChapter’swork,prepareyou

andyourChapter’smembersto

educateandinformpolicymakers,

andhelpusadvanceourmission

andgoalstoensuretheInternet

remainsopenandaccessibleto

all.

InternetSociety.org/Chapters4 • Internet Society Chapter Toolkit | Tools for Unraveling the Net Neutrality / Open Internetworking Debate

C. RelevantIETFtechnicalwork

A number of IETF working groups are addressing issues relevant to Net neu-

trality and open internetworking. The goal of this work is to develop solutions

to network congestion that support the continued scalability and flexibility of

the Internet's architecture. Broadband-management solutions that are global,

flexible enough to address growing demand, based on open standards, and

protocol-agnostic have the benefit of being consistent with the Internet's

architecture.

1. Conex. Exposing expected congestion along the forwarding path of

the Internet (http://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/conex/charter/)

2. Ledbat WG. Congestion-control algorithm for scavenger service

(http://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/ledbat/charter/)

3. Alto WG. Protocols for better-than-random peer selection (http://

datatracker.ietf.org/wg/alto/charter/)

4. MultipathTCP WG. Simultaneously use multiple paths in a single

TCP session (http://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/mptcp/charter/)

5. Decade WG. In-network storage for P2P applications (http://

datatracker.ietf.org/wg/decade/charter/)

D. Policyissues

If there is one guiding principle that Internet Society Chapter leaders and

members should embrace with regard to Net neutrality and open internet-

working, it is openness. The policy overview that follows is intended to assist

those Chapter leaders and members who are engaging in discussions with

policy makers, regulators, or government agencies on this issue. As with the

technical issues, feel free to use or adapt these points to educate and inform

policy makers and regulators—and be sure to share these points with Chapter

members who might need to help craft language for presentations, press

releases, and/or formal responses.

1. Openness

Openness is the overarching principle that has ensured the success and

growth of the Internet to date. Internet standards, development, and gov-

ernance are open to all to participate, contribute, create, shape, and build.

That means shared global ownership (no central authority), open technical

standards, collaborative engagement models (among researchers, the

business community, civil society, and government), freely accessible pro-

cesses for technology and policy development, and transparent and collab-

orative governance.

Openinternetworkingallowsnew

networksandenduserstoconnect

to,innovateover,andusethe

Internetwithoutpermissionfrom

anycentralauthority.

Internet Society Chapter Toolkit | Tools for Unraveling the Net Neutrality / Open Internetworking Debate InternetSociety.org/Chapters • 5

Openness Enablers

• Access to Internet services, applications, sites, and content,

which enhances users’ experience and ensures continued

innovation, creativity, and economic development.

• Choice and control by users over their online activities,

including their choice of providers, services, and applications,

and recognition that legal and technical limitations exist.

• Transparency, including providing accurate information about

bandwidth and network-management policies, which enables

users to make informed choices about their Internet services.

2. Network management

Policy makers must take into account the technical reality of how networks are

operated and managed and the need for reasonable network management

in order to maintain a smooth-running network and deliver high-quality, inno-

vative services to users. However, while traffic management is a normal part

of network operation, traffic-management techniques should be protocol-

agnostic (meaning they do not discriminate between different applications—

all are treated equally). In short, approaches to network management must not

impact the sustainability of the global Internet.

E. Theregulatoryframework

Policy and regulatory discussions about Net neutrality are emerging all over

the globe. Chapters located in countries and regions where demand for high-

bandwidth, high-speed Internet is commonplace and where Internet con-

gestion and network-management issues are making their way onto the

national agenda are in an especially good position to influence and inform

policy makers, legislators, and regulatory agencies. This toolkit should help you

frame the discussion for optimal outcomes in your local community.

As most Internet Society Chapter leaders and members know, in order for a

regulatory framework to be successful, the policies that drive regulation must

be informed by local and regional conditions and priorities. With that in mind,

it is both impractical and inadvisable to suggest any type of regulatory agenda

that advances a one-size-fits-all set of solutions. Instead, we believe an over-

arching set of principles and scalable solutions—such as those offered by the

Internet model and the principles of open internetworking—should be agreed

upon and embraced by policy makers and stakeholders. Once those policies

and principles are accepted, countries may apply them as they see fit.

Policymakersneedtobesure

thattheirmeasuresdonotleadto

trafficmanagementasasubsti-

tutionforinvestmentinnetworks

andadvancingnetworktech-

nologystandards.

InternetSociety.org/Chapters6 • Internet Society Chapter Toolkit | Tools for Unraveling the Net Neutrality / Open Internetworking Debate

How is this outcome achieved? To start, Chapter members and leaders

can work to advance the notion that any ideal regulatory framework should

embrace the following principles:

• Unimpeded access to a diversity of services, applications, and

content.

• Transparency with regard to delivery, operations, and governance.

• Comprehensible and readily-available information made available to

users by network operators outlining potential service limitations.

• Effective competition at all levels of the Internet value chain.

• An allowance for reasonable network management that is neither anti-

competitive nor prejudicial.

• Privacy-respecting network management policies.

• A diversity of competitive service offerings that are transparent and

that enable users to make informed choices about their Internet

service provider and levels of service.

F. CommunicatingtheInternetSociety’spositionsonNetneutrality

As an Internet Society Chapter member or leader you may, from time to

time, find yourself in a position where you are asked to speak about Net neu-

trality or open internetworking, or respond to relevant developments or

announcements. The Internet Society has adopted the following approach to

the Net neutrality debate that Chapters may find helpful when framing the dis-

cussion for their purposes.

3 Keep the focus on open internetworking, an environment

of interconnected networks and open standards that is the

prerequisite for the development and delivery of unlimited,

innovative and diverse applications and services.

3 Advance the concept of global solutions and embrace user-

centric principles of access, choice, and transparency.

3 Allow technical issues to be addressed within the open-standards

processes—such as through the IETF—in order to find global

technical solutions that are consistent with the Internet’s

architecture.

Throughout the world, ISOC's Chapter leaders are following and engaging in

discussions about Net neutrality. Internally, Joly McFie of the Internet Society

U.S. New York Chapter1 regularly offers feedback and input on this and

1 http://www.isoc-ny.org/

Ingeneral,usersexpectInternet

traffictobeconveyedinamanner

thatisindependentofitssource,

contentordestinationandina

mannerthatrespectstheirprivacy.

Theseprinciplesareattheheartof

auser’sInternetexperience,one

thatischaracterizedbychoiceand

transparency,enablingusersto

remainincontroloftheirInternet

experience,andtherebyallowing

themtobenefitfrom,andpar-

ticipatein,theopenInternet.

Internet Society Chapter Toolkit | Tools for Unraveling the Net Neutrality / Open Internetworking Debate InternetSociety.org/Chapters • 7

other issues on the Internet Society's Chapter-Delegates list. Externally, Joly

authors a blog on the Chapter’s website (http://www.isoc-ny.org/p2/?p=1112),

where he has pulled together a number of articles, opinion pieces, and

announcements related to Net neutrality. Joly’s blog not only helps raise

awareness of the broader issues around Net neutrality, it helps educate and

inform policy makers, some of whom may not be as well-versed in the history

of Internet issues or its unique vocabulary.

For more detailed examples of how Internet Society Chapters leverage the

three previously mentioned positions, see the Best Practices section later in

this document.

G. EntitiesdealingwithNetneutrality

A number of governments have enacted policies or are considering policy pro-

posals to address network neutrality.

3 The U.S. Government’s Federal Communications Commission

(http://www.openinternet.gov/)

3 The European Commission and European National Regulatory

Authorities (http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/policy/

ecomm/library/public_consult/net_neutrality/index_en.htm)

3 Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission

(CRTC) (http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2009/2009-657.htm)

3 Japanese industry/government (http://www.jaipa.or.jp/other/

bandwidth/guidelines_e.pdf)

3 Chilean Legislature (in July 2010, Chile became the first country to

officially put net neutrality principles into law) (http://www.subtel.

cl/prontus_subtel/site/artic/20100826/asocfile/20100826145847/

ley_20453_neutralidad_de_red.pdf)

3 Mexico Senate proposal (http://www.senado.gob.mx/index.php?

ver=sp&mn=2&sm=2&id=5228&lg=61)

II. BEST PRACTICES: NET NEUTRALITY AND INTERNET SOCIETY

CHAPTERS

Throughout the world, Internet Society Chapter leaders and their members are

leveraging their individual and collective experiences, expertise, and knowledge

of core technology and policy issues to speak out about open Net neutrality

and the real and potential threats to open internetworking.

Chapters often find that by following and monitoring the developments in their

regions, as well as by focusing on advancing the Internet Society’s position in

TheInternetSocietydoesnot

believethatthereneedstobe,or

shouldbe,atrade-offbetween

theopennessandfreedomof

theInternetandinnovationand

investment;rather,webelievethat

universaladoptionoftheprin-

ciplesofopeninternetworking

istheonlylogicalframeworkfor

ensuringongoingtechnological

innovationandinvestment,aswell

asalong-term,sustainablefuture

fortheInternet.

InternetSociety.org/Chapters8 • Internet Society Chapter Toolkit | Tools for Unraveling the Net Neutrality / Open Internetworking Debate

support of open internetworking as a general thesis, they can improve their

profiles and increase their impact on public policy. Avoiding controversy and

keeping a clear head is the best path toward gaining recognition as a trusted

and reliable voice.

• Internet Society Mexico Chapter

While the Internet Society Mexico Chapter1 has been promoting awareness

of Net neutrality among its members for a while, pending legislation (as of this

writing) has prompted the Chapter’s leaders to be especially proactive. “We

are now more active since the Senate has a law initiative for Network neu-

trality, which we find simplistic and lacking in support from significant actors,

such as ISPs,” wrote Chapter leader Alejandro Pisanty. Awareness of the issue

began both abroad and at home, where the telecommunications industry

faces new challenges as the result of a new, large-scale broadband network

being authorized, the operation of which is granted to a major television chain

allied with a leading telecommunications stakeholder. The Chapter actively

discussed the issue at its annual public meetings in 2009 and 2010, enlisting

speakers to help clarify and parse the issues for the membership. Alejandro

describes the audiences for such discussions as a mix of policy makers, dis-

tinguished and active members of the Internet community, and more general

members of the community. The Chapter is in constant dialogue with legis-

lators and some officials and they are approaching representatives of ISPs and

other decision makers. Some of the Chapter’s members are publishing articles

on the issue in online media as well as in blogs and through Twitter.

• Internet Society New York Chapter

In the aftermath of two New York City events that pitted supporters and

opponents of Net neutrality against each other, the Internet Society New

York Chapter2 conducted a poll in December 2009 to gauge the community’s

thoughts on potential threats to open internetworking (a small number of votes

were received). The Chapter’s main avenue of involvement has been via One-

WebDay, which they have sponsored and served as presenters for the past

three years (they have offered webcasts and shown discussions via their cable

TV show).

• Internet Society Sweden Chapter

In response to a question on the EC’s questionnaire that asked for examples of

threats to the openness of the Internet, the Internet Society Sweden Chapter3

surveyed its community and made contact with a handful of network-user

organizations and was surprised to have received no examples of current sig-

nificant abuse. Chapter leader Lars Lundgren suggests other Chapters find

out what the situation is in their regions and use the technology tools that are

1 http://www.isocmex.org.mx/2 http://www.isoc-ny.org/3 http://www.isoc.se

“Ispokeata[NewYorkCity]

councilmeeting.Jawsdropped

thatISOCNewYorktookan

even-handedview[onNetNeu-

trality]ratherthanweregung-ho

activists.”

—JolyMacFie,InternetSociety

NewYorkChapter

Internet Society Chapter Toolkit | Tools for Unraveling the Net Neutrality / Open Internetworking Debate InternetSociety.org/Chapters • 9

available to find out if a problem actually exists. In Sweden, a move to take a

hard look at the consumer situation has been proposed. “It must be possible

for consumers to know what they are paying for and what they are getting and

there must be a channel for complaints,” Lars added.

III. SUGGESTIONS FOR STIMULATING DISCUSSION AND

ADVANCING EDUCATION

Chapters interested in engaging in discussion and advancing education about

open internetworking and Network neutrality have a variety of options. See

the Resources section for additional tools and materials as well as the Internet

Society International Chapter Handbook1 for tools for creating successful

events and presentations.

1. Presentation or workshop for Chapter members

Create an educational opportunity for your members by hosting a presen-

tation or conducting a workshop that outlines and explores the basic concepts

of open internetworking and Net neutrality. Be sure to have the presenter and/

or moderator connect the basic concepts with developments in your Chapter’s

country or region. Discussion points to consider include:

3 How relevant is the issue of open internetworking in our region?

3 Have issues around Net neutrality been reported in our region’s

mainstream media or business publications?

3 What are the threats to open internetworking that do (or should)

concern our membership the most?

3 Are there members or leaders of our Chapter who have contacts

within the country’s policy or regulatory leadership?

3 What types of activities would the Chapter like to pursue to

promote and advance Net neutrality and open internetworking?

2. Single-speaker or panel presentation

Chapters that have some experience speaking about open internetworking and

Net neutrality (either as a Chapter or as individual members) might consider a

single-speaker or panel presentation geared to the membership plus members

of the business community, government agency officials, regulators, educators

and trainers, and various other decision makers and policy makers.

1. Blogging, writing

2. Do you have bloggers or writers among your Chapter’s leadership or

membership? Blogging is a useful tool for raising awareness of issues

1 http://www.isoc.org/isoc/chapters/guidelines/docs/chapterhandbook_2010.pdf

“MygoalasaChapterleaderis

nottoconvinceeveryonetostop

saying‘Netneutrality’butrather

toexplaintothemtheconcept

ofopeninternetworkingandto

advancethepreservationofthe

openInternet.Thatwaywecan

avoidbeing‘for’or‘against’Net

neutrality(becauseNetneutrality

isunderstoodasdifferentthings

bydifferentpeople)andinstead

supporttheworthyidealofopen

internetworking.”

—ChrisGrundemann,Internet

SocietyU.S.ColoradoChapter

InternetSociety.org/Chapters10 • Internet Society Chapter Toolkit | Tools for Unraveling the Net Neutrality / Open Internetworking Debate

such as Net neutrality and open internetworking. It also makes it

possible for the Chapter to respond quickly to announcements.

3. Formal response

4. If Net neutrality is a hot issue in your Chapter’s country or region,

consider issuing formal responses to announcements made by gov-

ernment officials or other stakeholders. Responses can come in the

form of press releases and/or letters to the editor of mainstream and

online news media. It can also come in the form of a written appeal

to a particular governing body.

IV. Resources and Tools

• Open Internetworking1. Briefing paper published by the Internet

Society in early 2010 is an essential primer on the principles of Internet

“openness” and its key enablers: access, choice, and transparency

• Open Internetworking: From technology to policy.2 Slide presentation

developed by the Internet Society’s Mat Ford and Sally Wentworth.

• European Commission Questionnaire for the Public Consultation

on the Open Internet and Net Neutrality in Europe.3 A questionnaire

issued in 2010 intended to contribute to the debate on the open

Internet and inform a report the Commission expects to present to the

European Parliament and Council by end-of-year 2010.

• The Internet Society’s response to the European Commis-

sion’s questionnaire4

• The Internet Society Sweden Chapter’s contribution to the

Internet Society’s response to the EC questionnaire on the

open Internet and Net neutrality5

• Consultation publique sur la « neutralité du Net »: Consultation

Publique sur la Neutralité du Net. French government invitation to

gather views and opinions on the issue of Net neutrality. Published

in 2010.6

• Internet Society response to the French government’s consul-

tation on Network neutrality7

• Neelie Kroes, Vice President of the European Commission Com-

missioner for the Digital Agenda, address on Net neutrality in

1 http://www.isoc.org/pubpolpillar/usercentricity/20100222-Inter-Networking.pdf2 http://www.isoc.org/isoc/conferences/opennetwork/docs/ford-wentworth.pdf3 http://ec.europa.eu/information.../public.../net_neutrality/nn_questionnaire.pdf4 http://www.isoc.org/pubpolpillar/docs/20100929_eu.pdf5 http://www.isoc.se/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=154&Itemid=566 http://www.telecom.gouv.fr/debat.neutralite7 http://www.isoc.org/regions/europe/docs/netneutrality_20100516_en.pdf

“Whenyoutalktopeople,they

assumeoperatorsareblocking

access,buttherearenofactsto

supportthatclaim.”

—LarsLundgren,InternetSociety

SwedenChapter

Internet Society Chapter Toolkit | Tools for Unraveling the Net Neutrality / Open Internetworking Debate InternetSociety.org/Chapters • 11

Europe at the ARCEP Conference (L'Autorité de Régulation des

Communications Electroniques et des Postes) in Paris, France, April

2010.1

• Comments by Internet Society Chief Operating Officer Jon

McNerney to The Guardian about the need to keep the Internet open

and accessible.2

• The Internet Society’s Chief Information Technology Officer Leslie

Daigle talks with BBC Radio on Net Neutrality3

1 http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/10/1532 http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2010/sep/27/internet-society-net-neutrality3 http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00v3ynd#p00bgfdy

A nonprofit organisation, the Internet Society was founded in 1992 as a leader in promoting the evolution and growth of the Internet. Through our members, chapters, and partners, we are the hub of the largest international network of people and organizations that work with the Internet. We work on many levels to address the development, availability, and technology of the Internet.

The Internet is critical to advancing economic growth, community self-reliance, and social justice throughout the world. Become a member of the Internet Society and share this vision. For more information, visit http://www.InternetSociety.org.

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